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Index
Anthea Callen
Description: Looking at Men: Anatomy, Masculinity and the Modern Male Body
Looking at Men: Anatomy, Masculinity and the Modern Male Body
Index
Author
Anthea Callen
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2018 Anthea Callen
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22339
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Index
‘1000-yard stare’ 220
Abolitionism 86, 90, 173
Académie de France 41
Académie des Sciences 158
Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture, Paris 35
Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts, Paris 142
Achelous (river god) 70
Agasias of Ephesus, Warrior (or Borghese Gladiator) 14
agency 11, 18, 123, 126, 161, 176
Albinus, Bernhard Siegfried (1697–1770) 36, 162, 189, 196
An écorché figure . . . 191
A skeleton . . . 191
Aldegrever, Heinrich (1502–1561[?]),
Hercules Wrestling Antaeus 17
Alembert, Jean le Rond d’ (1717–1783),
Encyclopédie 14, 162, 163
Amar, Jules (1879–1935) 182
amputation 192–3
Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons 31, 32
anatomy: anatomy theatres 24, 28, 30, 31–4, 53, 58, 69, 76, 114, 127, 133
autopsies 10, 12–15, 121
and the classical body 14–15, 21
female anatomy 33, 36–37, 58, 122
and difference 122–4
museums 76, 77, 78, 191, 193
as performance 133–4, 167
teaching in art academies 17, 24, 28, 28–52, 30, 51, 53, 76–7, 80–85, 119, 122–4, 130, 133, 135
see also autopsy, dissection, wax models
Antaeus 17, 70
animal/bestial 18, 21, 22, 29, 37–8, 68, 87, 90, 104, 112, 116, 122, 128–9, 175, 198
anthropology 11, 17–18, 38, 53, 60–62, 149–51
anthropometry 162–5, 169–73
Apollo 20–21, 21
Apollo Belvedere 42, 82, 98, 162–4, 164, 189
Archer, Archibald
The Temporary Elgin Room in 1819 166
Aristotle 141
Arnold, Matthew (1822–1888) 139
art academies: all male 73–4
Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney 24, 24–5, 122
artificial intelligence 224
Aryanism 109, 159
Asquith, Lady Cynthia (1887–1960) 207
ateliers 39, 73–4, 75
athletes see sports
Athletic Club, New York 90–91
Aubert, M. (engraver) 33, 36
Augustus, Emperor (63 BCE–14 CE) 211
automaton, man as 142
autopsy 10, 12–13, 16, 121
Bacon, Francis (1909–1992) 106
bal masqué 56
Banks, Sir Joseph (1743–1820) 81
barber-surgeons 18, 81
Barberini Faun 71
Barthes, Roland (1915–1980) 172
Camera Lucida 141
Batault, Émile 127
Batman (film) 224
Baudelaire, Charles (1821–67) 15, 118
‘The Painter of Modern Life’ 206–7
Bayard, Émile (1837–91) 157
Le Nu esthétique 66, 70, 70, 157, 166
Bazille, Frédéric (1841–1870) 95
Studio in the rue Condamine 74, 75
Summer Scene (Bathers) 95, 95, 96–8
beau idéal 31, 86, 107, 194, 196
Bell, Charles (1774–1842) 7, 26, 81, 83–5, 165, 187–91, 196–205, 203
The Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression as Connected with the Fine Arts 198, 201, 201
Bridgewater Treatise 32
Dissertation on Gunshot Wounds 202
Essays on the Anatomy of Expression in Painting 37, 197, 201
The Hand 37
Madness 198, 198
Nerves of the Neck 195, 197, 199
Pain 201
Sabre Wound to Abdomen 200
A Series of Engravings, Explaining the Course of the Nerves 197
Bell, John (1763–1820) 7, 26, 187–91, 195, 196
The Anatomy of the Bones, Muscles, and Joints 189
Engravings, explaining the Anatomy of the Bones, Muscles, and Joints 189, 190, 196
Muscles [of the neck] 196, 199
Bellanger, Camille-Félix (1853–1923) 147–8
Abel 147, 148
Bellay, Charles (1826–1900) 147
Bellows, George (1882–1925) 65
Both Members of this Club 87, 89, 90–91, 93
Benjamin, Walter (1892–1940) 15
Bentham, Jeremy (1748–1832) 191–2
Berjon, Augustin (b. 1859) 127
Bertillon, Alphonse (1853–1914) 124, 150, 151, 212, 220
‘Tableau synoptique des formes de nez’ 218
‘Tableau synoptique des traits physiononmiques’ 219
Bewick, William (1795–1866) 81
biotechnology 224
bisexuality 127, 129
Blanc, Charles (1813–1882)
The Grammar of Painting 214
bodysnatching 81
bodybuilders 13, 23, 30, 38, 54, 65, 103–5, 104, 105, 107, 132, 150, 152, 156, 163, 167–8, 168–9, 221, 224
Bonnat, Léon (1833–1922) 16–17, 50, 76
Christ on the Cross 16, 20
Job 16
La Lutte de Jacob 16, 17
Borghese Gladiator 14, 14, 30, 38, 38, 42–3, 51, 69–70, 85, 103, 162, 165
Borghese Mars 66, 132
Bouguereau, William-Adolphe (1825–1905) 25, 144, 147
Dante and Virgil 92, 93–4
Nymphs and Satyrs 93
boxing see pugilism
Boyer, Henry-Paul (1852–1894?) 41–2
Boys’ Own 126
brain, asymmetry 128–9
Breker, Arno (1900–1991) 143
Breton, Jules (1827–1906) 144
Breuer, Josef (1842–1925) 129
British Empire 168
Brittany 69, 99–101
Broca, Pierre-Paul (1824–1880) 29–30, 53, 128–9, 149, 151
Brouillet, André (1857–1914) 13, 124, 205
Une leçon clinique à la Salpêtrière 53, 53, 112–16, 113, 118–20, 127, 137–8, 153
Brown, Frederick (1851–1941) 206
Burke (William) and Hare (William), murders 81
Butler, Judith 11, 25
Byron, Lord (1788–1824) 67
