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Bremner, G. A.

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G. A. Bremner

Description: Imperial Gothic: Religious Architecture and High Anglican Culture in the British...

Imperial Gothic: Religious Architecture and High Anglican Culture in the British Empire, c.1840–1870

Index

Author

G. A. Bremner

PublisherPaul Mellon Centre

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-23953

Index

NOTE: Page numbers followed by n and a number refer to information in an endnote. Individual buildings abroad are listed under countries or for larger entries under provinces (Canada), states (Australia) and some major cities; churches in Britain appear under the names of cities, towns or villages. In larger entries the buildings are listed after the general index headings.

Abraham, Rev. Charles 106, 324

adaptation and acclimatisation 117–18, 125–84, 201–2, 367–8

climate considerations 125–52, 270–1, 295, 298, 300

cultural adaptation 169–84, 191–2, 300

material concerns 152–69, 280

missionary training needs 326, 328–40

see also climate; ‘speluncar’ designs

Adelaide see South Australia and Adelaide

Africa see Egypt; Mozambique; South Africa; Tanzania; Universities’ Mission to Central Africa (UMCA)

Albert, Prince Consort 7

Alington, Margaret 48–9

America see Canada (British North America); Caribbean islands; North America

anachronisms

in colonial Anglicanism 249–50, 252, 257–8, 276, 307

in colonial architecture 264–5, 273, 307

Anderson, Rev. David (1814–1885) 306

Anderson, Rev. Philip (1816–1857) 297

Andrews, Brian 234, 271–2, 317

Angas, George French 25

Anglicanism

colonial settlement in New Zealand 100, 103–4, 204, 281–2

governance and diocesan synod in Exeter 326

hierarchical system and authority abroad 237, 244, 255–6

High Anglicanism and religion and identity 200–6

and national identity 186, 203–6, 226, 308

historical development and empire xi–xii, 9, 202–3, 205–6

and imperial ‘mission’ 5–9, 203–4, 226, 282, 284, 327–8, 365–6

independence of colonial ‘Churches’ from Canterbury 257

late start in mission work 1–5

legal status at home and abroad 227–8, 255–6

models and dissemination of world view 67–8

as ‘national’ religion of Britain 5, 186, 202–3, 204–6

rivalry between ‘High’ and ‘Low’ Anglicans 10–12, 80, 169, 236–55, 272, 307

in Ireland 352

missionary training and founding of St Augustine’s College 328–31, 340

response to Nonconformist threat in Britain 344–50

see also global Anglicanism; High Church; ‘imperial’ mission; Low Church; reform and Church of England; Tractarianism

Anglo-Palladian style in colonies 14–16, 18

anti-Catholic sentiment in colonies 228

anticlericalism in colonies 2

apostolic succession 352

and necessity for cathedrals 70, 72–3, 79, 82–3, 357

archaic practices see anachronisms

Archbishops’ Board of Examiners 374n.66, 381n.109

Armitage, David 435

Armstrong, John, bishop of Grahamstown (1813–1856) 217, 219

death and memorial chapel 41, 308, 309

and Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society 81, 345

and St Philip’s mission church, Grahamstown 220, 222, 224, 238

sketches 211, 211

‘Vision for a Cathedral’ 98, 100

Arnold, Rev. Thomas (1794–1842) 70, 113

Arnoldi, King 300

asceticism

and expediency in church design 224

High Church asceticism

and ‘primitive’ parallels 41, 93, 331, 367

and regime at St Augustine’s College 329–31, 363

influence on architecture 333–4, 336–7, 339–40

Ashpitel, Arthur 259, 261

Asia see India; South Asia missions and architecture

‘assimilationist’ policies 224, 238

Atlantic history 368, 439n.33

Australasian ‘Bishops’ Conference’ (1850) 255, 256

Australia

Anglicanism and national identity 205

architecture as intervention xiv

‘colonial’ architecture in architectural history xiii

development of church building 31–8

cathedral in Sydney 75–8

classical designs 15, 245

conservative tastes 245, 264–5, 269

mature phase of Anglican architecture 258–76, 315–21

models 61–2, 66–7, 67, 75, 316–17

and Norman style 32–3, 35–6

Roman Catholic building 233–4, 234–5, 261

early dioceses 22

High Church and archaic practices 257

High Church and Low Church rivalry 245–8, 272

interdenominational relations

architectural contrasts 239, 240

pluralism and ‘common Christianity’ 34, 67, 77–8, 233, 237

sectarian rivalry 230–7, 276

nature and ornament 197

prefabricated iron churches 164–6, 166

reorganisation of sees 33

status of Church of England 227, 255

synodical action 255, 256, 326

vastness of dioceses 41

see also Melbourne; New South Wales; Queensland; South Australia and Adelaide; Sydney; Tasmania; Victoria

