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Index
Greg M. Thomas
Description: Art and Ecology in Nineteenth-Century France: The Landscapes of Théodore...
Art and Ecology in Nineteenth-Century France: The Landscapes of Théodore Rousseau
Index
Author
Greg M. Thomas
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Copyright© 2000 Princeton University Press
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-23412
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Index
About, Edmond, 92–93
Academy of Fine Arts, 80. See also Institute
Achilles, 193
aesthetic formulas, 34–35, 113–14, 123, 124, 127, 128–29, 148, 181–83, 198–200. See also ecology, aesthetic aspects of
agriculture. See Barbizon, agricultural practice in; France, agricultural practice in
Aligny, Caruelle d’, 62, 149, 241n.2
Alps, 116, 122, 123, 125–28, 140
Artiste, l’, 81–86, 90, 93, 164–65, 168, 232n.74, 233n.79
art reform. See Salon, and jury reform
Audin, Jean-Marie-Vincent. See Richard
Baedeker guidebooks, 113
Barbès, Armand, 103
Barbizon, 4, 13, 106, 107, 115, 148, 149–56, 157–72, 218–19, 249n.6
agricultural practice in, 151–52, 157
animal raising in, 69, 154–55, 157–61
photograph of, fig. 64
tourism and, 157
village life in, 106, 150–52. See also Fontainebleau, forest of
Barbizon School, 62–73, 106, 149, 157–73
Baroilhet, 203, 239n.156, 245n.63
Barye, Antoine-Louis, 103, 106, 150
Baschet, Armand, 201
Baudelaire, Charles, 79, 86–87
Becquet, Charles, 255n.74
Bégaar, 114, 138–48, 149, 151, 219
photographs of, figs. 59 and 60
Bellel Joseph François, 241n.2
Béranger, Pierre Jean de, 87
Berry, duc de, 79
Bertin, Edouard, 215
Besançon, 116, 218, 219, 261n.6
Bey, Khalil, 239n.156
Bidault, Xavier, 85, 149
biography, models of: 3–4, 77–79, 111–12. See also Sensier, Alfred
Blanc, Charles, 199, 239n.156
Blanc, E., 239n.156
Blanc, Louis, 103
Bléry, Eugène, 65–66, 71, 241n.2
depiction of the forest of Fontainebleau by, 65
Oaks on a Knoll, 65, fig. 35
Old Oak, 66, fig. 36
Boisd’hyver, Achille Marrier de, 178, 183–84, 185, 191–92, 193
Bonington, Richard Parkes, 149
Boulanger, Louis, 84
Boussingault, Jean-Baptiste, 223n.13
Brame, Hector, 93, 202, 239n.156, 254n.56
Brault, Augustine, 104, 106, 149, 168, 171, 190
Broglie, Victor, duc de, 108, 239n.156
Bruandet, Lazare, 215
Bruyas, Alfred, 109
Burty, Philippe, 96, 202, 234nn.96 and 99, 243n.30
Busoni, Philippe, 229n.24
Cabat, Louis, 62, 72, 81, 85, 103, 130, 131–32, 149, 168, 215
Landscape, Forest Interior, 168, fig. 75
views of Berry, 131, 168, 245n.54
Calonne, Alphonse de, 232n.73
Carriera, Rosalba, 107
Casimir-Périer, Auguste, 108
Casimir-Périer, Paul, 225n.16, 86, 108–9, 110, 130, 203, 245n.63
Cassin, Mme de, 202, 239n.156
Cavé, François, 261n.13
Cézanne, Paul, 2
Chailly, 149–51, 155, 158, 159, 178, 218, 226n.23, 239n.155
Champmartin, Charles de, 84–85
Charavay, Etienne, 238n.145, 239n.155
Charlemagne, 149, 175, 214, 217, 259n.120
Charlet, Nicolas-Toussaint, 78
Chenavard, Paul, 261n.16
China, landscape theory of: 27
Chopin, Frédéric, 236n.127
Christianity, 2, 5, 8, 9–10, 197
