Index

MacDonald, William L.

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Index

William L. MacDonald

The Architecture of the Roman Empire, Volume II: An Urban Appraisal

Index

Author

William L. MacDonald

PublisherYale University Press

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00121.017

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-17684

Index

Ancient site names, if different from those used in the text, are given in parentheses.

Aachen (Aquae Granni), Germany, 140, 244

A-B-A spacing, 95, 229, 238–39, 241

A-B-C-D-C-B-A spacing, 232

Adamklissi (Tropaeum Traiani), Bulgaria, 38, 56, 161

Ad Maiores, Algeria, 244

Aediculas, 204, 206, 229 (ills. 75, 148, 196)

Aegina, Greece, 262

Aelia Capitolina. See Jerusalem

Aelius Aristides, 14

Aeminium, Portugal, 69, 117

Agoras, 51

Agrigento, Sicily, 149

Aix-en-Provence (Aquae Sextiae Saluviorum), France, 157

Alabanda, Turkey, 179

Alba Fucens, Italy, 118

Albano, Italy, 117

Alberti, Leon Battista, 279–80

Alcantara, Spain, 72, 77, 161, 187 (ills. 72, 161)

Alexandria, Egypt, 38, 96, 105, 158 (ill. 13)

Algebra, 246

Alife (Allifae), Italy, 156, 161

Althiburos, Tunisia, 98

Alzey, Germany, 168

Amastris, Turkey, 124

Ambulatories, 44, n. 130

Amiens (Samarobriva), France, 38, 112, 116

Ammaedara, Tunisia, 56, 147

Amman (Philadelphia), Jordan, 58, 125, 195

Amphitheatres, 112–14, 173, 204 (ills. 107–08, 206)

Ampurias (Emporiae), Spain, 209

Ancona, Italy, 60, 158 (ill. 58)

Ancyra. See Ankara

Andesina. See Grand

Andetrium, Yugoslavia, 169

Anemurium, Turkey, 213

Anjar, Lebanon, 88 (Frontispiece)

Ankara (Ancyra), Turkey, 105

Antalya (Attaleia), Turkey, 161, 202 (ill. 146)

Antinoöpolis, Egypt, 60, 88

Antinoüs, 159

Antioch “in Pisidia,” Turkey, 44, 82, 112

Antioch on the Maeander, Turkey, 77

Antioch on the Orontes, Turkey, 38, 88, 90, 209, 215 (ill. 18)

colonnaded street, 43–44

plazas, 52–54

Aosta (Augusta Praetoria), Italy, 92, 94, 117, 186

Apamea, Syria, 44, 105, 125, 161, 189 (ill. 40)

Apaturius of Alabanda. See Vitruvius

Aphrodisias, Turkey, 90, 117, 123

Apollonia, Libya, 125, 209

Apses, 215, 244

Aquae Granni. See Aachen

Aquae Sextiae Saluviorum. See Aix-en-Provence

Aqueduct bridges, 81, 85, 128 (ill. 82)

Aqueducts, 99–100 (ill. 82)

Aquileia, Italy, 156–57, 163 (ill. 141)

Aquincum, Hungary, 118, 168, 244

Arab architecture. See Moslem architecture

Arae Flaviae. See Rottweil

Arausio. See Orange

Arcades, 10, 44, 63, 140, 164, 204, 262 (ills. 11, 32, 43, 163, 175, 198). See also Arches; Streets

Archaism, 182

Arches, 74–86, 92–99, 262

attics of, 82, 94 (ills. 58, 77, 91)

Augustan, 82, 96, 182–83 (ills. 77, 80)

civic, 75, 80 (ills. 3, 5, 9, 39, 41, 62, 73, 75, 81, 83, 88, 106, 172)

effects of, 91

facades of, 92–99

four-way (quadrifrons), 87, 88, 90 (ills. 84, 86, 87)

functions of, 10, 75–77

heights of, 80

iani, 75

in line, 77 (ills. 48, 73–74)

non-parallel faces, 93 (ill. 106)

numbers of, 77, 80

sculpture on, 94–95

significance of, 99

siting of, 9, 10, 13–14, 77, 108–09

symbolism of, 80, 82, 84

transverse, 77

triumphal/honorific, 75 (ills. 12, 15, 25, 58, 71, 74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 91, 93, 94)

typology of, 75, 80, 84. See also Arcades; Entablatures; Gates; Sculpture.

Arelate. See Arles

Ariccia (Aricia), Italy, 156–57

Ariminium. See Rimini

Arles (Arelate), France, 82, 114, 117

Armatures, 3, 5, 9, 14, 17–22, 30–31, 109–10 (ills. 4, 16–20, 33, 35, 36)

city planning, relation to, 23–29

contextual significance of, 32

cumulative nature of, 18, 23, 31

evidence for in literature and art, 14–17

no standard plan for, 18

sequences along, 22

value of study of, 22–25, 29

Asisium. See Assisi

Aspalathos. See Split

Aspendus, Turkey, 38, 85, 123, 125, 191, 195, 198

Assar, Syria, 156

Asseria, Yugoslavia, 84

Assisi (Asisium), Italy, 52

Asymmetry, 251. See also City planning

Athens (Athenae), Greece, 24, 77, 158, 210, 215–16

baths, 115–16, 133, 211, 213 (ill. 178)

Hadrian’s arch, 96, 108, 168, 203, 221 (ill. 131)

Hadrian’s library, 44, 118, 169, 201–02, 205 (ill. 42)

Ionic order in, 188

Lysikrates’ monument, 153

Odeum of Agrippa, 117

Odeum of Herodes Atticus, 117

Panathenaic way, fountains beside, 167

Philopappos’ monument, 147, 151, 185, 204 (ill. 132)

Roman agora/market, 119, 182 (ill. 63)

Roman agora/market, gate of, 125, 187, 229, 238 (ill. 63)

Stoa of Zeus, 194

tholos in agora, 243

Attaleia. See Antalya

Attic, 82, 94 (ills. 58, 77, 91)

Augst (Augusta Rauricorum), Switzerland, 38, 63, 112, 122, 131, 238, 244

Augusta Emerita. See Merida

Augusta Praetoria. See Aosta

Augusta Rauricorum. See Augst

Augusta Taurinorum. See Turin

Augusta Treverorum. See Trier

Augustodonum. See Autun

Augustus, 82, 96, 122, 182–83

Ausonius, 14, 219

Autun (Augustodonum), France, 82, 204

Avezzano relief (ill. 45)

Axial views, 245

Baalbek (Heliopolis), Lebanon, 221, 224

hexagonal court, 56

temple of Bacchus (“small temple”), 119, 142, 169, 204–06, 243, 250 (ill. 117)

temple of Venus, 98, 154, 174–76, 229, 232–33, 243 (ills. 156–57)

temple of Zeus, 170, 205

and its courtyard, 103, 170, 204–05 (ill. 173)

terracing at, 69, 77, 84

B-A-B-A-B spacing, 240

Badenweiler, Germany, 215

Baelo (Bolonia), Spain, 119

Baetocece. See Hössn Suleiman

Baia (Baiae), Italy, 217

temple of Diana, 173

temple of Mercury, 181

temple of Venus and vestibule of, 173, 193, 234

Baldacchino, 87, 91 (ill. 90)

Balnea. See Baths

Bara, Spain, 77, 86 (ill. 71)

