Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00306

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22450

Between 1915 and 1923, Marcel Duchamp created one of the most mystifying art works of the early twentieth century: The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (also known as the Large Glass). The work is over nine feet tall, and on its glass surface Duchamp used such unorthodox materials as lead wire, lead foil, mirror silver, and dust, in addition to more conventional oil paint and varnish. Duchamp's declared subject is the relation between the sexes, but his protagonists are biomechanical creatures: a "Bride" in the upper panel hovers over a "Bachelor Apparatus" in the panel below, stimulating the "Bachelors" with "love gasoline" for an "electrical stripping."

In preparation for the Large Glass, Duchamp wrote hundreds of notes, which he considered just as important as the work itself. He published 178 during his lifetime, but over 100 more notes relating to the Glass were discovered and published following his death. In this landmark book, Linda Henderson provides the first systematic study of the Large Glass in relation to the entire corpus of Duchamp's notes for the project. Since Duchamp declared his interest in creating a "Playful Physics," she focuses on the scientific and technological themes that pervade the notes and the imagery of the Large Glass. In doing so, Henderson provides an unprecedented history of science as popularly known at the turn of the century, centered on late Victorian physics. In addition to electromagnetic waves, including X-rays and the Hertzian waves of wireless telegraphy, the areas of science to which Duchamp responded so creatively ranged from chemistry and classical mechanics to thermodynamics, Brownian movement, radioactivity, and atomic theory. Restored to its context and amplified by the information in the posthumously published notes, the Large Glass appears far richer and more multifaceted and witty than had ever been suspected.

Henderson also includes a close examination of Duchamp's literary and artistic models for creative invention based on science, including Alfred Jarry, Raymond Roussel, Frantisek Kupka, and Guillaume Apollinaire. The book will not only redefine scholarship on Duchamp and the Large Glass, but will be a crucial resource for historians of literature, science, and modernism.

Author

PublisherPrinceton University Press

Print publication date September 2005 (out of print)

Print ISBN 9780691123868

EISBN 9780300267822

Illustrations 197

Print Status out of print

Publisher (out of print)