Claude Lorrain. See Lorrain, Claude Gellée le
Clésinger, Jean-Baptiste, 104
Collot, 240n.164
Compiègne, palace and forest of: 82, 104, 154, 219, 235n.105
conservation. See ecology and conservation
Constable, John, 3, 17, 28–30, 51, 52, 56, 58, 62
A Boat Passing a Lock, 30, fig. 15
The Haywain, 20, 35–36, 45, 56, fig. 4
Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows, 30
Stour Valley and Dedham Church (The Dung Heap), 36, 45, 56, fig. 20
Corot, Camille, 3, 15, 17, 27, 52, 62, 78, 89, 92, 93, 112, 150, 215
Bridge of Mantes, 45–46
critical reception of works by, 86
Early Spring, near Mantes, 21, 36–37, 45–46, 56, 73, fig. 21
ecological concerns of, 73
Fontainebleau, Le Rageur, 58, fig. 32
Forest of Fontainebleau, 20–21, 36, 45, 56, 73, fig. 5
A Morning, 21, fig. 6
relationship to Rousseau, 103
Correggio, Antonio, 149, 215
Courbet, Gustave, 15, 17, 51, 73–75, 92, 106, 109, 116, 226n.25
The Battle of the Stags, 74–75
ecological concerns of, 73–75
The Fringe of the Forest, 73
The Oak at Flagey, 73
Rest during the Harvest Season, 73
The Roe Deer’s Shelter in Winter, 74, fig. 43
Stream of the Puits-Noir at Ornans, 75, fig. 44
Couture, Thomas, 17
Creuse River, 130–31, 133, 245n.54
critics. See Rousseau, critical reception of
Cuvelier, Eugène, 71–72, 219
Platière d’Arbonne, 71–72, fig. 41
Cuyp, Albert, 225n.16
Darwin, Charles, 5, 8, 34
Daubigny, Charles-François, 71
Daumier, Honoré, 17, 106, 150
Dauzats, Adrien, 241n.2
David, Jacques-Louis, 15
Decamps, Alexandre (critic), 229n.23
Decamps, Alexandre-Gabriel, 17, 62, 82, 92, 103, 240n.166
Delaberge, Charles, 81, 88
Delaborde, Henri, 91–92
Delacroix, Eugène, 17, 78, 82, 84, 85, 86–87, 92, 93, 95, 97, 101, 103, 203, 240n.168
Delafoulhouze, 241n.2
Delaroche, Paul, 15
Delécluze, Etienne-Jean, 241n.2
Delestre, Jean-Baptiste, 77–78
Demidoff, Paul, 239n.156
Denecourt, Claude-François, 173–74, 175, 178–85, 215–16, 217
maps published by, 185, figs. 63, 65, 80, and 85
prints published by, 178, 182, 185, 194, figs. 81, 83, and 87
Deroy, Lauent, 241n.2
Diaz de la Peña, Narcisse-Virgile, 62, 66–69, 73, 88, 90, 104, 108, 114, 150, 162–63
ecological concerns of, 69, 162–63, 164
Fontainebleau, 67, fig. 37
The Hills of Jean de Paris, 68–69, 162–63, fig. 70
relationship to Rousseau, 66–67, 106
Sunny Days in the Forest, 67–68, 162, fig. 38
Diderot, Denis, 82
Dillon, Elisa, 235n.109
Druids, 147–48, 153, 175, 192, 217
Du Camp, Maxime, 93
Dujardin, Karel, 225n.16
Dumas, Jean-Baptiste, 6–8, 197–98, 225n.8
Dupré, Jules, 62–65, 66, 72, 85, 106, 107, 108, 114, 171, 226n.28, 23Ön.119, 261n.16
Cattle in an Autumn Landscape, 167
ecological concerns of, 64, 167–68
Felled Trees, 64, 168, fig. 74
Forest View, 63–64, 167, fig. 34
Harvest in the Forest with Felled Tree Trunks, 167
Landscape with Cattle, 63, 167, fig. 33
Pile of Felled Trees in Berry, 167
relationship to Rousseau, 62, 103–4, 105, 116, 130, 136, 138, 204, 206, 219
Shepherd in the Clearing, 167–68
study of oaks, 226n.28
travels, 114, 116, 138, 140, 219
views of Berry, 131–32, 245n.54
Woodcutters, 167
Dupré, Victor, 130, 245n.54