‘A Fragment’ 194–5
Mazeppa 194
Cabanel, Alexandre (1823–1889) 25, 147
cadavers: artistic/medical anatomy training 38, 38, 41, 43, 48, 50–51, 50–51, 52, 53, 81
see also casts, dissection, écorchés
cage fighting/mixed martial arts 70, 223–4
Caillebotte, Gustave (1848–1894) 107
The Floor Scrapers 176, 178
Interior of an Artist’s Studio 38, 39
Man at his Bath 108
Callen, Anthea, Male Anatomy 8
Camper, Petrus (1722–1789) 52, 128
Canguilhem, Georges (1904–1995) 142
Canova, Antonio (1757–1822), Perseus 164
Carlini, Agostino (c.1718–1790), Smugglerius 48, 49
Carlisle, Sir Anthony (1768–1840) 48–9, 80, 81–2, 83, 84–5, 195, 202–4, 203
carnival 47, 56
Carpenter, Edward (1844–1929) 129, 177
casts, casting 13, 14, 30, 39, 40, 48–50, 54, 66, 77, 82–3, 152–3, 170, 171, 176–7, 181–2, 192–3, 222
after classical sculpture 170
life casts 49–50, 49–50, 77, 82–3, 192, 193
see also dissection, écorchés
Caudron, Jacques-Eugène (1818–1865) 31, 134
Caylus, Comte de (1692–1765) 42–3
celibacy 79
Celtic wrestling 69
Cézanne, Paul (1839–1906) 94
The Abduction 94
Bathers 95, 96, 97
Cham (Charles Amédée de Noé, 1818–1879), Bathers 95, 98
Chambers, Robert (1802–1871) 212, 218
Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation 83
Charcot, Jean-Baptiste (1867–1936) 157, 159
Charcot, Jean-Martin (1825–93) 7, 30, 52–3, 53, 112–15, 113, 118, 120, 124–5, 127–8, 148, 153, 169
Les Démoniaques dans l’art 113
Leçons du mardi de la Salpêtrière 127
La Charité hospital, Paris 39, 85, 188
Charlet, Nicolas-Toussaint (1792–1845) 194
Le beau bras! C’est comme l’antique 160, 161
Cheret, Jules (1836–1932) 35
Christ 27, 16, 20, 72
chronophotography 53–5, 54, 59–61, 61, 62, 78, 106, 106, 153–60, 154, 155, 156, 157, 169, 175, 182
see also photography
cinema 60, 159, 224
circus performers 54, 66, 104, 104, 152, 165
class: combat sports 82, 88–91, 101, 105
mobility 105
and physiognomy 21, 83
see also clothes, criminals, difference, race
classical sculpture: in artistic anatomy training 14–15, 38
combat sports 66
drawing from 15, 165–6, 167
reproductions of 170
‘transposition’ 43
see also casts, fragment, masculinity, sculpture, proportion
clothes 56, 58, 71, 74, 95, 97, 111, 117, 122, 129, 132, 134, 136–9, 154, 160, 169, 172, 175, 212
combat sports 22, 65–70, 82, 85–95, 98–101
Conrad, Joseph (1857–1924), The Heart of Darkness 120
contrapposti poses 56
Corunna, Battle of (1809) 199–200
Courbet, Gustave (1819–1877) 26, 102–3, 105, 106
The Stone Breakers 173
The Wrestlers 91–3, 92, 102
Courtois, Gustave (1852–1923) 25
Cousin, Jean the Younger (1522–93) 164
Proportions du corps humain 146, 147
Crane, Walter (1845–1915) 208
criminal(ity) 17–8, 20, 37, 76, 78, 82, 89, 124–5, 129, 142, 151, 219, 221
La Culture physique magazine 63, 66, 69, 70, 146, 150, 152, 157, 163–4
Cuyer, Édouard-Pierre-Jacques (b. 1852) 31, 33, 35, 38, 42, 50–51, 134
cyborgs 224
Dalou, Aimé-Jules (1838–1902) 177
Écorché unijambiste 48, 48
La Fraternité 177, 181
Grand Paysan 153
Dantan, Édouard (1848–1897)
Making a Cast of a Living Model 49, 50
Darwin, Charles (1809–1882) 15, 30, 31, 51, 177
Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals 37–8, 161
On the Origin of Species 83
social Darwinism 178–9, 208
Daryl, Philippe (pseudonym Paschal Grousset, 1844–1909), La Lutte française 65
Daudet, Léon (1867–1942) 118
Daumier, Honoré (1810–1879)
The Laundress 143, 144
The Wrestler 64, 66, 67, 88
David, Jacques-Louis (1748–1825) 142, 187
death masks 50
Debord, Jean-François 42, 48, 188
decapitation see guillotine
Degas, Edgar (1834–1917) 7, 16, 17–18, 26, 94, 137, 186, 208, 211, 213
Criminal Physiognomies 76, 78
Dancer in Green 208, 209
In a Café 124, 208, 210
Little Dancer of Fourteen Years 17, 76
Repasseuses (Women Ironing) 71, 143–4, 143
Young Spartan Girls Challenging Boys 18, 93, 94, 98, 196
degeneration 22, 65, 71, 76, 79, 94, 96–7, 128, 132, 176–9, 182
see also homosexual, labour, masculine, regenaration
Delacroix, Eugène (1798–1863) 17, 22, 105, 188, 205
Jacob Wrestling with the Angel 94
Modèle nu masculin à demi couché avec bâton 67
Delécluze, Étienne (1781–1863) 79
della Porta, Giambattista (1535–1615), De humana physiognomonia libri III 37
Demenÿ, Georges 155
Denis, Maurice 94
Deriaz brothers 150, 151, 152, 164, 165, 168
Desbonnet, Edmond (1867–1953) 70, 122, 152, 162, 163, 167, 168, 179, 196
La Culture physique 63, 146, 150, 157
Les Rois de la force 69
Descartes, René (1596–1650), De homine figuris 141
Description du corps humain 141–2
desire 103, 112, 132, 136–7
cross-class 122–4, 139, 143
heterosexual 56–62
homosocial 112, 114
male homoerotic 19–20, 86, 107, 111, 112, 120–22, 124, 126, 130, 135, 139, 224
objects of 21, 90, 103, 118, 122–3, 139, 147, 160, 173
oedipal 100
unconscious 116
Diderot, Denis (1713–1784), Encyclopédie 14, 162, 163
difference 12, 16–17, 19–22, 21, 34, 37, 51–4, 67–8, 73, 78, 80–83, 86–8, 93, 105, 122–3, 126, 131