WorldCat

Google Books

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List of illustrations

The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass)
Duchamp Brothers in the garden at Puteaux
Portrait of Dr. Dumouchel
Nude Figure
Variations sur les rayons X
French advertisements for X-ray equipment
Photographs taken with X-rays and ordinary light
Geometric chronophotograph of a walking figure
X-ray of a skull
Yvonne and Magdeleine Torn in Tatters
Plans par Couleurs
Portrait (Dulcinea)
Nude Descending a Staircase (No. 2)
X-ray skeleton of a man
Two Successive Double Steps in the Descent of a Staircase
Portrait of Chess Players
The Latest Photographic Discovery
Bride
Cinematic X-ray images of digestion
The Physical Organs of Astral Man
La Ville de New York aperçue à travers le corps
The King and Queen Surrounded by Swift Nudes
2 Nudes: One Strong and One Swift
The King and Queen Traversed by Swift Nudes
The King and Queen Traversed by Swift Nudes at High Speed
2 Personages and a Car (Study)
Le Pneu Michelin a vaincu le rail
Pump for extracting electricity from the earth
Magnetic emanations from the human body observed by patients of Dr. Luys
Magnetic emanations from magnets and electromagents observed by patients of Dr. Luys
Illustration of the Corkscrew Rule
Spinthariscope of Sir William Crookes
The Bride Stripped Bare by the Bachelors, first study
Purification of Mercury by the Fiery Laundries
Radioactivité, magnétisme
The Passage from Virgin to Bride
Virgin (No. 1)
Virgin (No. 2)
Airplane
Aviation exhibition at the Deutsches Museum, Munich
Forces acting on an airplane's stability
Aviation Exposition
Coffee Mill
Moulins (mills)
Mechanical drawing techniques
Vertical and horizontal sections of a Foucault interrupteur
Boxing Match
Electricity (The Great Slave)
Note for Jura-Paris Road project
The Heart of the Automobile
The Lights in Full Blast
Renault Frères light car chassis in elevation
Virgin (No. 1)
De Zayas! De Zayas!
Sir William Crookes
Crookes's radiometer
Early X-ray focus tube
Nikola Tesla
Title page from Alfred Jarry's Gestes et opinions du docteur Faustroll, pataphysicien
Mechanical Expression Seen through Our Own Mechanical Expression
Chocolate Grinder (No. 2)
X-ray equipment by Giaffe Co., Paris
Personalities: Tracings of the Individual (Cube) in a Plane
Geissler tubes and other electrical discharge tubes
Nikola Tesla's lecture before the Société de Physique and the Société Internationale des Electriciens
Mark Twain demonstrating Tesla's high-frequency apparatus in the laboratory of Tesla
Tesla's dramatic spark discharges in his Colorado Springs laboratory
Tesla's Telautomaton
Poster for Raymond Roussel's Impressions d'Afrique, Théatre Antoine, Paris
Chocolate Grinder (No. 1)
Chocolate grinder sold by A. Savy & Cie.
3 Standard Stoppages
Standard Meter
Marcel Duchamp's studio, New York
Bottle Rack
Exposition Surréaliste des Objets, Galerie Charles Ratton, Paris
Network of Stoppages (Réseaux des stoppages)
Portrait of Marcel Duchamp
The Box of 1914
The Box of 1914
The Box of 1914
Diagram of components of Marcel Duchamp's Large Glass
The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass)
Grand Pier Pavilion Illuminated
Excerpt from note headed The Bride Stripped Bare by the Bachelors
International Morse code signals
Circuit diagram for wireless telegraphy emitting apparatus
Edouard Branly's tripod coherer
Simultaneous Windows (2nd Motif, 1st Part)
Lettre-Océan
Psychicone
Vertical Planes I
Cols alités
The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (Large Glass), detail of mid-section
Electrical condenser
Advertisement for "Special" glass insulators made by Charbonneaux & Cie.
Advertisement for registering apparatuses
Joule's electromagnet
Arnò's magnetic wave detector
Letterhead of E. Gamelin Confectioners, rue Beauvoisine, Rouen
New antenna arrangements
Cemetery of Uniforms and Liveries (No. 1)
Electrical discharge tubes
Crookes tubes and other types of cathode-ray tubes for X-ray production
Luminous Effects of High Frequency
The Waterfall of Chadoulin
Milky Way (with Top Inscription)
Guarini's antenna with Ducretet method of suspension
In the Pendu femelle and the blossoming Barometer
Juggler of the Center of Gravity/Handler of Gravity
Wasp, or Sex Cylinder
Radiations de deux seuls éloignés (Radiations of Two Lone Ones at a Distance)
Edouard Branly's receiving station equipment
Devices operated by Edouard Branly from a distance
Voilà elle (Here She Is)
Bride and Juggler of the Center of Gravity, from four-page note on the Bride
Large Glass with overlay of various components by Jean Suquet
Diagram of components of the Bride of Marcel Duchamp's Large Glass
Advertisement for measuring and controlling apparatuses
Oculist Witnesses, from Large Glass
To Be Looked At (from the Other Side of the Glass) with One Eye, Close to, for Almost an Hour
Marcel Duchamp's New York studio
Photograph of a Piece of Welsbach Mantle Taken by its Own Becquerel Rays
Air Current Piston
The Fashionable Veils
Raising of Dust
Transcendental sculpture
Hammer's Dust-Figure on Glass
Suprematist Composition Expressing the Sensation of Wireless Telegraphy
Pendu femelle
The Pendu--suspended with all the accessories
Installation of meteorological instruments on the Eiffel Tower
Incandescent lamp and its socket
Américaine
Bottle and Glass
Bottle and Glass, detail
Advertisement for an Elira unbreakable lamp
Guêpe (wasp)
The Large Glass Cage Containing the Scorpions
Lavabos
Desire Dynamo
Apparatus used to liquefy helium in the laboratory of Kamerlingh Onnes in Leyden
Triturators and Liquifiers
Churn
Planes of slow flow . . . Dynamo
Marcel Duchamp's studio, New York
Distribution of equilibrium of grains of gamboge
Random distribution of Brownian movement displacements measured from the center of a target
Excerpt from note with heading Shots
Cloud Formed on Ions due to Alpha-Rays
Cloud-Chamber Tracks of Alpha-Rays from Radium
The Sheath Splash of a Smooth Sphere
Note on the operation of the Mobile
There are some astounding fuses
Glider Containing a Water Mill (in Neighboring Metals)
Crooke's mill wheel for demonstrating cathode-ray bombardment
Perspective Drawing for the Water Mill Wheel
Borsig engine and Siemens & Halske generator at 1900 Exposition Universelle
Triphase alternator
Exposé of the Chariot
Exposé of the Chariot
Exposé of the Chariot
Advertisement for Bénédictine liqueurs
Advertisement for rolling bridge cranes, Société de Appareils de Levage
Advertisement for the Sandow developer
Apparatus for measuring the air resistance of falling objects
Electric cable-drawn balance plow
Charrues (plows)
Red-figure skyphos depicting Demeter, Persephone, and a nymph sending off Triptolemos
Physics exhibits (including wireless telegraphy displays) in room 30, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers
The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass)
Tea Time (Woman with a Teaspoon)
Box in a Valise
Pharmacy
Lucca Madonna
Page layout
To Be Looked At (From the Other Side of the Glass) with One Eye, Close To, for Almost an Hour
Zone-plate of tinfoil on glass
Tu m'
Rotary Glass Plates (Precision Optics)
Optophone I
Sketch for Precision Optics
Rotary Demisphere (Precision Optics)
Photograph from Duchamp, Rotoreliefs, second edition
Rotoreliefs
Photo-collage and notes for Étant donnés
SPACE POEM Dedicated to H(ieronymus) Duchamp
Study for Étant donnés
The Altar of the Handler or Tender of Gravity
The Green Ray
Étant donnés: 1. la chute d'eau; 2. le gaz d'éclairage (Given: 1. The Waterfall; 2. The Illuminating Gas), interior view
Bec Boisselot Gas Mantles
Bec Auer Gas Mantles
First legal tablet list of phrases from earlier notes
Revised legal tablet list
Further revisions to legal tablet lists
Further revisions to legal tablet lists