Durand-Ruel, Paul, 93, 108, 202, 254n.56, 259n.125
Dutch landscape. See Holland, landscape art of
Earlom, Richard, 225n.16
earth narratives, 18–34, 120, 126, 143, 190
definition of, 23
Ebel, Johann Gottfried, 125
ecology, aesthetic aspects of: 1–3, 4–5, 8–9, 13–16, 34, 196–200
and capitalism, 5, 10–11
and environmentalism, 10–11
history of, 1–2, 5–11, 222n.6
scientific aspects of, 5–8, 196–98
E’llick, 81, 229n.12
ellipsoidal perspective. See perspective, ellipsoidal
England, 113–14, 192
landscape painting in, 116
environmentalism. See ecology and environmentalism
exhibitions. See Salon; Exposition Universelle
Exposition Universelle of 1855, 79, 92–93, 143, 204, 205, 206
of 1867, 93. See also Salon
Eyck, Jan van, 61
faggot-gathering, 21, 31, 60, 68–69, 155–56, 161–64, 176, 187–90, 194
Feydeau, Alfred, 239n.156, 252n.35
Fontainebleau, forest of: 23, 97, 102, 106, 143, 146, 148, 149–95
administration of, 154, 167, 173, 175–77, 215–16, 217, 250n.14
grazing in, 154–55, 157–61
guidebooks to, 178–85, 256n.91 (see also Denecourt, Claude-François)
history of, 107, 152–56, 250n.13
hunting in, 154
land preserves in, 4, 10, 92, 160, 163, 164–67, 173–77
logging in, 144, 145, 154, 165, 167–72, 191–94, 215–17
maps of, figs. 63, 65, 80, and 85
photographs of, 71–72, 227nn.42 and 43, figs. 41 and 42
pine plantations in, 144, 158, 165, 173–74, 177–78, 183–84, 191–92, 215–16
representation in art, 65, 149–50, 157–72, 227n.38
tourism in, 153–54, 157, 173–74, 178–85 (see also Denecourt, Claude-François)
use by villagers, 69, 153–56, 189–90 (see also faggot-gathering)
Fontainebleau, forest of, sites: Apremont Gorges, 59, 158, 159, 160, 162, 174, 177, 178, 181–82, 191–92, 205, 216, 249n.6
Arbonne, 182, 252n.31
Bas-Bréau, 60, 163, 165, 174, 176, 177, 186–90, 192, 194–95, 204, 216, 227n.39
Bellecroix, 1, 71, 174, 177, 216
Brolles, 157, 182, 205
Cuvier Chatillon, 255n.68, 256n.84
Deluge, 191, 192–94
Franchard Gorge, 178, 181, 182, 185, 191–92, 249n.6
Gorge aux Loups, 174–75, 216–17
Jean de Paris, 162
Les Etroitures, 255n.68
Long Rocher, 255n.68
Macherin, 191
Mare à Dagneau, 71, 72, 227n.42
Mare à Piat, 72
Mare aux Corneilles, 255n.68
Mare aux Evées, 165–66
Mont Chauvet, 255n.68
Monts-Girard, 172, 174, 216
Plaines de Fort des Moulins, 255n.68
Roche-Qui Pleure, 181
Rocher Cuvillon, 160, 174
Rocher St. Germain, 177, 255n.68
la Solle, 177, 255n.68
St. Martin, 181, 252n.31
Fontainebleau, palace of: 152–53, 181, 193
town of, 151, 184
forest of Fontainebleau. See Fontainebleau, forest of
Fortelle, comte de la, 117
Français, Louis, 103, 109, 231n.57, 254n.57
France, agricultural practice in: 114–15, 132–33, 157
industrialization in, 114–15, 137, 144, 157
France, regions of: 109–10, 111–15
Auvergne, 111–12, 116, 218
Berry, 63, 103, 113, 114, 116, 130–37, 138, 145, 158, 167, 203, 219 (see also Le Fay)
Cantal, 218
Franche-Comté, 106, 115–16, 120 (see also La Faucille)
Ile-de-France, 24, 105, 170 (see also Barbizon)
Jura, 84, 113, 115–29, 145, 218 (see also La Faucille)
Landes, 63, 103, 113, 114, 137, 138–48, 158, 206, 219 (see also Bégaar)