disease 99, 112, 120, 168, 172, 176, 191, 211
see also health, hysteria, syphilis
dissection, human 2, 12, 18, 26, 31, 37, 51, 81, 127, 135, 166, 187-199, 190–91, 196–7, 202, 204
and the classic ideal 14, 14–15, 85, 165–6, 191
autopsies 10, 12–13, 16, 51
black bodies 20, 37, 51
body-snatching 81
casts 38, 48, 48, 50, 77, 192
medical training 15, 18, 32, 51, 206
as a metaphor 17, 133–4, 155
see also class, criminals, prostitutes
Doin, M. O. (Octave, éditeur) 156
doubles/duality 24–6, 122–3, 125–39, 141, 172, 224
Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan (1859–1930) 120, 124, 168
Drunken Silenus 71
Duchenne de Boulogne, Guillaume (1806–1875) 30–31, 31, 51, 161
Méchanisme de la physiologie humaine 191
‘Photographic Representations of Differen Facial Expressions’ 201, 201
duelling 67, 74, 101, 165
Durand-Ruel, Paul (1831–1922) 208
Dürer, Albrecht (1471–1528) 164
Durieu, Eugène (1800–1874) 105
Duval, Dr Mathias-Marie (1844–1907) 29–35, 39–42, 45–7, 50–53, 85, 111, 112, 122, 127, 130–35, 138, 149
Anatomie des maîtres 52
Dying Gaul (Dying Gladiator) 49, 167, 169
Eakins, Thomas (1844–1916) 13, 16–18, 22, 25, 26, 31, 50, 73–8, 103, 113, 124, 205
The Agnew Clinic 17, 110, 116–18, 116, 120
Arcadia 95
Back of Male Torso (Anatomical plaster cast after dissection fragment) 50
Champion Single Scull 106
‘Male Figures at the Site of Swimming’ 98
‘Naked Series’ 56, 58, 58, 154
Portrait of Dr Samuel D. Gross (The Gross Clinic) 101, 103, 117–18, 117, 119, 121
Salutat 43, 75, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107
The Swimming Hole 72, 75, 95–6, 97, 98, 103
Two male nudes 76
Wrestlers 66, 72, 77, 101, 102, 105–6
École de Médecine, Paris 16, 41, 148, 164
École des Beaux-Arts, Paris 12, 19, 31, 77
admission to 42
anatomy classes 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 32, 35–48, 50–52, 51, 53, 85, 130, 133–4, 135, 166
anatomy prizes 40, 41, 42–7, 134
initiation rites 51, 73–4
lantern slides 149
life models 73, 122, 137, 165, 166, 172
morphological photographs 55–6, 57, 59–60, 62
physiognomy lessons 51–2
study of anthropology 53
wax models 191–3
and women 46–7, 50, 74, 130
écorchés (flayed figures) 14, 15, 15, 18, 31–2, 34, 38–9, 38–9, 40, 44, 47–8, 48, 50, 81, 134
L’Éducation physique 152
Egan, Pierce (1772–1849) 67
Elgin, Lord Thomas Bruce (1766–1841) 84
Elgin Marbles 84, 166, 166, 167
Emery, Édouard-Félix-Etienne (1788–1856) 40–41
energy versus entropy 176, 177, 178
engraving, stipple 203, 203
Enlightenment 50, 162, 175
entropy 176, 177, 178
ephebe 14, 24, 70–71, 103, 105, 107, 147, 196
erotic 22, 63, 71, 73, 89–90, 107, 118, 120, 124, 136–7
masks and 56–7
morphological photographs 60
partial nudity 136–7
stockings 57–8
see also homoerotic
Etty, William (1787–1849) 26, 88, 205
The Wrestlers 87–90, 87, 93
eugenics 63, 109, 123, 143, 178–9, 224
evolution, theory of 15, 30, 83, 177
facial expression 30–31, 31, 38, 52, 161–2, 197, 201, 202
fairgrounds 66, 102, 165
Falguière, Alexandre (1831–1900) 22
Wrestlers 101–2, 102, 103
Falk, Benjamin J. (1853–1925), Eugen Sandow Posing as a Dying Gaul 169
Farington, Joseph (1747–1821) 82
Farnese Hercules 167, 168
Fellowes, Reginald 217, 220–21
feminisation of art 73, 77
‘feminisme du foyer’ movement 113
fingerprinting 125
First World War 26–7, 109, 168, 183, 187, 205, 207, 221
flâneur 15–16, 118, 119, 134
flayed figures see écorchés
Fliess, Wilhelm (1858–1928) 129
forensic science 17–18, 124
Forestier, E. (photographer), Le Nu esthétique 66, 70
Foucault, Michel (1926–1984) 79, 116, 124, 126–7, 134
The Birth of the Clinic 220
fragmentation 26–7, 77, 109, 155, 158, 173, 183, 185–221, 186
classical sculpture 185, 186, 210
decapitation 192
Frankenstein 194–5
Géricault’s paintings of body parts 187–8, 188, 195–6, 202
medical waxes 19, 78, 192, 195
photographic cropping 211–12
Tonks’s surgical drawings 210–11
Fragonard, Honoré (1732–1799) 83, 195
Écorché cavalier 81
Fragonard, Jean-Honoré (1732–1806) 83
Franco-Prussian War (1870) 67, 101, 114, 132
Frankenstein 21, 26, 27, 81, 187, 194–5, 204
Frémont, Charles (1855–1930) 156, 159, 175
French Revolution (1789) 177, 185, 195
Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939) 126–8, 129
Friant, Émile (1863–1932), La Lutte 100, 100
Fry, Roger (1866–1934) 207, 208
Fuseli, Henry (1741–1825), The Artist in Despair over the Magnitude of Antique Fragments 185, 186, 210
Galton, Francis (1822–1911) 125, 178
Gans, Joe (boxer) 90–91
Gauguin, Paul (1848–1903) 69, 94–5
Breton Boys Wrestling 98–101, 100
Vision of the Sermon (Jacob Wrestling with the Angel) 94, 94
Gautier, Théophile (1811–1872) 93
Gavarni, Paul (1804–1866), The Model 136, 137
gaze (male) 15–16, 18, 34, 56, 101–2, 103–04, 116
artist’s gaze 13, 134
desiring male gaze 22, 57, 103, 105
diagnostic 119
female gaze 56
gendered 116, 122–3
male homoerotic gaze 122–4