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Contents

Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

Contents

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PublisherPrinceton University Press

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22451

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List of Illustrations

Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

List of Illustrations

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PublisherPrinceton University Press

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Acknowledgments

Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

~Two individuals who were very important to this project did not live to see its final form: Alexina Duchamp, the widow of Marcel Duchamp, and my father, Donald Dalrymple. Mme Duchamp offered gracious support and encouragement throughout my endeavor, and her expression of pleasure at the final manuscript of the text was a source of great satisfaction for...

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PublisherPrinceton University Press

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22453

Introduction

Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

~Between 1915 and 1923 the young Frenchman Marcel Duchamp created the major work of his career, La Mariée mise à nu par ses célibataires, même, or The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even, also known as the Large Glass (pl....

Author

PublisherPrinceton University Press

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00306.1

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Part I. Duchamp and Invisible Reality, 1911–1912

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Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

Part I

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PublisherPrinceton University Press

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1. Duchamp’s First Quest for the Invisible: X-Rays, Transparency, and Internal Views of the Figure, 1911–1912

Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

~Marcel Duchamp was eight years old when Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen detected the mysterious new rays he termed X-rays in November 1895. A young boy coming to terms with the world around him could hardly have chosen a more exciting period in the history of science in which to mature. New discoveries concerning the nature of matter and energy rapidly succeeded one...

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PublisherPrinceton University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.3-15

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00306.2

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Chapter subject tags:Kupka, František, 1871-1957OccultismCubismPhotography--Scientific applicationsArt and science

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2. The Invisible Reality of Matter Itself: Electrons, Radioactivity, and Even Alchemy, Spring and Summer 1912

Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

~After his completion of the Nude Descending a Staircase (No. 2) in January 1912, Duchamp’s exploration of motion entered a new phase. In March he began a series of works on paper on the theme of “Swift Nudes,” which culminated in his May 1912 painting The King and Queen Surrounded by Swift Nudes (pl. 2). These preparatory works include two pencil drawings, 2 Nudes: One Strong and One Swift of March 1912 (fig. 22) and The King and Queen Traversed by Swift Nudes of April 1912...

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PublisherPrinceton University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.16-30

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00306.3

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22457

Chapter subject tags:Electricity--ExperimentsApollinaire, Guillaume, 1880-1918Art and scienceInvisibility in artTesla, Nikola, 1856-1943Alchemy in art

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Part II. The Transition from Painter to Artist as Engineer-Scientist, Fall 1912–1914

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Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

Part II

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PublisherPrinceton University Press

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3. From Painter to Engineer, I: Depersonalization of Drawing Style and Adoption of Human-Machine Analogies, Fall 1912–1913

Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

~Duchamp returned to Paris in early October 1912, after an absence of nearly four months, during which time his ideas about making art had evolved substantially. “My stay in Munich was the scene of my complete liberation, when I established the...