Limousin, 63, 116, 130, 245n.54
Normandy, 116, 218
Picardie, 145, 207, 219
Pyrénées, 87, 137, 138–39, 140–43, 206, 207, 219, 251n.22
Savoy, 116–17, 125, 140 (see also Mont Blanc)
Vendée, 129–30, 203, 218
Francis I, 193
Friedrich, Caspar David, 17, 51, 102, 200, 226n.24, 235n.102
Gauls, 78, 147, 153, 173, 192, 215
Gautier, Théophile, 89–90, 93
Geneva, 116, 119, 120
Geoffroy, Louis de, 76, 90–91
Géricault, Théodore, 56, 78, 235n.105
Gigoux, Jean, 81
Gilpin, William, 17
Girault de Saint-Fargeau, Pierre A. E., 132, 141–44
Gleyre, Charles, 17
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 111
Gogh, Vincent van, 2, 3, 15, 51
Goyen, Jan van, 39, 225n.16
Grand Canyon, 123
Greece, 99, 191, 198, 213
Gros, Antoine, 77–78
Gros, Elisa, 106, 116, 150, 208, 219, 237n.140, 242n.18, 249n.1, 260n.6
Gros, Jules, 202, 219, 237n.140, 260n.6
Gué, Julien Michel, 112
Guillon-Lethière, Guillaume, 62, 80
Guizot, François, 84, 98, 108, 239n.156
Haeckel, Ernst, 5
Hamlet, 194
Hartmann, Alfred, 102, 109, 123, 143, 202, 206, 207, 219, 240n.168
Hartmann, Frédéric, 61, 91, 95, 109–10, 114, 145–46, 148, 201, 202, 206, 207, 208, 219, 259n.126
Hobbema, Meindert, Avenue at Middelharnis, 39, 207, fig. 24
Holland, landscape art of: 28, 39, 62, 65, 87, 93, 110, 114, 148, 167, 225n.16
Homer, 171, 193, 195, 234n.96, 259n.120
Huet, Paul, 24, 81–82, 83, 85, 103, 116, 229n.19
Humboldt, Alexander von, 8
Impressionism, 3, 79, 199, 221n.2. See also Monet
industrialization, 10–11, 109, 114–15, 130. See also France, industrialization in
Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique, 17, 78, 92, 93, 96–97, 101, 233n.76
Inness, George, 73
Institute, 80, 82, 84–85, 104, 108. See also Salon, jury reform; Academy of Fine Arts
Isabey, Eugène, 112
l’Isle-Adam, forest of: 65, 103, 171, 186, 195, 204, 219
Italy, 113–14, 117, 120, 125
Jacque, Charles, 69–71, 72, 73, 150, 159–60, 238nn.153 and 154
ecological concerns of, 164, 168
Flock of Sheep on the Edge of the Forest of Fontainebleau, 69–71, 159–60, fig. 39
relationship to Rousseau, 106
Trees and Cows, 71, fig. 40
views of the forest of Fontainebleau, 166
A Watering Hole, 71, 159, fig. 67
Jadin, Louis, 81
Janin, Jules, 81–82, 85
Jeanron, Philippe-Auguste, 88, 90, 103, 107, 157, 205
Joan of Arc, 101, 138
Jorand, Jean Baptiste Joseph, 241n.2
July Monarchy, 79, 83, 105, 108, 156, 158, 178, 184, 251n.17, 254n.67. See also Louis-Philippe
Knuff, Chevalier de, 239n.156
Knyff, de, 202
La Faucille, 114, 115–29, 130, 131, 139, 148, 202–3, 218, 219
photograph of, fig. 53
Lake Geneva, 117, 123, 125–26
photograph of, fig. 53
landscape, history and theory of: 1–2, 4–5, 15–17, 27–28, 34, 39, 46–47, 55, 62, 80–82, 93–94, 113–14, 198–200
Lantara (Simon Mathurin Lantarat), 215
Laviron, Gabriel, 81, 229n.23, 230n.43
Lebrun, Charles, 101
Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre-Auguste, 88, 103, 107, 157, 205
Le Fay, 130–37, 139, 148, 151, 203, 219
photographs of, figs. 55 and 56
Le Gray, Gustave, 72
Lenormand, Charles, 81
Le Roux, Charles, 129, 203, 218
Leroux, Pierre, 103, 236n.126