Bara, Syria, 159

Baroque architecture. See Rome, post-antique

Baroque modes in imperial architecture, 96, 154

details, examples listed, 236–37

prefiguration of seventeenth-century baroque in, 223–37

principles of, 221–22, 219

significance of, 245–47

unity in, 237–45

Basilica, 114–15, 225, 238 (ills. 57, 109)

plan patterns in, 63

Baths, 115–16, 210–19, 251 (ills. 104, 110, 170, 176–79, 203)

balnea, 213

characteristics of, 210–11, 213

features, 212

origins, 210

plan-types, 213

popularity, 210

suggestive of towns, 219

symbolism of, 219

thermae, 213

typology, 115–17

Beauvais (Caesaromagus), France, 103

Beaux-Arts architects and Roman baths, 218

Belalis Minor, Tunisia, 215

Benabil (Syria), 159

Benches and resting places, 99, 105, 269

Bernini, Gianlorenzo, 222, 225, 231

Beth-Shean (Scythiopolis), Israel, 112, 114

Bizye. See Vize

Bologna (Bononia), Italy, 51

S. Salvatore, 225, 227

Bolonia. See Baelo

Bononia. See Bologna

Borromini, Francesco, 149, 154, 229, 233, 234, 237, 239

Boscoreale, Italy, 151, 243

Boselli, Orfeo, 237

Bosra (or Bostra), Syria, 44, 256

arches, 80, 88, 96, 97 (ill. 88)

baths, 213

cistern, 117

cryptoportico, 117 (ill. 112)

exedra, 105

fountain, 105

Kalybé, 58, 187

plazas, 52–53, 55

theatre, 103, 125, 170

Boundaries, architectural, 251

Brad, Syria, 156, 213

Brick and terra-cotta, 172, 239

Bridges, 98 (ills. 72–73, 82). See also Aqueduct bridges

Brindisi (Brundisium), Italy, 105, 158, 262

Britain (Britannia), 100

Brundisium. See Brindisi

Brunelleschi, Filippo, 92, 189

Buildings, single, study of, 22

Bulla Regia, Tunisia, 66, 195–198, 235, 244

Bu Ngem, Libya, 187, 189, 209

Buthrotum, Albania, 99, 125

Byzantine architecture, 218

Caerwent (Venta Silurum), England, 38, 63, 114, 209

Caesarea. See Cherchell

Caesarea Maritima, Israel, 117, 121, 262–63

Caesaromagus. See Beauvais

Cagliari (Caralis), Sardinia, 112

Cambridge, Massachusetts, 99

Campanian painting, 232. See also Painting

Camulodonum. See Colchester

Caperra, Spain (ill. 84)

Capitals, 60, 168, 185, 189 (ills. 152, 158). See also Orders

Capitolia, Capitoline triad, 119, 129

Capri (Capreae), Italy, 244

Capua. See S. Maria Capua Vetere

Caralis. See Cagliari

Carnuntum, Austria, 87, 112, 124, 256

Carthage (Carthago), Tunisia, 117, 213, 215, 243

Cassino (Casinum), Italy, 161

Castellum Tidditanorum. See Tiddis

Catania, S. Nicolò, 194

Catenary curves, 173

Ceilings, wooden, 122

Cemeteries, 145, 159, 163–64

Center lines, centrality, 237–40

Champlieu, France, 215

Cherchell (Iol-Caesarea), Algeria, 112, 116

Chester (Deva), England, 112

Christian buildings, 121. See also Bologna; Byzantine architecture; Catania; Constantinople; Djemila; Early Christian architecture; Florence; Renaissance and ancient Roman architecture; Rome, post-antique; Syria

Chromatic architecture, 193, 202, 206

Cillium, Tunisia, 94, 97, 186

Circles. See Curves

Circuses, 117 (ills. 111, 206)

Cirta. See Constantine

Cisterns, 117

City planning: and armatures, 23–29

asymmetry, irregularity, and obliquity in, 38, 215, 251, 256–57

military, 2. See also Hellenistic city planning; Orthogonal city planning

Classicism and Roman architecture, 249–53, 256, 270

boundaries of, 177–78

norms of, 178

Coins, architectural evidence on, 96, 198, 229, 262

Colchester (Camulodonum), England, 133–35

Cologne (Colonia Agrippinensis), Germany, 147, 209, 187

Colonnades, 256

arcaded (ill. 32)

non-functional examples, 201–02

parietal, 44, 46, 238 (ills. 41, 42)

plaza (ills. 9, 47, 49)

street, 43–44, 48 (ills. 29, 39)

wall-to-column relationships, 206, 207. See also Columns; Peristyles; Porticos; Thoroughfares

Columns, 167–70, 190–91, 251

characteristics of, 183–85

deployment of, 184

displays of, 183–203

doubled/joined (ill. 152)

engaged, 96, 167, 204, 232 (ills. 79, 80, 160)

flutes, fluting of, 169, 189

fluting, spiral (ill. 40)

free-standing, 105, 158–59, 262 (ill. 143)

Greek vs. Roman uses of, 184

non-structural, 238

non-traditional use of, 181

paired, 193

proliferation of, 170, 251

shaft/diameter ratios, 187

symbolic authority of, 168

and urbanism, 203. See also Capitals; Colonnades; Entasis; Orders

Commagene, 156

Commercial buildings. See Markets; Ostia; Shops; Storehouses

Common features in imperial architecture, 167

Composite order, 168, 185, 189 (ills. 97, 152, 158)

Concavity, 106–07, 109, 176, 255. See also Arches; Curves; Niches

Concert halls, 117, 211

Conimbriga, Portugal, 52, 215, 244

Connective architecture, 32–33, 71–73

Conocchia, La. See S. Maria Capua Vetere

Consoles, 186 (ill. 164)

Constanţa (Tomis, Constantiana), Romania, 69, 123

Constantine (Cirta, Constantina), Algeria, 173, 235

Constantine the Great, 14

Constantinople (Constantinopolis), Turkey, 209

armature, 30 (ill. 19)

circus, 117

cisterns, 117

colonnades/porticos, 256

columns, imperial, 158

forum of Constantine, 35

Hagia Sophia, 172

terraces, 69

Construction, solidity of, 131, 142, 269–70

Context, buildings seen in, 22

Control, local, over design. See Sponsorship

Corbels, 94

Corbridge (Corstopitum), England, 100, 124, 169

Corbusier, Le, 269

Cordova (Corduba), 170

Corinth (Korinthos), Greece, 66, 191, 210

basilica, 114

concert hall, 117

fountains, 103, 198

Lechaion road, 110

markets, 103

senate house, 122

Corinthian order, 168, 185, 187, 189–91 (ills. 127, 162, 177)

along thoroughfares, 44

supporting arches, 98

Cornices. See Mouldings

Corstopitum. See Corbridge

Cosa, Italy, 80

Courtyards, 105 (ill. 175). See also Peristyles

Cretopolis, 117

Cryptoporticos: 44, 117–18 (ill. 112)

and terraces, 135

Cuicul. See Djemila

Cult buildings, 119–21 (ills. 118, 151). See also Mithra, lodges of; Religious buildings; Synagogues; Temples

Curbs. See Stairs and steps

Curia. See Senate houses

Curves, in Roman architectural design, 54, 173–76, 218, 234, 243–44, 274

of arches, 75

in bath plans, 213–16

catenary, 173

in plaza plans, 52–57

Cyrene, Libya, 105, 238

basilica, 14, 182 (ills. 60, 61)

forum, 63, 66, 182 (ill. 60)