medical gaze 13, 15–6, 51–62, 116, 118–19, 124
and power 116, 122–3
and race 53
plurisensorial gaze 15–6, 51, 116, 118, 134, 204–5, 220
in Tonks’s medical portraits 218–20
see also plurisensorial gaze, voyeurism
Gélon (wrestler, model) 73
genitalia (male), casts of 196–7
George IV (1762–1830), King of England 85
Georget, Étienne-Jean (1795–1828) 198
Gerdy, Pierre-Nicholas (1797–1856) 7, 39–40, 41, 42, 52, 85, 188
Anatomie des formes extérieures du corps humain 39–40
Géricault, Théodore (1791–1824) 39, 74, 81, 85–7, 142, 186–8, 190, 194–5, 197–8
Académie 166
Boxers 86–8, 86, 90, 93
Execution Victim and his Executioner 85–6, 86
Portrait of a Kleptomaniac 198
The Raft of the Medusa 26, 87, 199, 199
The Severed Heads 187, 188, 195–6, 205
Study of Feet and Hands 187, 188, 195–6, 205
Study of a Male Nude 168
Gérôme, Jean-Léon (1824–1904) 25, 75, 76, 103, 106, 113
Pollice Verso (Thumbs Down) 43, 106–7, 107, 117
Gervex, Henri (1852–1929) 25, 124
Autopsy at the Hôtel-Dieu 10, 12–13, 15, 16
Before the Operation (Avant l’opération) 115–17, 115, 120
Le Quai de la Villette à Paris 176–7, 180
Rolla 137, 138
gesture 12, 25, 34, 71, 121, 131, 134, 162, 204, 210
Gicquel, Eugénie 57, 59
Gilbert, Alfred (1854–1934) 25
Comedy and Tragedy: ‘Sic vita’ 24, 71
Gillies, Harold (1882–1960) 26, 205, 210, 211, 212, 215, 220–21
Plastic Surgery of the Face 213, 214, 216, 217
Girodet, Anne-Louis (1767–1824) 142
The Sleep of Endymion 147
gladiator 14, 14, 38, 38, 42–3, 58, 69–70, 82, 88, 103, 106–7, 107, 165, 171
Gloeden, Wilhelm von (1856–1931) 107 266
Godwin, William (1756–1836) 203
Gonse, Léon 17
Grafton Galleries, London 208
Great Windmill Street School (of anatomy), London 81, 204
Greco-Roman wrestling 68–9, 90, 98
Gregson (pugilist) 84
Gros, Jean-Antoine (1740–1786), Napoleon on the Battlefield of Eylau 202
Gross, Dr Samuel D. (1805–1884) 117–18, 117, 121
Guerin, Fitz W. (1846–1903), Nude Portrait of Bernarr MacFadden 225
guillotine 26, 36, 185, 187, 188, 190, 192–3, 195
gym/gymnasia 23, 63, 75, 83, 102, 106, 122, 155, 159
Hagens, Gunther von 18
Body Worlds 195
Haviland (casting workshop) 49, 50
Haydon, Benjamin Robert (1786–1846) 81
health/unhealthiness 15, 19, 23, 25, 41, 65, 72–3, 78, 80, 96, 102, 109, 119, 127, 129, 153, 162, 173, 179, 182, 207, 211, 221
and fitness 63, 94, 98–9, 100, 107, 132, 171, 225
see also normal, masculine, pathology, virile
Helmholtz, Hermann von (1821–1894) 173, 175–8
Hercules 14, 15, 17, 70, 82, 85, 91, 105, 107, 167, 168, 170, 174
heterosexuality 18, 22, 56, 73, 94–6, 109, 118–9, 129, 143, 173, 225
Heuvelmans, Lucienne-Antoinette (1885–1944) 46–7, 50
history painting 31, 72, 94, 106, 122
Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945) 109
Holmes, Sherlock 21, 124, 125
Homer, Winslow (1836–1910), Undertow 43
homoeroticism 22, 63, 71, 73, 86, 89–90, 106–7, 112, 113, 118, 120, 123–4, 136, 139, 147, 160, 173, 177, 224
homosexuality 22, 69, 71, 86, 96, 98, 104, 109, 111, 113–4, 120, 122, 124–7, 132
boundary with homosociality 112, 120, 122
changing attitudes to 96–7
and wrestling 69
see also class, degeneration, desire, doubles/duality, heterosexuality
homosociality 22–3, 62, 74, 78, 95, 101, 112, 114, 119–22, 124–5, 136, 139, 142, 173, 205, 224
horror 21, 76, 115, 125, 190–91, 193–4, 211, 220
Hôtel-Dieu hospital, Paris 12 ‘Hottentot Venus’ 88–9
Houdon, Jean-Antoine (1741–1828) 47–8, 203
Écorché (Flayed Man) 38–9, 38, 47–8, 204
Écorché with Outstretched Arm 38–9, 39, 48
Huguier, Pierre-Charles (1804–1872) 31, 41, 46, 48, 77
human machine 141–2, 162, 173–5, 183
see also labour
Hume, David (1711–1776) 85, 188
Hunt, Edmund Aubrey (1855–1922) 165
‘Sandow as a Gladiator, Aged 23’ 104, 105 Hunter, John (1728–1793) 81
Hunter, William (1718–1783) 48–9, 77, 80, 81, 82, 85, 133, 133, 204–5
Huysmans, Joris-Karl (1848–1907) 17
Á rebours 127
hygiene (male) 22, 49, 62–3, 65, 72, 98, 102, 117, 123, 147, 167, 169, 204
hypnosis 53, 113, 115–16, 118, 125
hysteria 53, 113, 114, 124, 125–6, 127–8, 153
Ilissos (Pheidias) 167, 167
Impressionists 17, 76, 94, 207, 208
Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique (1780–1867) 61
initiation rites 12, 73–4, 78
Janin, Jules (1804–1874), L’Âne mort et la femme guillotinée 194
Janssen, Jules (1824–1907) 175
Jazet, Jean-Pierre-Marie (1788–1871), after
Horace Vernet, The Artist’s Studio 74
Jefferson College Medical School, Philadelphia 50, 76
John, Sir William Goscombe (1860–1952) 72
Journal des Débats 194
Krafft-Ebing, Richard von (1840–1902), Psychopathia sexualis 127
La Charité hospital, Paris 35–6, 39, 85
labour 24, 66, 88, 127, 142, 173–5
and eugenics 143, 179
female 122, 143, 143–4, 144–5, 148
and gender 19, 142
heroic ideal 143, 174–5
and human machine 173–6
male (labouring body) 55, 138–9, 142–3, 145, 153, 155–6, 159–60, 161, 174, 177–80, 182–3
as models 16, 20, 34, 55, 66, 73, 122, 159, 174