Author

PublisherPrinceton University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.31-39

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00306.4

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22459

Chapter subject tags:Art and sciencePower (Mechanics)CubismAutomobilesDuchamp, Marcel, 1887-1968. Bride stripped bare by her bachelors, even

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4. The Lure of Science: Imaginative Scientists (Crookes, Tesla) and Scientific Imaginations (Jarry, Roussel)

Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

~For Duchamp, science was never simply an ascetic intellectual pursuit. The rapid-fire discoveries of the late nineteenth century—X-rays, electrons, radioactivity, and wireless telegraphy, for example—could...

Author

PublisherPrinceton University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.40-57

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00306.5

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22460

Chapter subject tags:Art and scienceTesla, Nikola, 1856-1943Crookes, William, 1832-1919Picabia, Francis, 1879-1953Jarry, Alfred, 1873-1907ElectromagnetismRoussel, Raymond, 1877-1933

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5. From Painter to Engineer, II: A Rousselian Dialogue with the Equipment of Science and Technology Begins, 1913–1914

Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

~Duchamp, Apollinaire, and Picabia left Paris for Jura about October 20, ten days after the opening of the Salon de “La Section d’Or,” the major independent exhibition of the Puteaux Cubists and a culmination of the group’s activities. On September 2, 1912, Gil Bias had announced that Marcel Duchamp would submit a painting entitled Section d’Or. The works shown, however, were Portrait of Chess Players (fig. 15), Nude Descending a Staircase (No. 2) (fig. 12), The King and Queen Surrounded by Swift Nudes (pl. 2), Duchamp’s watercolor and gouache study for the Swift Nudes painting (fig. 24), as well as two works listed simply as Peinture and...

Author

PublisherPrinceton University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.58-70

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00306.6

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22461

Chapter subject tags:Art and scienceDuchamp, Marcel, 1887-1968. Bride stripped bare by her bachelors, evenPower (Mechanics)Found objects (Art)Cabanne, PierreScientific apparatus and instruments

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Part III. “Playful” Science and Technology in The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass), 1915–1923

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Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

Part III

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PublisherPrinceton University Press

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6. Toward the Large Glass: The Box of 1914 and General Introduction to the Glass

Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

~In the interviews Duchamp gave when he...

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PublisherPrinceton University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.71-85

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00306.7

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22463

Chapter subject tags:Art and scienceDuchamp, Marcel, 1887-1968. Bride stripped bare by her bachelors, evenLeonardo, da Vinci, 1452-1519Richter, Jean Paul, 1847-1937Artists' writingsFourth dimension

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7. First Conceptions of the Bride and Her Interaction with the Bachelors

Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

~Late in his life, when Duchamp discussed the origins of the Bride of the Large Glass, he sometimes mentioned the booths at country fairs “where you have the wedding scene and you have big balls that you throw at the heads of the bride, the bridegroom, and the guests…”Duchamp, as quoted in Hamilton and Hamilton, 1959 BBC interview (Audio Arts Magazine cassette). See also, Schuster, “Marcel Duchamp, vite,” p. 143. Indeed, popular entertainment was one of Duchamp’s sources for the Large Glass—from his discussion in the Box of 1914 of a carnival barrel game as a “‘sculpture’ of skill”Box of 1914, in SS, p. 23. to the Toboggan component of the Bachelor Apparatus, based on the Grand Toboggan slide that accompanied the Grand Roue, or ferris wheel, at the 1900 Exposition Universelle in...

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PublisherPrinceton University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.86-97

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00306.8

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22464

Chapter subject tags:Art and scienceDuchamp, Marcel, 1887-1968. Bride stripped bare by her bachelors, evenAutomobilesArtists' writingsAutomatonsScientific apparatus and instruments

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8. The Large Glass as a Painting of Electromagnetic Frequency

Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

~Hertz’s experimental confirmation in 1888 of the...