Greek baths, 213

shops, 122

theatre-amphitheatre, 112 (ill. 108)

typological dispersion in, 133

Cyrrhus, Syria, 161

Damascus, Syria, 38, 85, 158 (ill. 32)

Dana north, Syria, 156

Dana south, Syria, 159

Danube frontier. See Rhine-Danube frontier

Definitions, of Roman architecture, 167, 250–53, 270–71

Delos, Greece, 151

Delphi, Greece, 53, 90, 103, 107, 158, 191, 238

Deva. See Chester

Diagonals, significance of, 154, 229, 244

Diana Veteranorum. See Zana

Diocaearea, Lebanon, 151

Diophantus of Alexandria, 246

Diversity, formal, in Roman architecture: 27, 144, 164–67. See also Variety

Djemila (Cuicul), Algeria, 5–9, 38, 44, 77, 80, 85, 131, 209

arch, transverse, 9–10 (ills. 3, 5)

Arch of Caracalla, 97 (ill. 12)

armature, 9–10 (ill. 4)

baths, 116

building opposite great baths, 228 (ill. 184)

Christian quarter, 9

fountains, 105 (ill. 11)

markets, 118–19

plan, 5, 9 (ills. 1, 2, 4)

Severan plaza, 8–9 (ills. 7–10)

Severan plaza, east side arches of, 10 (ill. 6)

Severan plaza, colonnade of, 13 (ill. 9)

Severan temple, 9 (ills. 7, 8)

street-to-building relationships, 36

streets, 5, 9 (ills. 2, 3, 5)

Djuwaniyeh, Syria, 156

Doclea, Yugoslavia, 38

Documentary evidence lacking for imperial architecture. 248

Dodona, Greece, 112

Dorchester, England, 112

Doric order, 86, 96, 170, 185–86 (ill. 187)

with Ionic, 229

Roman variants on, 168, 185

along thoroughfare, 44

Doric temples, 270

Double entasis. See Entasis

Dougga (Thugga), Tunisia, 38, 67, 141, 244

Baths of Licinius, 140, 213, 218

cistern, 117

civic quarter and forum, 52, 67, 257–59, 262 (ills. 65, 199)

latrine, 118 (ill. 113)

temples, 53, 119, 141, 189, 240

theatre, 125, 193, 195

tomb, tower, 151, 153, (ill. 142)

typology, 141

Drevant, France, 112

Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, 256

Dura Europos, Syria, 119, 151, 153, 209

Durocortorum. See Reims

Dwellings, 3, 132, 167, 208–09. See also Insula; Palaces; Peristyles

Early Christian architecture, 218

Ebora. See Evora

Eboracum. See York

Edessa, Turkey, 158

Egypt, 158–59

Elaeussa, Turkey, 149, 161

El Djem (Thysdrus), Tunisia, 108, 114

Elevation, devices of, 142. See also Height

Emporiae. See Ampurias

Enframement, 239–41, 243

Entablatures (ill. 97)

arcuated, 243 (ill. 76)

Entasis, of column shafts, 43, 188

double, 188–89 (ills. 127, 180)

Ephesus, Turkey, 44, 60, 82, 252

Arkadiané, 202, 219–20 (ill. 31)

basilica, 114

baths, 55, 116, 194, 201 (ill. 191)

Embolos, 105, 219–20, 263 (ills. 104, 168)

Gate of Mazeus and Mithridates, 82, 86

Hallenstrasse, 110

Harbor Baths, 55, 201

Library of Celsus, 118, 194, 197, 232 (ill. 168)

market/agora, lower, 52, 63, 119

Memmius monument, 156, 181

monuments, elaborate open, 202

Prytaneion (ill. 152)

Romanisation of, 119, 131–32

Scholastikia, Baths of, 194 (ill. 191)

Temple of Serapis, 121, 241

theatre, 125

Vedius Baths, 201

Eretria, Greece, 213

Esplanades, 60, 66, 70 (ill. 59)

Euclid, 182, 216

Europe, Roman sites in, 2

Evaluating Roman architecture, 270–71

Evora (Ebora), Portugal, 119 (ill. 128)

Exedras, 53, 103–05, 151, 176, 255 (ills. 101–03, 143, 204)

Fabara, Spain, 149

Falerii Novi, Italy, 80, 92

Fastigium, 242–43. See also Pediments

Faventius, 248

Ferentino, Italy, 80, 81

Fiesole, Italy, 125

Finials, 153, 244

Fishbourne, England, 124, 244

Florence (Florentia), Italy, 189, 194

Flutes, fluting. See Columns

Fontana, Domenico, 72

Fora, 52, 63, 66 (ills. 1, 48, 57, 60, 63, 65, 69, 81)

entrances of, 84 (ills. 74, 79)

Fortresses, 131

Fountains and nymphaea, 13, 58, 99–103, 170 (ills. 11, 51, 54, 98–102, 105)

gifts of, 105

sizes and types, 100, 103

at street intersections, 105

Four-square passage buildings, 87–88, 90–92, (ills. 84, 85)

Frontinus, 105

Function not necessarily identified by style, 125–29, 178

Gaba, Israel, 309

Gaeta, Italy, 159, 161

Garrisons, 131

Gates, city, 80–82, 93 (ills. 45, 78, 92)

in pictorial images, 15

significance of, 18

Gaul, circuses in, 117

Gela, Italy, 213

Geometry and architecture, 216

Gerasa, Jordan, 38, 66, 67, 85

Arch of Hadrian, 189

arches, 84, 96, 97

armature, 110 (ill. 35)

baths, 115, 116

church of S. John the Baptist, mosaic in (ill. 13)

circus, 117

forum(?), 63

fountain (ill. 100)

gates, 43

nymphaeum, 200 (ill. 105)

orders at, 185, 189

plan, 38 (ill. 35)

plazas, 53–54, 58 (ills. 47, 49)

shops, 256–57

stairs, 66, 67, 70–71

Temple of Artemis, 70–71, 119, 127, 162, 170, 189 (ills. 127, 162)

Temple of Artemis, propylon of, 97–98 (ills. 70, 195)

Temple of Zeus, 170

tetrakionia, 88

theatre, south, 125, 191–94, 196 (ills. 165–67)

Ghirza, Wadi, settlement, Libya, 163

tombs, 149, 153, 156, 163, 173 (ill. 87)