photography 54–5, 66, 159–60, 175–6
physique 83, 111, 129, 131, 139, 140, 145, 148, 173, 174, 174, 176
rural 112, 139, 144–7, 145, 148, 152, 153, 176
urban 139, 176, 178–180
see also degeneration, regeneration, sculpture
labouring classes 20, 71, 100, 105, 122, 132
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste (1744–1829) 15, 128
Lambert, George (1873–1930) 13
Chesham Street 121–2, 123, 136
Landseer, Charles (1799–1879) 81
An Écorché Figure 81
Landseer, Sir Edwin (1802–1873) 81
lantern-slides 124, 190
Lavater, Johann Kasper (1741–1801) 21, 37, 83, 197
Lawrence, Thomas (1769–1830) 204, 205
Le Brun, Charles (1619–1690) 197
Conférence sur l’expression 162
Legros, Alphonse (1837–1911) 206
Lehoux, Pierre-François (1803–1889) 74
Leighton, Frederic Lord (1830–1896) 25, 102
Athlete Wrestling with a Python 24, 24, 130
The Sluggard 24, 24, 71
Leloir, Alexandre-Louis (1843–1884) 25–6
Torso or Painted Half-Figure Frontispiece, 25
Leloir, Jean-Baptiste-Auguste (1809–1892)
Faun at Rest 15
Lemaistre, Alexis (1853–19--?), Avant le cours d’anatomie 43
Le Cours d’anatomie 30, 31, 43, 51
L’École des Beaux-Arts dessinée et racontée par un élève 47, 50
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) 13, 147
Vitruvian Man 13, 146
Leroux, Georges Paul (1877–1957) 25, 71, 123
Bathing-Place. The Bathers of the Tiber 96, 99
Les Études de la peinture 52, 53
life casts see casts, Haviland workshop life classes, women at 74
life models: École des Beaux-Arts Frontispiece, 25, 40, 122
and class 20, 82, 83, 166–7
female models 53, 56–7, 57–61
male models 53–56, 57, 60–61, 62–3, 73, 122, 137, 168
photographs 23, 40, 63, 66, 70, 76–7, 98, 164, 165, 170–73
Royal Academy 79–80, 83
undressing 136–7
lithography 86
Lloyd George, David (1863–1945) 150, 168
Lombroso, Cesare (1835–1909) 37
Londe, Albert (1858–1917) 52–4, 58, 60, 61, 113, 150, 151–61, 154–5, 169, 172, 175
Atlas physiologique 156–7, 158–9
‘Charcot fils playing football’ 157, 159
‘Marche en poussant’ 62
‘Mouvements professionels: Two-Handed Hammer’ 156, 159
‘Rétablissement aux anneaux’ 156
Louis V. (patient) 125–6
Louis XIV (1638–1715), King of France 35
Louvre Museum, Paris 39, 164
Luce, Maximilien (1858–1941) 182
La Fonderie (The Iron Foundry) 182, 183
Lurat, Abel (1829–1890), lithograph after Brouillet, Jean-Martin Charcot Demonstrating Hysteria in a Hypnotised Patient at the Salpêtrière 53
Lyell, Charles (1797–1875) 83
Lysippos (c.390–300 BCE), Apoxyomenos (the Scraper) 146, 147
MacColl, Dugald Sutherland (1859–1948) 208, 210
MacFadden, Bernarr (1868–1955) 225
machine, human 141–2, 162, 173–5, 183
Maclise, Daniel (1806–70) 88
magazines (physical culture) 9, 15, 66, 69, 98, 104, 107, 140, 146, 150, 157, 163–4, 168, 225
male bonds see professionalisation
Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766–1834), Essay on the Principle of Population 83
Manet, Édouard (1832–1883) 26, 74, 75
The Dead Christ with Angels 27
Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe 124
Olympia 124
Manet and the Post-Impressionists, exhibition, London (1910–1911) 207, 208
Marey, Étienne-Jules (1830–1904) 53, 78, 109, 152–60, 164, 169, 172, 175, 179– 80, 183, 223
Chronophotograph 155
Études de physiologie artistique 155
Hitting Directly 175–6
Nus artistiques 158
marriage 79
Marsyas, flaying of 18, 20, 21, 148
martial arts 74
see also cage fighting, pugilism
masculinity 11–12, 18, 22, 24, 111, 167, 197
in academies and ateliers 23, 73–4, 166
artistic techniques 103, 213–4
and conquest 120, 126
health 26, 80, 103, 111, 173, 176, 205, 223–5
honour 67, 73, 109
ideal of athletic/warrior body 20, 43, 80, 82–6, 95, 107–9, 142, 148, 162, 186–7, 221, 225
identity (formation) 73–4, 95–6, 109, 112–18, 123, 125, 130–32, 205, 224
‘in crisis’ 70, 114, 121
initiation rites 12, 73–4, 78
pugilism 80, 82, 85–91
and teaching of anatomy 80–85
unstable 22, 26, 65
see also clothes, degeneration, difference, gaze, health, hygiene, nationalism, normal, performance, proportion, sexuality, sport, virile, violence
masks 56–7
masturbation see onanism
McCloskey, Elwood 75
measurement see anthropometry, morphology, photography, proportion, Richer
medicine: disempowerment of women 118–20
lectures 112–18
male patients 117, 118, 121–3, 123
male socialisation 75–6
medical gaze 13, 15, 16, 116, 118–19, 124
observation of naked patients 53
see also dissection, gaze, plurisensorial, photography, professionalisation
Méheux, Félix (1838–1908) 211
Scars of syphilitic bone lesions in a female patient 212
Meurent, Victorine (1844–1927) 124
Meyer, Melchior (1555–1619), Apollo and Marsyas and the Judgment of Midas 20
Michelangelo (1475–1564) 13, 71, 86, 166
David 56
Dying Slave 50
Millet, Jean-François (1814–1875), Man with a Hoe 176, 177
The Peasant Family 145, 147, 148
The Sower 173–4, 174, 176
The Winnower 173
Millier, Arthur H. (art critic, 1875–1928) 106