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PublisherPrinceton University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.98-120

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00306.9

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22465

Chapter subject tags:Art and scienceDuchamp, Marcel, 1887-1968. Bride stripped bare by her bachelors, evenElectromagnetismTelegraph, WirelessKupka, František, 1871-1957Scientific apparatus and instruments

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9. Other Scientific and Technological Dimensions of the Bride

Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

~Replacing parallel automobile engines or clockwork mechanisms, electromagnetic waves had come to serve Duchamp as the primary vehicle for communication between the upper and lower halves of the Large Glass. The majority of the other scientific and...

Author

PublisherPrinceton University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.121-129

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00306.10

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22466

Chapter subject tags:Art and scienceDuchamp, Marcel, 1887-1968. Bride stripped bare by her bachelors, evenMeteorological instrumentsPhysics in artTour Eiffel (Paris, France)Gourmont, Remy de, 1858-1915

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10. Other Scientific and Technological Dimensions of the Bachelors, I: The Bachelor Apparatus as Playground of the Would-Be Physical Chemist

Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

~As in the case of the Bride, Duchamp’s posthumously published notes, read in the context of contemporary science and technology and together with the notes he selected for publication during his lifetime, provide a wealth of additional information on the Bachelor Apparatus. Beyond its functions in the wireless telegraphy paradigm, the Bachelor Apparatus was...

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PublisherPrinceton University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.130-149

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00306.11

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22467

Chapter subject tags:Art and scienceDuchamp, Marcel, 1887-1968. Bride stripped bare by her bachelors, evenPhysics in artChemistryPerrin, Jean, 1870-1942Thermodynamics

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11. Other Scientific and Technological Dimensions of the Bachelors, II: The Unknown Mobile and Desire Dynamo, Playful Mechanics, and Agriculture in the Large Glass

Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

~Having established the Chocolate Grinder as the first component of the Bachelor Apparatus, Duchamp...

Author

PublisherPrinceton University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.150-172

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00306.12

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22468

Chapter subject tags:Art and scienceDuchamp, Marcel, 1887-1968. Bride stripped bare by her bachelors, evenPower (Mechanics)Leonardo, da Vinci, 1452-1519Gravity in artArtists' writingsAgricultural implements

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Part IV. Conclusion

Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

Part IV

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PublisherPrinceton University Press

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12. Conclusion, I: New Thoughts on Style and Content in Relation to Science and Technology in Duchamp’s Large Glass

Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

André Breton, in his 1935 essay “Lighthouse of the Bride,” referred to Duchamp’s The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (pl. 1) as both a “mechanistic and cynical interpretation...

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PublisherPrinceton University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.173-184

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00306.13

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22470

Chapter subject tags:Art and scienceDuchamp, Marcel, 1887-1968. Bride stripped bare by her bachelors, evenMusée des arts et métiers (France)Artists' writingsInventions in art

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13. Conclusion, II: An Overview of Duchamp’s Playful Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Early Works

Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

~The phrase “continuum of points of magnetization or of repulsion” appears in one of several notes in which Duchamp set up laboratory-like experiments with falling objects meant to explore the effects of chance and...

Author

PublisherPrinceton University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.185-206

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00306.14

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22471

Chapter subject tags:Art and scienceDuchamp, Marcel, 1887-1968. Bride stripped bare by her bachelors, evenLeonardo, da Vinci, 1452-1519Power (Mechanics)Modernism (Art)Dadaism

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14. Coda: Extensions and Echoes of the Large Glass

Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

~Duchamp’s study for the lower right corner of the...

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Chapter subject tags:Art and scienceDuchamp, Marcel, 1887-1968. Bride stripped bare by her bachelors, evenDreier, Katherine S. (Katherine Sophie), 1877-1952Reflection (Optics) in artPicabia, Francis, 1879-1953Fourth dimensionDuchamp, Marcel, 1887-1968. Etant donnés

PublisherPrinceton University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.207-223

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00306.15

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22472

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Appendix A: The Collection of Notes Duchamp Contemplated in His 1950s Legal Tablet Listings

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Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

~The following notes have been compiled on the basis of two legal tablet notes Duchamp made in the late 1950s, which can now be recognized as a numbered catalogue of earlier notes (MDN, notes 250 and 251; see also figs. 187 and 188 herein). Each entry is headed by the...

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PublisherPrinceton University Press

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Appendix B: A Note on the Construction of Duchamp as Alchemist

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Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works

~In his 1976 article “La Fortune critique de Marcel...

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