Gigthis, Tunisia, 209

Glanum. See St.-Rémy

Gods, the, and urbanisation, 141

Gorsium, Hungary, 173

Gortyn, Crete, 103, 132

Gortys, Greece, 213

Grand (Andesina?), France, 112

Greek architecture compared to Roman, 250, 270. See also Tholoi

Greek city planning, 71

Greek influence on imperial architecture, 130, 171

Grid plans. See City planning

Groma (central building of an army station or town), 98, 168

Growth, gradual, of cities and towns, 2–3, 249

Gsar Doga, Libya, 163

Gsar Sciaddad. See Lepcis Magna

Gsar Umm al-Ahmed, Libya, 153

Guarini, Guarino, 206, 271

Hadrian, 158, 253. See also Athens; Tivoli, Hadrian’s Villa

Hadrianople in Cyrenaica, Libya, 129

Hadrumentum. See Sousse

Hardouin Mansart, Jules, 231

Hatra, Iraq, 159

Hawksmoor, Nicholas, 271

Heidegger, Martin, 251

Height: of arches, 80

of buildings, 133–37, 140 (table), 217

of orders, 134

of temples, 136–37. See also Elevation; Skylines; Visibility

Heliopolis. See Baalbek

Hellenistic architecture, 63, 72, 167–68, 180–82

as a source of imperial architecture, 3, 17

Hellenistic city planning, 17, 38, 71

Hemicycles, 255

Herculaneum, Italy, 51, 169 (ills. 46, 158)

baths, 99, 215, 217

four-way arch, 88

House of Carbonised Furniture, niche-aedicula, 242 (ill. 196)

paintings, 151, 232

theatre, 195

Hermel, Syria, 151

Herod the Great, 131, 181–82, 263

Herodion, Israel, 263

Hexagons, 215, 244

Hierapolis in Phrygia, Turkey, 44, 77

baths, 214–15

cistern, 117

fountain, 100 (ill. 99)

tombs, 161, 163

Hierarchy of elements, 245

“Hippodamian” city planning. See Hellenistic city planning

Hippo Regius, Algeria, 105, 117, 118 (ill. 114)

Horace. See Licenza

Horrea. See Storehouses

Hössn Suleiman (Baetocece), Syria, 53, 244

Houses. See Dwellings

Humane content of Roman architecture, 269–70

Iader. See Zadar

Iani, ianus, 75, 87, 97

Iasus, Turkey, 149

Igel, Germany, 151, 153

Imagery, imperial, in architecture, 165, 181–82, 219–20, 270

Augustan, 180–83

Images of Roman urbanism: literary, 14–16

pictorial, 15–17 (ills. 13, 14, 58)

Imperial synthesis and architecture, 62, 128, 131, 143, 176. See also Imagery; Urbanism

Insula, 122

Iol-Caesarea. See Cherchell

Iomnium. See Tigzirt

Ionic order, 185, 188 (ill. 49)

along thoroughfares, 44

with Doric, 229

Isola Sacra, Italy, 161, 163, 235, 242

Italica, Spain, 209, 244

Iwan, 106

James, Henry, 273

Jericho, Jordan, 181, 215

Jerusalem (Aelia Capitolina), Israel, 38, 43, 51, 55

Antonina, 131

Hadrian’s column, 158

four-way arch, 88

Tomb of Absolom, 153 (ill. 139)

Josephus, 262

Kähler, Heinz, 84

Kalat Siman, Syria, 59

Kalybé (shrine), 50, 187

Kasnakovo, Hungary, 99

Kenchreai, Greece, 262

Kfer Rum, Syria, 158

Khamissa (Thubursicu Numidiarum), Algeria, 116, 257

fora and terraces, 69, 85 (ills. 69, 81)

pools and spring, 99, 103

theatre (ill. 123)

Kibyra Minor, Turkey, 86

Knossos, Crete, 71

Korinthos. See Corinth

Kos, Greece, 170

Lambaesis, Algeria, 116, 119

groma, 98, 168 (ill. 96)

Temple of Aesklepius, 53, 202

Laodicea ad Lycum, Turkey, 105

Laodicea ad Mare, Syria, 88, 92

Latrines, 115, 118 (ill. 113)

Laurentum, Pliny’s villa at, 280

Lauriacum, Austria, 52

Legibility, of Roman towns, 142

Leicester (Ratae Coritanorum), England, 63

Leningrad, 51

Lepcis (or Leptis) Magna, Libya, 38, 44, 77, 85, 210, 262 (ills. 36, 52)

Arch of Septimius Severus (four-way), 87, 88, 94

Arch of Tiberius, 77 (ill. 74)

Arch of Trajan (four-way), 96, 98 (ill. 74)

basilica, Severan, 59 (ill. 57)

baths, Hunting, 115, 127, 213 (ill. 110)

baths, “imperial,” 215, 218

circus, 117

esplanade, 60, 66, 70 (ill. 59)

exedra, 105

forum, old, 52

forum, Severan, 52, 56, 63, 67, 181, 256 (ill. 157)

fountains, 105

markets, 87, 118, 181, 209

nymphaeum, Severan, 57–58, 170 189, 191, 200 (ill. 51, 53)

nymphaeum, Severan, plaza of, 54–60, 62, 105 (ills. 52–54)

plan (ills. 36, 51)

port, 262 (ill. 202)

storehouses, 124 (ill. 202)

street by the Severan basilica, 169, 201–02 (ill. 41)

streets, thoroughfares, 59–60, 169, 201–02 (ills. 38, 41)

theatre, 125, 195, 198

tomb (Gsar Sciaddad), 159

Letoun, Turkey, 96, 99

Lettering on buildings, 94, 180

Level, changes of, 10, 38, 46, 63, 66–67, 69–71

Libraries, 115, 118, 211

Licenza, Italy, Horace’s Sabine Farm, 244

Lighthouses, 151

Ligorio, Pirro, 154, 229

Limitanei, 163

Local control over design. See Sponsorship

London (Londinium), 100, 114, 121

Lucus Feroniae, Italy, 112

Lugdunum. See Lyon

Luni, Italy, marble, 94

Lutetia. See Paris

Luxor, Egypt, 88

Lyon (Lugdunum), France, 117, 125

Mactaris. See Maktar

Madaba, Israel, mosaic map, 158

Madauros, Algeria, 114, 170

Maderno, Carlo, 240

Magenta, Giovanni, 225

Magnesia on the Maeander, Turkey, 195

Mainz (Mogontiacum), Germany, 158

Maktar (Mactaris), Tunisia, 84, 98, 151

baths, 204, 218 (ill. 198)

forum (ills. 62, 63)

Temple of Baalat, 56, 278 (ill. 50)

Marano di Napoli, Italy, 161

Marbles, 152, 180, 193, 212. See also Luni

Markets, 52, 103, 118–19 (ills. 26, 55, 114, 169, 205)

Mdina, Malta, 256

Mediolanum. See Milan

Merida (Augusta Emerita), Spain, 85, 118, 210

amphitheatre (ill. 207)

Roman typology of, 132

theatre, 125, 195 (ill. 124)

Meroë, the Sudan, 159

Methone. See Mothone

Michelangelo, 66, 194, 206

Milan (Mediolanum), Italy, 44, 88, 117

Miletus, Turkey, 119, 202

baths, 113, 116

market gate, 198 (ill. 169)

nymphaea, 170, 194, 197

theatre, 125, 193

Minori, Italy, villa, 244, 246

Minturnae, Italy, 125

Mirobriga, Portugal, 38

Mithra, lodges of, 121

Mogontiacum. See Mainz

Monotony, presumed, in Roman towns, 19

Montano, Giovanni Battista, 234

Montmaurin, France, villa, 283

Monuments, commemorative, 105, 156, 181

Morgantina, Sicily, 71

Mosaic, architectural and urban evidence in, 15–16, 43, 158, 212, 243, 245 (ill. 13)

Moslem architecture, 106, 269, 270

Mothone (Methone), Greece, 262

Mouldings, 165, 170–73, 241

Mulva (Munigua), Spain, 70

Museums, 211, n. 64

Musti (Mustis), Tunisia, 122 (ills. 120, 126)