Letrône, Ludovic, 95–96, 101–2
Leyden, Lucas van, 225n.16
Liebig, Justus, 5–6, 8, 225n.8
light, ecological role of: 7, 124
as subject in Rousseau’s works, 27–31, 40, 54–55, 91, 98–99, 101–2, 122, 135, 146, 195, 198
Linnaeus, Carolus, 5, 8
Lorentz, 116, 117–19, 128, 218
Lorrain, Claude Gellée le, 17, 27–28, 62, 81, 99–100, 110, 114, 123, 146, 171, 199, 225nn.9 and 16
Rural Dance, 35, 45, fig. 19
Seaport with the Debarkation of Cleopatra, 27–28, 35, 45, fig. 13
Loudun, Eugène, 233n.90
Louis XII, 175, 217
Louis XIV, 101, 157, 251n.16
Louis XV, 251n.16
Louis-Philippe, 108, 240n.168, 251n.17. See also July Monarchy
Louis, St. (king), 175, 192, 217
Manet, Edouard, 17
Mantz, Paul, 236n.119, 238nn.145 and 146
Marilhat, Prosper, 85, 112
Marmontel, 239n.156
Martinet, Louis, 239n.156
Marvy, Louis, 253n.49
Michallon, Achille-Etna, 215
Michel, Georges, 107
Michelangelo, 149, 173, 215, 235n.105
Millet, Jean-François, 17, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 150, 154, 160–62, 206, 240n.168, 260n.6
The Angelus, 151
critical reception of works by, 106, 109
ecological concerns of, 69, 164, 168, 177
The Faggot-Gatherers, 161, fig. 69
Forest with Shepherdess and Sheep, 160–61
The Gleaners, 151, 161
Man with a Hoe, 151, 161
Peasant Girl with Two Cows, 151, fig. 66
Peasants Carrying Faggots, 161, fig. 68
The Potato Planters, 151
relationship to Rousseau, 69, 106, 114, 208, 219, 238n.144
views of Barbizon, 151–52, 160–61
Woodcutters Sawing Wood, 168
Moine, 84
Monet, Claude, 2, 3, 15, 51, 61, 79, 200
The Bodmer Oak, Fontainebleau Forest, 76, fig. 45
Mont Blanc, 123–27, 183. See also Alps; France, regions
Montebello, duc de, 138
Montpensier, duc de, 239n.156
Montrond, comte de, 117
Morny, duc de, 92, 108–9, 110, 114, 158, 159, 173, 205, 214
Munster, 114
Murray guidebooks, 113
Napoleon, 106, 149, 175, 214, 217, 239n.160
Napoleon III, 80, 97, 104, 107, 108, 149, 158, 167, 173, 176, 205, 214–17, 219, 234n.93, 235n.105
naturalism and critical discourse, 2–3, 15, 55, 76–80, 94–95, 191, 199, 221n.2
nature, changing conceptions of: 1–2, 9–11, 196–98
Nazon, François Henri, 256n.88
Netherlands, the, 114. See also Holland, landscape art of
Ney, Marshall, 239n.160
Nieuwerkerke, Alfred-Emilien, comte de, 232n.72, 259n.126
Orléans, duc d’, 82, 91, 108, 116
Ostade, Adriaen van, 99, 213, 225n.16
oval frame, 37–40, 135, 142
definition of, 37
Paganini, Niccolò, 122
Papeleu, 239n.157, 254n.58
Pau de St. Martin, Alexandre, 112, 116
Peisse, Jean-Louis Hyppolite, 76, 80–81, 89–90
Père Ganne, 150, 178, 218, 250n.10
Périer, Casimir-Pierre, 108. See also Casimir-Périer, Paul
Périer, Charles, 93
perspective, ellipsoidal: 34–47, 136, 148, 188
definition of, 43–44, 46
perspective, linear: 2, 40, 45–46, 226n.19
Pigeorie, F., 232n.68
Planche, Gustave, 82, 84–85, 91, 93, 201
Poussin, Nicolas, 81, 82
Préault, Auguste, 84
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 234n.96
railroads, 114–15, 137, 151
Raphael, 149, 173, 215
reflection point, 41–43, 47, 48–49, 121, 128, 135, 147, 164, 188
definition of, 41