Mirbeau, Octave (1848–1908) 55
mixed martial arts see cage fighting
modernity 206–7, 211–12
Monet, Claude (1840–1926), Men Unloading Coal (Les déchargeurs de charbon) 176, 179
Monro, Alexander the Elder (1697–1767), The Anatomy of the Human Bones (Traité d’ostéologie) 33, 36, 187–8
moral imperative, masculine 77–80
Morel, Bénédict-Augustin (1809–1873) 79
Traité des dégénerescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l’espèce humaine 177–8
morphology 11, 27, 43, 48, 52–62, 57, 59–60, 62, 109, 133–4, 142, 154–6, 160, 165, 170, 175
and class 54
and gender 56–7
see also anthropometry
movement (human) 11, 32–3, 50, 53–5, 60–61, 105, 133, 136, 143, 149, 151–2, 162, 165, 168, 175, 181, 183, 189, 204
after death 192–3
see also chronophotography
mug shots 150, 151, 221
Mulready, William (1786–1863) 81
The Pancrastinae 70
Murray, Samuel (1869–1941) 75
Musée Dupuytren, Paris 76, 78
Muybridge, Eadweard (1830–1904) 60, 73, 78, 152, 153, 154, 157–8, 175
The Human Figure in Motion 158
Two Men Wrestling 106, 106
A Woman Throwing on a Shawl 61
Myron, Discobolus 109
Nadar, Paul (1856–1939) 70, 97
naked body, photographs of 23, 40, 53–62, 57–63, 66–7, 69–70, 72–3, 76–7, 98, 105–6, 132, 150, 154, 156–7, 163–4, 168–70, 225
Napoleon I (Napoléon Bonaparte, 1769–1821), Emperor 36, 187, 202
Napoleonic wars 26, 43, 73, 84, 165, 187, 188, 190, 193, 199–202
nationalism, and (ideal) masculinity 19, 22, 62–3, 82, 109, 168, 179
Natural History Museum, London 50, 50, 196
naturalism 84, 100, 103, 123, 166
naturism 123
Nazis 109
neoclassicism 15, 63, 79, 113, 196
New English Art Club 207, 208
New Woman 113
Nicholson, William (chemist, 1753–1815) 81
Nochlin, Linda 202, 210–12
The Body in Pieces 185–6
normal 15, 22, 25, 56, 58, 76, 103, 111–2, 126, 129, 170, 172–3, 216, 225
Northcote, James (1746–1831) 79–80
Le Nu esthétique (serial publication) 70, 70, 157
Olagnon, Charles, Étude d’ostéologie et de myologie 44
Olympic Games 63, 170
Athens (1896) 68–9, 98
Paris (1900) 156, 164, 169, 223
Berlin (1936) 143
onanism 79, 111
paedophilia 70
Pankration 68–9, 69, 70, 70
panorama 190
papers, pastel 215–16
Paris Commune (1871) 114
Paris, Gaston (photographer, 1903–64) 78
Paris Salon exhibition 16, 24, 55, 72, 98, 101, 114–15, 131, 137, 152
‘passing’ 225
pastels 208–18, 215
pathology 12–13, 16–17, 22, 37, 76, 111–2, 119, 126, 149, 153, 169, 172, 182, 187, 202, 211
Péan, Jules-Émile (1830–1898) 115–17, 115
Peninsular War (1807–1814) 193
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts 50, 56, 74–5, 77–8, 103
performance/performative 11, 21, 50, 57, 66–7, 73, 88, 131, 134, 159–60, 162, 167, 170, 172–3, 176, 178, 190, 224
perspective (linear) 40, 43–6, 103, 164
Pether, William (c.1738–1821), engraving after Joseph Wright of Derby (1734–97), Three Persons Viewing the Gladiator by Candlelight 171
Pettigrew, Thomas Joseph (1791–1865), Portrait of Sir Charles Bell (engraving after) 202–3, 203
Pheidias (480–430 BCE), Ilissos 167, 167
Philip IV (1605–1665), King of Spain 212–13, 213
photography 18–19, 22
and anthropometry 170
in art academies 77–8
availability of photographic nudes 142–3
of criminals 218–9, 221
cropping 58–9, 211–12
of labourers 54–5, 62, 66, 154–5, 159–60, 175–6
lighting 220–21
masked women 56–7, 57
measurement of models 164–5
medical photography 51, 172–3, 211, 212
and morphology 55–62
recording mental disorders 221
of Sandow 104, 167, 168–9
scientific photography 142
war wounds 214, 217, 218, 220–21
versus drawing 62, 62
see also chronophotography, movement, mug shots, naked body
phrenology 149, 164
Physical Culture (magazine) 15, 107, 140, 196, 225
physical culture movement 23, 63, 65, 157, 168
physiognomy 21, 37–8, 51–2, 76, 78, 83, 88–90, 104, 133, 142, 149, 164, 197, 201, 218–9 268
Pinel, Philippe (1745–1826) 197–8
Pink, William (c.1797–1857) 48–9
Smugglerius 48, 69
Pissarro, Camille (1830–1903), Two Young Peasant Women 144–7, 145
plastination 195
plurisensorial gaze 15–16, 51, 116, 118, 134, 204–5, 220
see also gaze, senses
Plüschow, Guglielmó (Wilhelm, 1852–1930) 107
A Sicilian Boy, Posing Naked Outdoors 105, 105
Poe, Edgar Allan (1809–1849) 21
Polykleitos (d. 420 BCE) 162
Doryphoros 162, 163
Pont-Aven 98
pornography 55, 56, 58, 91, 132, 142, 160
post-Impressionism 94, 207–8
postcards 51, 157
Prix de Rome 25–6, 40, 47
prizefighting 67, 85
professionalisation/male bonds 12, 22, 73, 75–6, 78, 112–14, 119–21
Prometheus 194
proportions (human): and anthropometry 19, 60, 149–51, 162, 169–73
canon of 149
and difference 143–48, 149, 174
harmonious 8, 146, 147
ideal (classical sculptural) 14–15, 19, 48, 79, 143–8, 151, 162–4, 163, 168, 169–70
imperfect 160, 161, 202
measurement (scientific) 62, 152, 162
Michelangelesque 86
prostitutes 20, 37, 118, 221
pugilism/boxing 23, 63, 67–8, 73, 75, 82, 84–91, 86, 89, 102, 103, 160, 168
Quatremère de Quincy, Antoine-Chrysostome (1755–1849) 71