Myra, Turkey, 124

National characteristics in architecture, 140

Naga, the Sudan, 206

Narona territory, Yugoslavia, 169

Narrative concept of imperial architecture, 267–69

Nemausus. See Nîmes

Nettuno, Italy, 153

Neumagen, Germany, 161

New York City, 38, 71

Nicaea, Turkey, 229, 231

Niches, 147, 176, 216, 242–44, 255 (ills. 194–96). See also Aediculas

Nicopolis ad Istrum, Bulgaria, 52, 103, 117

Niha, Lebanon, 119, 142, 243

Nîmes (Nemausus), France, 99, 118, 127

North Africa, Roman typology in, 129–30

Notitia Dignitatum, 16

Nymphaea. See Fountains and nymphaea

Nysa, Turkey, 38, 118

Obelisks, 149, 153, 158, 159 (ill. 144)

Obliquity in planning. See City planning

Octagons, 59, 215

Odeum. See Concert halls

Oea. See Tripoli

Olympia, Greece, 107, 170, 200–01, 215, 217 (ill. 102)

Opus reticulatum, 263

Orange (Arausio), France, arch, 82, 88, 94, 96, 98, 243 (ill. 76)

theatre, 125, 191

Orcistus, Turkey, 14

Orders, character of, 183, 185

table of heights, 134; See also Columns; Composite order; Corinthian order; Doric order; Ionic order

Orientation of buildings, 38, 117, 196

Orthogonal city planning, 17, 25

importance fades, 25

in north and west, 38

Orthostyle architecture, 43, 63

Ostia, Italy, 44, 63, 77, 209

Augustales building, 173, 234 (ill. 155)

baths, 115, 117, 211

baths of the forum, 215, 244

baths, maritime, 263

commercial buildings, significance of, 253

dwellings, 119, 172, 209, 234–35, 256, 265

exedra, 105

expansion south and west, 263–65

fountains, 100, 103, 105 (ill. 98)

Hadrianic rebuilding, 253 (ill. 197)

insula of the Muses, 209 (ill. 175)

insula of the Painted Vaults (ills. 154, 189)

markets, 256

Mithraeum, 121

mosaic, 173 (ill. 155)

painting (ill. 189)

plan (ills. 44, 197, 203)

Porta Marina quarter, 263–65 (ill. 203)

Porta Marina quarter, shops, 119, 122

significance of, 256

storehouses, 124, 209

streets, 119 (ills. 28, 203)

synagogue, 121

temple, round, 244

theatre, 125

tombs, 151, 161, 163, 239 (ills. 193, 204)

typological dispersion in, 133

Ottoman architecture. See Moslem architecture

Ovals, 244

Pagai, Greece, 262

Painting, architectural evidence in, 15–17, 92, 158, 169, 223, 225, 232, 243–44 (ills. 14, 181, 189)

Palaces, 209

Palestras, 131

Palestrina, Italy, 53, 55, 69, 77, 168, 182, 245

Palladian motif, 239

Palladius, 248

Palmyra, Syria, 38, 50, 209–10, 247, 256

arch, double, 109 (ill. 106)

arches, 93, 97

armature, 109–10 (ills. 16, 17)

exedra, 109

plazas, 54, 63, 119

portico, 105

temple of Bel, 95, 168 (ill. 95)

tetrakionion, 88 (ill. 85)

theatre, 193

thoroughfare, 109 (ills. 16, 17, 39, 85)

tombs, 151, 159

Panelling of walls, 204

Parallax, 206

Paris (Lutetia), 52, 63, 112, 132

modern buildings, 93, 231

modern streets and squares, 38, 51, 57

Paroika, Greece, 170

Passage architecture, principles of, 74, 107–10

Patera, Turkey, 124

Patronage. See Sponsorship

Pavilions, 194–95, 238 (ills. 165–69, 180–82)

Pedestals, 169, 186

Pediments, 140, 172–73, 204 (ills. 58, 77, 80, 94, 115, 135, 154, 172, 196)

on arch facades, 96. See also Fastigium

Pella, Greece, 110

Pergamene capitals, 60

Pergamon, Turkey, 38, 71

amphitheatre, 112

Asklepieion, 244, 259–62 (ills. 200–01)

Athena sanctuary, gateway, 229

great altar, 163

“Red Court”/Serapeum, 121, 131

Roman typology of, 131

temple of Trajan, 119

Perge, Turkey, 38, 44

bath, 215

plazas, 52, 55, 63

stadium, 123

theatre, 187

thoroughfare and shops (ill. 37)

Peristyles, 115, 207–10 (ills. 16–17, 170, 174)

Petra, Jordan, 38, 84

arch, 96

armature, 110

Bab el-Siq triclinium, 232

Corinthian tomb, 232

the Deir (tomb), 151, 232, 234 (ill. 137)

the Khasneh (tomb?), 149, 154, 157, 161, 195, 198, 206, 229, 231–32, 234, 237 (ills. 134–35)

market plaza, 119

obelisk tomb, 159

obelisks, 159

“Qasr el-Bint” temple, 185–86

Sextus Florentius, tomb of, 243

theatre, 125

tombs, other, 149

Petronius, Satyricon, 144

Philadelphia. See Amman

Philae, Egypt, 86, 173

Philippi, Greece, 95, 118

Philippopolis, Syria, 63, 88, 125, 195, 217

Piazza Armerina, Sicily, villa near, 56, 59, 218, 244, 274–79 (ills. 207–09)

urban typology of, 277–79

Pictorial evidence for architecture and urbanism, 82, 110, 151, 158, 262. See also Coins; Mosaic; Painting; Sculpture

Pietro da Cortona, 239, 247

Pilasters, 167–68, 185, 232 (ills. 76, 95, 173)

Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, 221

Pisidia, Turkey, Augustan foundations in, 122

Place, defined in Roman architecture, 251

Plaques, 94

Plazas, 10–13, 51–66 (ills. 9, 47, 49–51)

functions of, 62–63

kinds and shapes of, 51–56

porticos of, 63

significance of, 18

Pliny the Younger, 210, 280

Podia, 136, 140, 154, 161

table of heights, 136–37

Pola, Yugoslavia: 114, 157, 186

arch of the Sergii, 92, 94 (ill. 91)

Polybius, 273

Polygons, 161. See also Hexagons; Octagons

Pompeii, Italy, 77, 84, 85 (ill. 48)

amphitheatre, 114

basilica, 114

baths, 115, 167, 204, 211

concert hall, 117

Eumachia, building of, 165, 204 (ill. 149)

forum, 52, 67 (ill. 48)

house of Apollo, 223–25, 244, 238 (ill. 181)

house of the Labyrinth, 232

house of M. Lucretius Fronto, 244

house of Pinarius Cerialis, 232

imperial architecture at, 165–67

lararium, civic, 165, 195, 229 (ill. 150)

painting, evidence of, 92, 151, 232, 244

senate house, 122

temple of Isis, 165–67, 243, 250 (ill. 151)

temple of Vespasian, 204

theatre, 125, 238

tombs, 103, 147, 163, 151, 156–59, 163

tombs of exedra form, 151, 159 (ills. 103, 143)

tomb in the form of a tetrakionion, 88, 90 (ill. 89)

tomb of M. Octavius, 238

Via del Foro (ill. 74)

water castle, 151, 204

Pompeiopolis. See Soli-Pompeiopolis

Popular nature of imperial architecture, 177–78, 252–53, 255, 271–72

Porta, Giacomo della, 225

Porticos, colonnaded, 33, 41, 43, 44, 48, 51, 63, 105 (ills. 16, 17, 28, 29, 34, 201)

mentioned by Suetonius, 72

Ports, architecture and planning of, 262 (ill. 202)