Badnall, Rev. Hopkins 208

Bailey, Rev. Henry (1815–1906) 331

Baker, Herbert 432

Baldhu, Cornwall: St Michael and All Angels’ church 346, 346

balean (‘iron wood’) 160, 162

baptismal fonts in narthex spaces 182, 184

Baptist church architecture 240

Barbados, Caribbean 22

plan for iron churches 401–2n.162

Bardwell, William 58, 59

Barker, Rev. Frederic (1808–1882) 246

Barker, Thomas Jones: The Secret of England’s Greatness 7, 8

barns and G. G. Scott’s designs 106, 152

Barr, James 60

Barringer, Tim 370n.13

‘Battle of the Styles’ debate 126, 200

Baugh, Rev. W. 218

Bayly, C. A. 435

belief systems of indigenous peoples 172–4

cultural tolerance of missionaries 169, 172, 191–2, 287–9, 344, 353

destructive effects of missionaries 218–19

established religions in South Asia 292

incorporation in church architecture

Muslim sensibilities in UMCA churches 172–4

narthex-type spaces for non-Christians 172–84, 175–6

in New Zealand and Pacific Islands 169–70, 170, 287–8

resistance to Muslim influences 171, 172

and vulnerability of Christian minorities 172

Selwyn and Cotton’s appreciation of 191–2

see also Islam and church building

Bell, Duncan 435

Bence-Jones, William (1812–1882) 358, 359

Beresford, Lord John George de la Poer, bishop of Armagh 353, 354

Beresford, Marcus, bishop of Kilmore (1801–1885) 357

Beresford Hope, Alexander James Beresford (1820–1887) 93, 117, 203, 269, 329, 342–3, 347, 359

on cathedral extension at home and abroad 70, 71, 73, 326

‘draught-admitting’ designs for tropics 128, 271

on Early French architecture 223–4

The English Cathedral of the Nineteenth Century 70, 73, 75, 116, 131, 132, 139, 271, 326, 434

lessons from colonies and development at home 326, 434

lessons from home for colonial needs 349–50

missionary training and St Augustine’s College 326, 328–9, 330, 331, 332–3, 336, 339

on narthex-type space to accommodate ‘heathens’ 175–6

and national style of architecture 186

and parochial and diocesan functions of cathedrals 357

progression by eclecticism theory 113–14, 126

on rationalisation of cathedral architecture 122–3

on St George’s at St Kitts 397–8n.68

on St John’s, Newfoundland 143

Bermuda, North Atlantic Ocean

Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity, Hamilton 326

Holy Trinity church, Hamilton 110, 137, 252

Betjeman, John xi

Biddestone church, Wiltshire 61, 61

Billing, Nathaniel 275–6, 275, 278

Binney, Hibbert, bishop of Nova Scotia (1819–1887) 252–3, 253

bishops and colonial episcopacy

Church of England reform and Irish bishoprics 9, 351, 357

colonial independence from Canterbury 257

connections as aide to work in colonies 284, 366–7

consecration ceremonies in London 10, 10

endowment of bishoprics in South Australia 34, 43

episcopal authority in Australia and Tasmania 231–2, 234, 248, 249

hierarchical order and Anglican authority 237, 244, 255–6

pew rents and laity as stake-holders 307–8

and political independence 255, 256

political and strategic role 207, 282, 284

return to England and commemoration 324

Royal Supremacy and status abroad 232, 255

and significance of cathedrals 70–3, 86–7, 89, 104, 360

and synodical action 255–6, 326

Tractarian promotion in missionary field 12–13

Tractarianism and Evangelical resistance 245–6, 248, 252

see also Colonial Bishoprics’ Fund (CBF)

Blacket, Edmund Thomas (1817–1883) 32, 59, 59, 317

architectural library 60

Hunt as protégé 265–6, 267

lack of architectural training 258

mature Gothic style in Australia 258–65

sketchbooks and church design 61–2, 63

Christ Church, Geelong 259, 261–2, 263

Christ Church, St Laurence, Sydney 246–7, 247

Holy Trinity, Berrima 61, 61, 62, 259, 262

St Andrew’s cathedral, Sydney 66, 67, 76–7, 77

St Clement’s, Yass 262, 263

St Mark’s, Darling Point, Sydney 259, 259, 262

St Paul’s, Chippendale, Sydney 259, 260–1

St Philip’s, Church Hill, Sydney 259, 261, 262, 264

St Saviour’s cathedral, Goulburn 259, 262–3, 264–5

Blomfield, Charles (1786–1857), bishop of London 2, 3, 4, 6–7, 9, 10, 203, 326, 336