Rembrandt van Rijn, 39, 86, 99, 100, 149, 199, 213, 215
Rémond, Jean-Charles-Joseph, 28, 62, 80, 116
Rémusat, Charles-François-Marie de, 103, 261n.13
Revolution of 1830, 80, 102, 191, 251n.17
Revolution of 1848, 2, 79, 80, 102, 105, 155, 158, 254n.67
Richard (Jean-Marie-Vincent Audin), 113, 116, 125, 256n.90
Rigaud, Hyacinthe, 101
Ris, Louis Clément de, 232n.74
romanticism, 3–4, 5, 9–10, 17, 60, 78, 86–87, 88, 97, 112, 120–22, 196–200
Rosa, Salvator, 81
Rothschild, Alphonse, 239n.156
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 223n.28
Rousseau, Théodore, and art dealers: 93, 108, 149, 195
in art history, 2–3, 79, 93–94, 102, 199–200, 221n.2
biography of, 2, 3–4, 51, 78, 92–94, 95, 102–10, 111–12, 115–16, 129–30, 138, 149–50, 173, 190, 208, 218–19 (see Sensier, Alfred)
conservation activities of, 2, 10–11, 80, 92, 97–99, 105–6, 108, 116, 143, 145, 148, 167, 172, 173–86, 209, 214–17
critical reception of works by, 2–3, 76–94, 94–95, 199
exclusion from salons, 2, 16, 79, 80–86, 102, 105, 109, 136, 149
homes and studios of, 66, 103, 104, 106, 149–50, 218–19, 249n.1
intellectual background of, 8, 95, 234n.96
involvement in tourism by, no, 112–13, 114, 116–17, 119, 122, 123, 128–29, 132, 140, 142–43, 147, 148, 185–86, 189
medals awarded to, 82, 88, 90, 91, 93, 105, 107, 214, 237n.143
and patrons, 108–10, 201–7 (see also Casimir-Périer; Hartmann)
personal life of, 2, 11, 115–16
petition written by, 109, 149, 158, 167, 173–75, 177–78
political views of, 11, 80, 82, 83, 95, 102–10, 163–64, 172, 190–95, 198–200 (see also Salon, and jury reform)
religious views of, 100, 126
students of: see Jules Gros, Letrône, Ziem
techniques of, 60–61, 95–96, 101–2, 120–22, 170, 201–2, 204
training and influence on, 27–28, 62–63, 80, 115–16, 226n.32
travels of, 84, 103, 111–13, 114, 115–48, 150, 218–19, 242n.18
writings and quotations of, 1, 74, 77, 79–80, 94–102, 109, 117, 123–24, 136, 146, 149, 208–17
Rousseau, Théodore, works by: Apremont Gorges, 109, 207
Autumn Lands, 89
The Avenue of Chestnuts, 13–16, 18, 32, 37, 48, 52, 59, 63, 79, 85–86, 93, 103, 108, 122, 129, 130, 203, 246n.79, fig. 1
The Avenue of Chestnuts (sketch), 14, fig. 2
An Avenue, I’Isle-Adam Forest, 18–23, 25, 32, 34–35, 37, 44, 52, 54–55, 89, 91, 92–93, 157, 204, fig. 3
Belle-Croix Plateau (Forest of Fontainebleau), 232n.63
Clearing of Trees in the Isle of Croissy, 105, 168–71, fig. 77
The Communal Oven, 41, 44, 48, 53, 59, 61, 109, 145–48, 206–7, fig. 27
The Communal Oven (sketch), 206
The Descent of the Cows from the High Plateaus of the Jura (Amiens)
The Descent of the Cows from the High Plateaus of the Jura (The Hague), 84–85, 117–22, 186, 201–2, figs. 48 (Amiens) and 49 (Hague)
The Descent of the Cows from the High Plateaus of the Jura (sketch), 120–21, 201, 202, 243nn.30 and 31, fig. 50
The Descent of the Cows from the High Plateaus of the Jura (drawing), 243n.32
Diligence Climbing the Hill, 122
Early Summer Afternoon, 25, 38, fig. 9
Edge of a Cleared Wood, Forest of Compiègne (or View of the Village of Pierrefonds), 82–83, 116, fig. 47
Edge of the Forest at Monts-Girard, 143, 172, fig. 79