Portugal, tombs in, 146

Portunus, 262

Portus, Italy, 56, 124, 187, 262

Portus Magnus, Algeria, 277

Pozzuoli (Puteoli), Italy, 118, 151, 209, 262

S. Vito tombs, 161

Via Celle tombs, 232

Prestige and architecture, 19, 29

Priene, Turkey, 103, 107, 131, 195, 198

Propylaea, 105

Ptolemais, Libya, 88

Ptolemais, Syria, 262

Pulborough, England, 161

Puteoli. See Pozzuoli

Pyramids, 158, 159, 164

Qalat Kalota, Syria, 159

Qatara, Syria, 159

Quadrifrons arches. See Arches

Quarto di Marano, Italy, 159

Quatrefoils, 244

Quincunx plan, 216

Radiality. See Curves

Rahle, Syria, 244

Rainaldi, Carlo, 225, 229

Ratae Coritanorum. See Leicester

Reggio Calabria, Italy, 163

Regionalism, subordinate in imperial architecture, 23, 60–62, 176, 182, 206, 218–19, 221, 252

Reims (Durocortorum), France, 118

Porte de mars, 94, 96 (ill. 92)

Religious buildings, 119–21. See also Cult buildings; Mithra, lodges of; Synagogues; Temples; Tigzirt

Renaissance and ancient Roman architecture, 183, 218, 223, 237

Repetition rare in imperial architecture, 3–4, 19, 218, 271. See also Standardisation

Ressauts, 186, 232 (ill. 159)

Rhythms of design, 48, 206. See also A-B-A; A-B-C-D-C-B-A; B-A-B-A-B

Richborough (Rutupiae), England, 87, 88, 124

Rimini (Ariminium), Italy, 84, 92–93, 96, 182–83 (ill. 80)

Rödgen, Germany, 124

Romanitas, symbolised by baths, temples, 218

Rome, ancient (Roma): 51, 77, 244 (ill. 206)

as a source of imperial urbanism, 30, 176

amphitheatre, Flavian (Colosseum), 97, 114

aqua Marcia (aqueduct), 81

ara pacis Augustae, 189

arches, 77, 80, 81, 85, 93, 96, 98

(and see Ianus, below); arch of Augustus (Parthian), 82, 168, 180–81 (ill. 77)

arch of Constantine (ill. 159)

arch of Nero, 96

arch of the Silversmiths, 169

arch of Titus, 97, 169, 171, 241 (ill. 97)

aula regia, 201

basilica Aemilia, 180

basilica of Maxentius, 182 (cf. ill. 56)

basilica by the Porta Maggiore, 238

basilica Ulpia, 114–15

—baths, 115–18, 129

(and see Palatine, below); baths of Agrippa, 181, 213, 215

baths of Caracalla, 25, 213, 217

baths of Diocletian, 198–200, 217, 244, 280 (ills. 170, 171)

baths of Titus, 213

baths of Trajan, 213

circus of Maxentius, 117 (ill. 111)

circus Maximus, 118

Colosseum (see amphitheatre, above); column of Trajan, 15, 17, 93, 112, 269 (ills. 58, 174)

columns, imperial, 158, 159

Curia (senate house), 118, 140, 189 (ill. 130)

domus Augustana, 182, 209

domus Aurea, 56, 58, 222, 239

domus Flavia, 174, 201, 209, 284 (and see aula regia, above)

domus Flavia fountains, 174, 284

domus Transitoria, 168, 203

—exedras, 53, 103

forma urbis Romae (see marble plan, below); fora, imperial, 53

forum of Augustus, 63, 103, 139, 172, 180, 181

(and see temple of Mars Ultor, below); forum of Nerva (forum Transitorium), 44, 201 (ill. 159)

forum Romanum, 118

forum of Trajan, 63, 69, 103, 118

forum of Vespasian (Templum Pacis), 44, 52, 118, 187, 201, 205

fountains, 103, 105 (see also domus Flavia, above, and meta sudans, Septizodium, and “Trofeo di Mario,” below)

gardens (see horti, below); Haterii, reliefs from tomb of the, 96, 156, 169 (ills. 90, 93)

horti (gardens), 222, 235

horti Aciliorum, 103

horti Sallustiani, 222, 235

—hypogeum (see tomb of the Aurelii, below); iani, 75

Ianus (Janus) Geminus, 87

Ianus quadrifrons, 97

Largo Argentina, temple B, 243

libraries, 118

marble plan, 10, 20, 28, 122, 124, 209–10, 215, 256, (ill. 119)

markets of Trajan, 69, 118, 122, 201, 257 (ill. 205)

meta sudans (fountain), 103, 244

“Minerva Medica,” 244

mithrea, 121

obelisks, 159

Palatine (see also aula regia, and domus, above, and vivarium, below); Palatine baths, 235

Pantheon, 127, 159, 161, 168, 187, 200, 206, 238, 243, 259, 271

—plan of central monuments (ill. 206)

pons Milvius, 92

porta Esquilina, 82

porta Maggiore, 93, 172, 204

porta San Sebastiano, 80

portico of Octavia, 92

porticus absidata, 105

pyramid of Cestius, 159

S. Urbano (temple), 149

Sedia del Diavolo (see tombs, below); senate house (see Curia, above); Septizodium, 103, 170, 198

shops, 122

stadium of Domitian, 123 (ill. 121)

storehouses, 124, 209–10

street behind the basilica of Maxentius, 59, 279 (ill. 56)

Suetonius, on porticos, 72

tabularium, 168, 218

Tacitus, on Rome, 72

—temples (see also forum of Vespasian, Largo Argentina, and S. Urbano, above); temple of Antoninus and Faustina, 139

temple of Apollo on the Palatine, 180

temple of Claudius, 69, 71, 103

temple of Fortuna Virilis, 139

temple of Mars Ultor, 139, 181 (ill. 129)

temple of the Sun, 210

temple of Venus Genetrix, 189

temple of Venus and Rome, 119, 186, 189

terraces, 69, 71, 103

theatre of Marcellus, 125, 210

theatre of Pompey, 195

—tombs, 147, 159, 161

“tomb of Annia Regilla,” 194, 241 (ill. 133)

tomb of Augustus, 159, 161

tomb of the Aurelii (ill. 14)

tomb of Caecilia Metella, 159

tomb of the Caetennii, 222, 240 (ill. 148)

tomb of Eurysaces, 146, 172, 241 (ill. 131)

tomb of the General, 151

tomb of Hadrian, 161

tomb of Helena, 161

tomb of Romulus, 161

tombs under S. Peter’s, 161, 169

(and see tomb of the Caetennii, above); tombs under S. Sebastiano, 161

tomb called the Sedia del Diavolo, 234 (ill. 192)

tomb called the Tor de’ Schiavi, 161

tomb by the via Ostiense (ill. 147)