Queensberry rules (boxing) 67
race/ethnicity: race science/anthropology 11, 17–18, 21, 38, 52–3, 60–62, 73, 83, 109, 149–51
combat sports 86–91, 86–7, 89
dissection of black bodies 20, 51
eugenics 109, 178
see also difference, Abolitionism, Aryanism
racialism 51–3
Raffaëlli, Jean-François (1850–1924) 54
Chez le fondeur 55, 177, 182
realism 15–6, 26, 31, 66, 71–2, 90–91, 100, 102, 142, 189, 191, 193–6, 199, 202, 205–8
regeneration 22, 27, 62–3, 67, 96, 101–2, 168, 170, 179, 223
Reid, Thomas (1710–1796) 85, 188
Rembrandt van Rijn (1606–1669), The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp 31, 32, 32
Renaissance sculpture 147, 170
Reynolds, Sir Joshua (1723–1792) 202
Discourses 79
Richer, Paul (1849–1933) 40, 41–2, 53, 85, 109, 152, 223
and anthropology 53, 149
drawings 7–8, 62, 113, 124, 127, 149, 153, 207–8
ideal body 8, 61, 147
live models 52, 165
and national regeneration 179
photographs 40, 53–62, 57, 59–60, 62, 152–60, 169–73, 174–6
sculpture 54, 55, 152, 222
Anatomie artistique 53–4, 113, 155
Athletes series 54
Atlas de physiologie artistique 54
Le bûcheron de la Londe 153
Canon of human proportions 146, 149
Les Démoniacs dans l’art 113
Écorché vivant 48
Écorché vivant (plaster) 39, 40
L’Étude descriptive de la grande attaque hystérique 113, 149
Lutte: la garde 222
‘Marche en poussant’ 62
Modèle féminin nu 60
Modèle féminin nu: Mademoiselle Eugénie Gicquel 57, 59
Modèle féminin nu: Mlle Pasquion 56, 57
Modèle masculin nu: Lucien Martin 57
Morphologie: la Femme 61, 155
Nouvelle anatomie artistique 55, 61, 62, 155, 156, 156, 158, 171–2
Physiologie: attitudes et mouvements 54
Physiologique artistique de l’homme en mouvement 156, 158
Singrossi, cycliste nu: de face 48, 169, 170, 223
see also anthropometry, masculinity, morphology, photography, proportion
rites of passage 12, 73–4, 78
Robert, César-Alphonse (1801–1862) 41
Robert-Fleury, Tony (1837–1911) 13
Robinson, Henry (1796–1871), engraving after Martin Archer Shee, Portrait of Anthony Carlisle 202, 203
RoboCop (film) 141, 224
Rodin, Auguste (1840–1917) 186, 212
Rodolphe, physical culture instructor at Desbonnet’s 66
romanticism 26, 71, 94, 136, 187, 193, 195, 199, 205
Rose de Beauharnais, Eugène (1781–1824) 36
Roudenay, Louise 43 ‘rough trade’ 90, 160, 176
rowing 22, 23, 96, 103
Royal Academy, London 69
anatomy classes 80–85, 133, 166
chair of anatomy 48–9, 204
life models 63, 73, 79–80, 83, 165, 166
‘tableaux vivants’ 88
women excluded from 74
Saint-Louis hospital, Paris 211
Sallé, François (1839–1899) 13, 124
The Anatomy Class at the École des Beaux-Arts 8, 24–5, 24, 28, 29, 31–3, 34, 41, 47, 52, 54, 55, 71, 109, 111–12, 114, 121–7, 130–39, 135, 159–60, 204–5
La Salpêtrière hospital, Paris 52–3, 53, 112, 127, 148–9, 153, 156, 171, 172, 198
Salvage, Jean-Galbert (1770–1813) 38, 83–4, 199
Anatomie du gladiateur 85, 165
carved écorché on a Borghese Gladiator cast 14
Sandow, Eugen 15, 63, 103–5, 104–5, 107, 122, 152, 157, 165, 167–8, 170, 173, 179, 196
The Construction and Reconstruction of the Human Body 167–8
La Culture physique 168
life cast 50, 50
Life is Movement 105, 150, 168
as a living écorché 15, 15
Strength and how to Obtain it 167
The Sandow Trocadero Vaudevilles 104
Sandow’s Magazine of Physical Culture 104
Sargent, John Singer (1856–1925), Gassed 221
Reclining Nude Male Model 71, 72
Sarrau, Professor of Anatomy 36
Sass, Henry (1788–1844) 82
Schwarzenegger, Arnold 196
sculpture: artistic anatomy training 38–9
body proportions 147, 162–4, 170
drawing from 15, 165–6
fragments 185
heroic labouring body 139, 143, 153, 181
see also classical sculpture, fragments, proportion
Sedgwick, Adam 83
Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky 112, 119, 125
Senefelder, Johann Alois (1771–1834) 86
senses 16, 18, 119
hearing 16, 189, 193, 205
smell 16–17, 51, 76, 137, 204
touch 15–18, 34, 88, 97, 99, 116, 121, 124, 131, 134, 138, 188, 203–4, 208–10, 216, 220
see also gaze, plurisensorial gaze
Sérusier, Paul (1864–1927) 69, 94
Breton Wrestling 100–01, 100
sexology 96, 109, 112
sexuality 12, 19–23, 24, 57, 60, 78–9, 86, 96–7, 105, 107, 109, 111, 118, 123, 136–7, 197
female 56, 114, 118–20, 147, 171
illicit 78, 120, 132
inversion 56, 112, 126
perverse 79, 96, 112, 126, 136
and red hair 134
surveillance 79, 142
see also animal, bisexuality, disease, desire, heterosexuality, homosexuality, pathology
Sharkey, Tom (boxer, 1871–1953) 90–91
Shee, Martin Archer (1769–1850), Portrait of Anthony Carlisle 202–3, 203
Sheldon, John (1752–1808) 80
Shelley, Mary (1797–1851) 203–4
Frankenstein: A Modern Prometheus 21, 26–7, 81, 194–5, 204
Sickert, Walter (1860–1942) 148, 208
Simonet Lombardo, Enrique (1866–1927) And She had a Heart! (Anatomy of the Heart) 120, 121
Singrossi (Olympic cyclist) 48, 169, 170, 223
skeleton 31, 33, 36–7, 38, 42–3, 47, 50, 53, 82, 122, 133–5, 149, 165, 190, 191, 204–5