Edge of the Forest of Fontainebleau, Sunset, 23, 27, 32–33, 35–38, 40–41, 44, 47, 48, 52, 55, 59, 67, 90–91, 92, 157, 204–5, fig. 7
Edge of the Forest, 85
Edge of the Forest, Setting Sun, 89, 171–72, 231n.57, fig. 78
Effect of Frost, 30, 41, 52, 108, 254n.57, fig. 16
Entrance to Bas-Bréau (Forest of Fontainebleau), 232n.63
Farm in Les Landes, 61, 109–10, 143, 145–47, 206, 207, 261n.17, fig. 62
The Fisherman, Early Morning, 27, 44, 91, 109, fig. 12
The Footbridge, 6, 24–25, 33, 38, 41–44, 46–47, 48, 50–51, 53, 56, 59, fig. 25
Forest Edge: Morning Effect, 90, 232n.63
Full-Grown Wood of Bas-Bréau (Forest of Fontainebleau): Evening Effect, 232n.63
Gathering Wood in the Forest of Fontainebleau, 25, 163, fig. 71
Group of Oaks in the Apremont Gorges, 33–34, 41, 44, 59–60, 91, 92, 109, 143, 158–59, 172, 178, 182, 205, fig. 18
Group of Oaks, 229n.21
La Faucille in the Snow, 243n.33
Landscape after the Rain: Group of Oaks on the Plain, 232n.72
Landscape View of Normandy, 229n.21
Landscape, 25, fig. 8
Landscape: Effect of Sunlight, 232n.72
Landscape: Site in Auvergne, 80–81, 112
A Marsh in Les Landes, 41, 91–93, 96, 109–10, 142–43, 145, 158, 206, 207, fig. 61
Morning Effect, 232n.63
Morning, 25, 44, fig. 10
An Old Oak near Fontainebleau, 56–58, fig. 31
Old Watering Hole of Bas-Bréau, 32, 35, 52, 165–67, fig. 73
A Plain in the Pyrenees, 207, 240n.170
The Pond, 25, 41, 92, 108, 133–37, 203, fig. 58
Pond at the Foot of the Slope, 25, 38, 44, fig. 22
The Pond by the Road, Farm in Berry, 133–37, 143, fig. 57
The Priest, 25, 30–31, 32, 38, 41, 44, 47, 49–50, 52, 56, 59, 61, 97, 133–37, 140, 203, fig. 28
The Souterraine Marsh, 245n.61
Spring, 23–24, 39–40, 41, 44, 48, 53–54, 143, fig. 29
Springtime, 25, 182, fig. 11
Summer Sunset, 31, 38, 44, 59, fig. 17
Sunset, 240n.170
Sunset near Arbonne, 25, 71, 182, fig. 86
A Tree in Fontainebleau Forest, 56, fig. 30
The Valley of Tiffauge, 129–30, fig. 54
View of Normandy, 230n.40
View of the Château de Broglie, 84, 98
The View of the Coast of Granville, 81–82, 108, 116, fig. 46
View of the Range of the Alps, Seen from the Heights of La Faucille, 109, 117, 122–28, 186, 202–3, 207, fig. 51
View of the Range of the Alps, Seen from the Heights of La Faucille (drawing), 126, fig. 52
View of the Range of the Alps, Seen from the Heights of La Faucille (studies), 202–3
views of Berry, 133
views of La Faucille, 122
The Village of Barbizon: Springtime Effect, 90, 232n.63
Village of Becquigny, The, 25, 39, 41, 52, 61, 95–97, 101, 109, 145, 206, 207, 209–11, fig. 23
The Villebussière Marsh, 245n.61
Winter Forest, 31–32, 35, 41, 51, 52, 55, 56, 60–61, 75, 102, 122, 161, 163–64, 172, 174, 176, 185, 186–95, 198, 204, figs. 72 and 88
Winter Forest (drawing), 163, 188–89, 195, fig. 89
Winter Forest (study), 163, 189–90, 195, fig. 90
The Woodcutters, Forest of Fontainebleau, 254n.58
Rubens, Peter Paul, 73, 86
Ruisdael, Jacob van, 39, 82, 225n.16
The Bush, 148
Runge, Philipp Otto, 17
Russia, 173, 177, 215
Saint-Dider, H. de, 232n.74
Saint-Simonianism, 103, 231n.50, 234n.96