—“Trofeo di Mario” (nymphaeum), 103, 198

via Appia, 147, 159, 198

via dei Cerchi, 122

via Sacra, 105

villa (park) of the Gordians, 235

villa of Sette Bassi, 283 (ill. 213)

vivarium (fishpond) on the Palatine, 173, 244

water supply, 99

Rome, post-antique: baroque architecture in, 221

Campidoglio, 66, 72

Fontana, Domenico, and Sixtus V, 72

Gesù, Il, 225, 227

Piazza del Populo, 35

S. Agnese in Agone, 229

S. Andrea delle Fratte, 154, 229, 234 (ill. 186)

S. Andrea al Quirinale, 223, 235, 244

S. Bibiana, 231

S. Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, 233–34, 239 (ill. 188)

S. Ivo, 233–35 (ill. 190)

SS. Luca e Martina, 239

S. Maria in Campitelli, 225–29 (ill. 183)

S. Maria Maggiore, mosaic, 43

S. Maria ai Monti, 225, 227

S. Maria della Pace, 244

S. Maria delle Sette Dolori, 235

S. Maria in Via Lata, 247

S. Maria della Vittoria, Cornaro Chapel, 222, 225, 244 (ill. 182)

S. Peter’s, 161, 169, 206, 229, 232

S. Sebastiano, 161

S. Susanna, 240 (ill. 194)

Spanish Steps, 71

Trevi Fountain, 57

Villa di Papa Giulio, 204

Vittoriano, Il, 94

Roofed and unroofed structures, 36, 46, 48, 66. See also Porticos

Rottweil (Arae Flaviae), Germany, 213, 215

Rustication, 187 (ill. 160)

Rutupiae. See Richborough

Ruweiha, Syria, 149

Sabratha, Libya, 44, 210, 256, 262

baths, 215

fountains, 105

senate house, 122

temple, Antonine, 139

theatre, 125, 152, 170, 191, 193, 198

Sadaba, Spain, 147, 204

Sagalassos, Turkey, 195

Saguntum, Spain, 195

St.-Chamas, France, 77 (ill. 73)

St.-Père-sous-Vézelay, France, near, 215

St.-Rémy (Glanum), France, 63, 88, 151, 153, 156, 181 (ill. 86)

Saintes, France, 98

Sala, Morocco, 215

Salona, Yugoslavia, 38

Salonika (Thessaloniki), Greece, 117, 161, 209

Samaria. See Sebaste-Samaria

Samarobriva. See Amiens

S. Maria Capua Vetere (Capua), Italy: Le Carceri, 159, 204, 206

La Conocchia, 151, 154, 156–57, 161, 193, 206 (ill. 136)

Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 51

Sanxay, France, 112

Sardis, Turkey: bath-gymnasium complex, marble court of, 169–70, 201 (ill. 153)

baths, 116

baths, CG, 215

latrine, 118

synagogue, 121

Sarsina, Italy, 147, 187

Sbeitla (Sufetula), Tunisia, 67, 77, 84, 209

arch, 95

capital (ill. 158)

capitolium, 119, 187, 238 (ills. 115, 160)

forum, 270 (ills. 79, 115)

fountains, 103

Scale in imperial architecture, 10, 135, 202, 241

Scenae frons, 191–94 (ills. 124, 165–67, cf. 171)

street-like qualities of, 196–97

Scenic qualities of imperial architecture, 181. See also Scenae frons

Schwartzenacker, Germany, 44

Sculpture: in baths, 219

on buildings and skylines, 140, 262

Sculpture, architectural evidence in. See Avezzano relief; Rome, ancient: Column of Trajan; Rome, ancient: Haterii

Scythiopolis. See Beth-Shean

Sebaste-Samaria, Israel, 263

Segovia, Spain (ill. 82)

Sempeter, Yugoslavia, 147

Senate houses, 121–22 (ill. 130)

Sepino, Italy, 163

Serliana, the, 239

Sermeda, Syria, 159

Shops, 41, 118, 119, 121–22, 256–57 (ills. 29, 37, 104, 119–20, 168, 203)

Si’, Syria, 238

Side, Turkey, 38, 262 (ill. 20)

baths, 215

fountains, 100, 198

hall in southeast Agora, 201 (ill. 180)

plaza, 52

temple P, 244

theatre, 198

Sillyon, Turkey, 123

Sirmium, Yugoslavia, 117

Sites, distribution of, 1–2

Sitt-er-Rum, Syria, 159

Sixtus V, 72

Skylines, 219

Smyrna, Turkey, 117, 238

Soli-Pompeiopolis, Turkey, 262

Solva, Yugoslavia, 63

Sousse (Hadrumentum), Tunisia, 256

Space, centralised, 222, 235

Spacing of architectural elements, 250. See also Rhythms of design

Spain, aqueducts and bridges of, 270

Split (Aspalathos), Yugoslavia: Diocletian’s mausoleum, 157, 161, 232

peristyle, 187, 189, 270

peristyle, arcade of, 140 (ill. 163)

peristyle, palace facade of, 243

Porta aurea, 140, 186

temple of Jupiter, 189 (ill. 164)

Sponsorship, local, of construction and design, 19, 105, 177, 272

Springs, 99, 109

Stadiums, 123 (ill. 121)

Stairs and steps, 10, 46, 66–71 (ills. 6, 7, 59, 63, 64, 66–68, 70, 199)

Standardisation, lack of, in Roman architecture, 18, 44, 67. See also Monotony; Repetition

Statuary. See Sculpture

Stobi, Yugoslavia, 38, 44, 52, 56, 103, 195

Storehouses, 123–24 (ill. 22)

Strabo, 99

Streets (ills. 3, 5, 15, 28–31, 38, 46, 56)

arcaded, 33, 38 (ill. 43, cf. ill. 32)

colonnaded, 43–44, 48 (ills. 39–41)

curbs of, 146 (ill. 30)

dimensions of, 41–42

names, 38

oblique, in orthogonal plans, 38 (ill. 36)

pictorial evidence for, 15

roofed over, 44

widths, 38. See also Scenae frons; Thoroughfares

Stucco, 172, 250

Style, Roman architectural, 143, 177

complexities of, 143

diversity in, 27, 144, 164–67

and function, 128

labelling of, 249

and typology, 125–29. See also Definitions

Suetonius, 72

Sufetula. See Sbeitla

Summerson, John, 266

Susa, Italy, 94

Symbolism, in Roman architecture, 180, 218. See also Imagery

Symmetry in Roman design, 95, 147, 213, 240

Synagogues, 121

Syria, Early Christian architecture, cornices of, 172

Tabula Peutingeriana, 17

Tacitus, on post-fire Rome, 72

Taliata, Yugoslavia, 163

Taltita, Syria, 159

Taormina, Italy, 103, 125, 195

Tarhuna. See Gsar Doga

Tarragona, Spain, 52, 69

tomb near, 151 (ill. 138)

Tastefulness, 252

Tebessa, Algeria, 88, 95 (ill. 125)

Temples, 133–34, 136–39 (ills. 7–10, 27, 115–16, 118, 125, 127–29, 160, 199)

Colchester, example of, 133–35

Greek, spatial context of, 139

heights, table of, 136–37

Temple-front imagery, 241–43

Templum, 207

Termessos, Turkey, 117, 147, 243, 257

Terraces, 66, 69, 135–36 (ills. 69, 126)

Terracina, Italy, 248

Terra-cotta, 172, 239

Tertullian, 273

Tetrakionia, 87–91, 156 (Frontispiece and ills. 85, 89)

Thamugadi. See Timgad

Theatres, 124–25, 170, 204, 237 (ills. 123–24, 165–67). See also Amphitheatres; Scenae frons