skull 36, 50, 52–3, 128, 135, 148–9, 203
craniometry 164
Slade School of Fine Art, London 26, 50, 206
slavery see Abolitionism
Smith, Billy (boxer, 1871–1937) 75, 103, 105
Socrates (d. 399 BCE) 185
sodomy 96
soldiers 223–4
as models 54, 165, 166, 170, 172, 183
war wounds 199–202, 205, 207, 210–11, 216–21
Solomon, Simeon (1840–1905) 71
Sommer, Marcus (German wax medical model maker), Syphilis: lesions on lips and nose 212
Somso company (medical waxes) 19, 212
sperm 79
Spiderman (film) 224
sport 85–109
athletes 66, 166, 169, 223
combat sports 22, 65–70, 82, 85–95, 98–101
and French national regeneration 62–3, 67
ideal of athletic body 107–9
as preparation for war 62–3, 86–7
see also cage fighting, masculinity, pugilism, rowing, wrestling
Steichen, Edward (1879–1973) 57
Stevenson, Robert Louis (1850–1894), Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde 21, 24, 111–12, 125–33
Treasure Island 120
striptease 31, 60, 74, 84, 106, 122, 124, 133–4, 136–7, 160, 176, 189
Sue, Eugène (1804–1857) 36
Les Mystères de Paris 21, 35, 36, 193–4
Sue, Jean-Joseph fils (1760–1830) 7, 26, 31, 35–7, 40–41, 48, 77, 187–8, 191, 192–4
Élémens d’anatomie 29, 37
Essai sur la physiognomie des corps vivants 37
Recherches physiologiques et expériences sur la vitalité 192–3
Sue, Jean-Joseph père (1710–1792) 7, 31, 35–6, 38, 42–3, 187–8
Sue, Marie-Joseph-Eugène (1804–1857) 35, 36, 193–4
superheroes 224
surgeons 13, 16, 17, 18, 26, 31–2, 36, 80–84, 109, 116, 118, 186–7, 191, 192, 193–5, 199–201, 203, 204–6, 211–2, 220
Surier, Albert (active 1900–1938) 65
swimming 22, 23, 103, 96–8, 95–9
Symbolist 127
Symons, Arthur (1865–1945) 104
syphilis 19, 211, 212
‘tableaux vivants’ 88
Tagg, John 142, 172–3
Talrich, Jacques 191–2
Talrich, Jules (1826–1904) 31, 48, 77, 161–2, 191–2, 211
anatomical model of a pregnant woman 192
Taylorism 159, 182
The Terror 185, 187, 190, 193
Texier, Edmond, Le tableau de Paris 91, 164
Tharsis, J. (engaver) 33, 36
Thiroux d’Arconville, Marie (1720–1805) 33, 36–7,187–8
Thornycroft, Hamo (1850–1925) 25
Bather 24, 24
The Mower 71, 112, 112, 139, 176–7
Thurtell, James (1794–1824) 82
Tonks, Henry (1862–1937) 7, 26–7, 186, 202, 205–21, 216, 225
Portrait of the Artist 210
Portrait of Gunner John Dyson 217
Portrait of Private Charles Deeks 206
Portrait of Private S. Gardiner 214
Portrait of a serviceman: Dean 211
Portrait of an unidentified serviceman 184, 212–13, 213
Topinard, Paul (1830–1911)149–50
Tuke, Henry Scott (1858–1929) 71
Ruby, Gold and Malachite 96, 97
Tulp, Dr Nicolaes (1593–1674) 31, 32, 32
University College, London 191–2
University of Pennsylvania 154
van Gogh, Vincent (1853–1890) 79
Velázquez, Diego (1599–1660), Philip IV 212–13, 213
Venus/Venus pudica 56, 57, 71
Vernet, Horace (1789–1863), The Artist’s Studio 74, 74
Vesalius, Andreas (1514–1564) 141, 189
Ville, Léon (1854?–19--) 97, 98
La Lutte et les lutteurs 70
Lutteurs et gladiateurs 70, 101
violence 18, 50–51, 65, 67–9, 85–7, 91, 93, 118, 125, 128, 147, 165, 182, 190, 192–5
Virey, Julien-Joseph (1775–1846), Apollo to Ape 21
Pythian Apollo 21
virility 20, 21–2, 55, 57, 65, 71, 73–4, 78–9, 85, 87, 93, 98, 101, 105, 107, 109, 127, 134, 147, 160, 162, 166–7, 173, 176, 196–7, 211, 223
see also health, masculinity
Vitruvian Man 34, 147
voyeurism 65, 90, 118–20, 123–4, 135, 143, 147, 157, 160, 172, 191
see also gaze
Wandelaar, Jan (1690–1759) 162–4, 189
An écorché figure . . . 191
A skeleton . . . 191
war wounds 199–202, 205, 207, 210–11, 216–21
warrior (body) 14, 21–2, 69–70, 73, 142, 168
see also Borghese Gladiator, gladiator, pugilism
Waterloo, Battle of (1815) 26, 199–201
wax models/moulages 6, 17–18, 19, 31, 48, 76, 78, 191–3, 192, 195, 211–2, 212
weightlifters 152, 165, 170
Weller, Peter (actor) 224
West, Benjamin (1738–1820) 79, 80
Westminster School of Art, London 206, 208
Westphal, Carl (1800–1879) 126
Whistler, James McNeill (1834–1903) 208
Wilde, Oscar (1854–1900) 3, 69, 109, 129
Wilde (film) 69
Wilkie, David (1785–1841) 81, 197, 205
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim (1717–1768) 82, 83, 86, 98
Winsor & Newton 215, 215
Wittman, Blanche (1859–1913) 114, 119, 125, 130, 138
Wollstonecraft, Mary (1759–1797) 203–4
women: disempowerment 118–20
hysteria 114, 124
labourers 143–4
as life models 122
morphology 55, 56–8, 57, 59–60, 61–2, 119
skeleton 33, 36–7
work, science of 156, 175
working classes 54, 105, 128, 161
life models 37, 73, 80, 82, 83
physical condition 16, 85, 129, 131
as closer to the ‘primitive’ 128
see also class difference, dissection, hysteria, labouring class, race
World’s Fair, Paris (1867) 48
wrestling 23, 63, 67–9, 69, 73, 70, 75, 77, 87, 88–90, 91–5, 92, 95, 98–103, 100, 102–3, 105–6, 106
Zeus 21
Zeuxis (b. 464 BCE) 165
Zoffany, Johann, Dr William Hunter Lecturing at the Royal Academy 82, 133, 133, 204–5
Zola, Émile (1840–1902) 16, 55, 97