Salon, 80, 130, 131
and jury reform, 82–83, 84–85, 104, 105, 230n.43
of 1831, 80–81, 112
of 1833, 81–82, 116
of 1834, 79, 82–84, 116
of 1835, 79, 202
of 1836, 84–85, 117, 201
of 1837, 85
of 1839, 85
of 1840, 85
of 1841, 79, 85–86, 168, 203
of 1844, 87–88
of 1845, 86
of 1846, 86–87, 88
of 1848, 87, 88
of 1849, 88–90, 157, 204
of 1850–51, 21, 90–91, 205
of 1852, 91
of 1853, 91–92, 143, 206
of 1864, 207
of 1866, 234n.93, 235n.113
of 1867, 202. See also Exposition Universelle
Sand, George, 85, 87, 103–4, 130, 131, 137, 149, 203, 219, 235n.105, 236n.126, 261n.13
ecological concerns of, 177. See also Brault, Augustine
Sand, Maurice, 104
Sand, Solange, 104
Saussure, Horace Bénédict de, 125
Scheffer, Ary, 17, 84, 85, 103, 108, 168, 202, 239n.156, 242n.19, 260n.1
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von, 196–98, 200
Schoelcher, V., 81, 229n.11
Second Empire, 106, 108, 109, 110, 156, 158–59, 161. See also Napoleon III
Second Republic, 23, 156, 157–58, 161
sensational value in landscape, 13–17
Sensier, Alfred, 95, 96, 150
biographical writings by, 78, 94–95, 104–5, 107, 111–12, 146–47, 222n.3, 228n.4
critical writings by, 107
ecological concerns of, 105, 173
life and career of, 106–7
political views of, 104–5, 106–7
relationship to Rousseau, 95, 208, 209, 214
Serres, Olivier de, 107
Shakespeare, William, 234n.96
Silvestre, Théophile, 234n.157
site ideology, 111–15, 148
Spain, 114, 139
St. Bernard Pass, 117, 128, 191, 218
Stevens, Alfred, 95, 239n.157
Stevens, Arthur, 95, 208, 211, 239nn.156 and 157
Sthême, Alexandre, 254n.66
Switzerland, 114, 117–18, 120, 125, 218, 219
and tourism, 113–14, 124–27. See also Alps, St. Bernard Pass
Taylor, Baron Isidore, 112
Thoré, Théophile, 98, 100, 106, 107, 170, 171, 185, 201, 249n.1
ecological concerns of, 108, 190–94
political views of, 87, 103, 105, 190–94
relationship to Rousseau, 87, 103–4, 105, 190
writings of, 84, 85, 86, 87–88, 89, 103, 190–94, 203
Thoreau, Henry David, 10
Titian, 99, 213
tourism, early development of: 113–14
and railroads, 114–15. See also Rousseau, involvement in tourism
trees, as subjects in Rousseau’s work: 31–33, 56–60, 97–99, 167, 209–211, 212, 215–17
economic importance of, 144, 154, 177–78, 191–92, 216
harvesting of, 167–72 (see also Fontainebleau, forest of, logging in)
oak, 58–60, 147, 154, 177, 191–94
pine and fir, 58, 139, 144–45, 175, 177–78, 191–92, 193, 215, 216
Troyon, Constant, 62, 72, 150, 215
drawings, 168
ecological concerns of, 168
Forest Scene, 72, 168, fig. 76
relationship to Rousseau, 239n.156
Turner, Joseph Mallord William, 15, 17
Dido Founding Carthage, 28–29, fig. 14
Valenciennes, Pierre-Henri de, 28
Van Praet, 239n.157
Velde, Adriaen van de, 225n.16
Vernet, Horace, 92
Véron, Dr., 239n.156
Veronese, Paolo, 99, 213
Versailles, palace and forest of: 152–53, 154
virtual spectator, 51–55
definition of, 51
Voltaire, 119
Voyages pittoresques. See Taylor, Baron Isidore
water, ecological role of: 6–8
as subject in Rousseau’s works, 23–25
White, Gilbert, 10
Yellowstone Park, 10
Yosemite Park, 10
Ziem, Félix, 72–73