Thematic interrelations, 253, 255

Thenae, Tunisia, 116, 215–16 (ill. 179)

Theory, architectural, 252

Thermae. See Baths

Thessaloniki. See Salonika

Thibilis, Algeria, 52, 77

Tholoi, 157, 161, 184, 225, 231–32, 243–44 (ill. 86)

blind, 154, 228 (ill. 136)

Greek, 243

half-, 228, 244

Thoroughfares, 5, 9, 10 (ills. 2, 5, 17, 31)

arcaded, 44 (ill. 43)

architectural treatment of, 44–48

characteristics of, 48, 50

classes of, 33, 34 (ills. 28–31)

dimensions, table of, 41–42

encroached upon in late antiquity, 50–51

not straight, 38, 41

sunken pavements, 44–46

with piers, 44. See also Streets, Colonnades

Thuburbo Majus, Tunisia, 52, 63, 105, 117, 132 (ills. 50, 174)

Thubursicu Numidiarum. See Khamissa

Thugga. See Dougga

Thysdrus. See El Djem

Tibur. See Tivoli

Tiddis (Castellum Tidditanorum), Algeria, 38, 63, 66, 85, 86, 117, 121, 257 (ills. 64, 83)

tomb of Lollius, near, 159, 161 (ill. 145)

Tigzirt (Iomnium), Algeria (ill. 118)

Tilurium, Yugoslavia, 169

Timgad (Thamugadi), Algeria, 25, 27, 44, 77, 209–10, 279 (ills. 21, 23–25)

arch, 96–98 (ills. 15, 94)

armature, 25, 29

baths, 115–16, 130, 211–13 (ill. 68)

capitolium, extramural, 25 (ills. 22, 27)

forum, 52

fountain, 103

library, 118, 169 (ill. 67)

markets, 58, 103, 118–19 (ills. 26, 55)

plan, 25–29 (ills. 21, 23–25)

streets, 33–38 (ills. 15, 24, 25, 30)

Tipasa, Algeria, 118, 159, 200 (ills. 101, 144)

Tivoli (Tibur), Italy, 77, 234, 243, 248

Tivoli, near, Hadrian’s Villa, 159, 173, 235, 237 (ills. 210–12)

Accademia, 234, 244

baths, 217, 280–83 (ills. 176–77)

Heliocaminus baths, 244

“Greek Library,” 228–29

“Latin Library,” 244

Piazza d’Oro, 234–35

plan suggested by the Small baths, 280–83 (ills. 176–77, 210)

Serapeum, 235

and urbanism, 280

Todi (Tuder), Italy, 103

Tombs, 144–65

block, massive, 161–63

chamber, 161 (ills. 147, 148, 192–93)

with free-standing columns, 158–59 (ill. 143)

classification, scheme of, 145

cylindrical, 159–61 (ills. 145–46)

domed, 161

exedra, 103, 151 (ills. 103, 143, 204)

facade, 147 (ill. 137)

four-square, 154–57 (ills. 86, 87, 136)

of Lazarus, 149

obelisk, 159 (ill. 144)

prostyle (temple form), 149–51 (ills. 133–35)

seen from any side, 151–54

spire, 153 (ill. 140)

stylistic coherence lacking, 144

tholos, 157 (ill. 86)

Trimalchio’s, 144

typology of, 145–46

unarticulated, 159

verticalised, 157–58 (ill. 142)

wall, 147–49 (ill. 132). See also Rome, ancient: tombs

Tomis. See Constanţa

Towers, 151

Town planning. See City planning

Tralles, Turkey 179

Trefoils, 244

Trier (Augusta Treverorum), Germany: 38, 80, 168 (ill. 34)

amphitheatre, 112

basilica, 114, 140, 204 (ill. 109)

baths, 115–16, 214–15

storehouses (ill. 122)

street-to-building ratio, 36

Trimalchio, 144

Tripoli (Oea), Libya, 51, 97, 169

Tripolitania, wadi settlements. See Wadi monuments

Troesmis, Romania, 55

Tropaeum Traiani. See Adamklissi

Trophies, 38, 157, 161

Turbie, La, (France), 157

Turin (Augusta Taurinorum), Italy, 82 (ill. 78)

Typology, 22–23, 63, 111–30, 131

dispersal in cities and towns, 132–33

distribution of, 130–33

functional categories of, 125, 128

not standardised, 132

quantification of in North Africa, 129–30

significance of, 142

study of, 22–23, 218

stylistic categories, 125, 127–28

role in Romanisation of the provinces, 131

Ulpia Traiana, Romania, 112

Umm al-Jamal, Jordan, 122, 151

Unroofed structures. See Roofed and unroofed structures

Urban articulation, 107–10. See also Legibility

Urban basis of imperial architecture, 176–78, 206, 207, 253–73

Urbanism, Roman, pan-imperial nature of, 18, 19, 30. See also Definitions

Utica, Tunisia, 146

Uzappa, Tunisia, 96, 98

Vaison-la-Romaine (Vasio Vocontiorum), France, 44, 118, 210 (ill. 29)

Valkenberg, The Netherlands, 209

Variety, in imperial architecture, 131, 177, 186. See also Diversity, formal

Vasio-Vocontiorum. See Vaison-la-Romaine

Venta Silurum. See Caerwent

Verona, Italy, 125

Arch of the Gavii, 88

Porta dei Borsari, 80, 204 (ill. 75)

Verulamium, England, 36, 38, 52, 77, 100 (ill. 33)

Vetera, Germany, 210

Via Flaminia, 92

Vicus Augustanus, Italy, 210

Vienna, Austria, Karlskirche, 234

Vienne (Vienna), France, 103, 105, 117, 123, 262

temple of Augustus and Livia, 119 (ill. 116)

Vignola, Giacomo Barozzi da, 204

Villas, luxury, 274–83 (ills. 297–13); See also Piazza Armerina; Tivoli

Vindonissa, Switzerland, 209

Virunum, Austria, 63

Visibility of buildings, 133–42, 213. See also Elevation; Height; Skylines

Viterbo, Italy, near, 235

Vitruvius, Ten Books on Architecture, 223, 237, 246, 252, 266, 270, cf. 165

and Apaturius of Alabanda, 179–80

conservatism of, 3, 180, 248

and fora, 52

as guide to imperial architecture, 248

and the orders, 183

and painting, 179–80, 186–87

and the Renaissance, 178

and temples, 137

and theatres, 195

use in imperial times, 186–87

Vize (Bizye), Turkey, 161

Volubilis, Morocco, 244 (ills. 43, 66)

Wadi Mesueggi, Libya (ill. 140)

Wadi monuments, Tripolitania, 149, 156, 163. See also Bu Ngem; Ghirza; Gsar Doga; Gsar Umm al-Ahmed

Walkways, covered. See Porticos

Wall-to-column relationships. See Colonnades

Walls, city, in pictorial images, 15 (ills. 13, 14, 45)

significance of, 18

elaborated, 203–07

decoration of, 204

similarity to those of stage buildings, 206

treatment of, 218

Water supply, 99–100, 109

Way stations, 99–107

benches, 269. See also Exedras; Fountains and nymphaea; Latrines

Wells, 99

Windows, 217

York (Eboracum), England, 100

Zadar (Iader), Yugoslavia, 63

Zana (Diana Veteranorum), Algeria, 97

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