Bloxam, M. H. 60, 61

Bodley, George Frederick (1827–1907) 14, 114, 203, 312

All Saints, Selsley, Gloucs 121, 321

Crimean War Memorial church entry 171, 177

St David’s cathedral, Hobart 118, 118–19, 120–2, 121, 249

St Philip’s mission church, Grahamstown 222

St Stephen’s, Guernsey 65, 121, 121

St Stephen’s Mission church, Delhi 136–7, 180–1

Bombay (Mumbai), India 292

early diocese 22

Emmanuel Mission church, Girgaum 292

St John the Evangelist (Afghan Memorial Church), Colaba 14, 124, 126–7, 129–31, 130, 295–7, 295–7

St Thomas’s cathedral 140, 142–3, 142, 196, 197, 320

Victoria Terminus 142–3

Boodle, Rev. R. George 154, 317

Book of Common Prayer 11, 12, 38, 205

Bourne, Rev. John Frederick 133, 138, 189, 195

Boutell, Rev. Charles 196

Boyce, Edward J. 13, 385n.199

Brandon, J. Arthur 303

Brandon, Raphael 60, 303

bricks as building material

chunam protective coating 75, 168, 168

ecclesiologists’ changing attitudes 110, 112, 114, 152, 270

and Hunt’s St Peter’s cathedral 269–70, 270

unsuitability in tropics 160

see also polychromy

Bridge, Rev. Thomas 91, 143

Briggs, Asa xiii

Britain

church extension at home 344–50, 363

and context of New British history 368, 431, 435–6

nature of bond with colonies 434–5

scholarship and re-examination of architecture in 433

see also ‘home’ missions; imperial ‘mission’; Ireland and global Anglicanism; State and Church and individual cities and villages

British architecture

‘British colonial’ architecture xii–xiii

methodology for study of 431–6

British Columbia, Canada

Christ Church, Hope 305, 305

Holy Trinity church, New Westminster 153, 154, 154, 156

St John the Divine, Yale 305

St John’s church, Victoria (Vancouver Island) 165, 166

British North America see Canada

Bromby, Charles Henry, bishop of Tasmania (1814–1907) 118–22, 118

Bromby, Henry Bodley (1840–1911) 120, 122

Brooks, James 344, 345

Broughton, William Grant, bishop of Australia (and Sydney) (1788–1853) 3, 4, 33, 38, 41, 231

Anglicanism and national identity 205

background 31, 230

call for home training college for missionaries 326, 327, 425n.39

and cathedral building 70, 71–2, 246

design and building of churches 44–5, 45–6, 66–7, 68, 217

Blacket as diocesan architect 261–2

campaign for ‘correct’ architecture and practices 31–2

improvised design for St Andrew’s cathedral 75–6, 76, 77

and rivalry with Roman Catholic Church 232–4, 261

‘slab churches’ 153

and Low church resistance to authority 245–6

and sectarian conflict and dissent 230–7

selection and distribution of colonial clergy 42, 43

Tractarian sympathies and controversy in Australia 245–6

Buckeridge, Charles 285

Buckland, William 50, 114

Burdett-Coutts, Angela 34, 43

Burges, William (1827–1881) 14, 203, 312

Brisbane cathedral design 114, 116–18, 116–17, 134–5, 135, 139

Crimean War memorial church, Istanbul 117, 135–6, 136–7, 171–2, 171, 177, 178

and Irish church 350

St Fin Barre, Cork 358–60, 360–2, 362–3

pastoral staffs designs 320, 320

sculpture designs 337, 362, 362

Burne-Jones, Edward 287

Butler, Joseph 287, 288

Butterfield, William (1814–1900) 14, 60, 61, 145, 203, 317

All Saints’, Margaret Street, London 108, 112, 114, 264

and Cambridge Camden Society 110

church plate designs 190, 192, 312

design for Christ Church, Fredericton 86, 87, 108

embrace of ‘High’ Victorian architecture 110, 114, 152, 314

interior designs for Afghan Memorial church, Bombay 297, 297

New Zealand designs 313–14, 348

St Matthew’s, Auckland 312–13, 313–14

range of colonial projects 313

St Augustine’s College, Canterbury, Kent 333–40, 334–40

St Columba’s chapel, Rathfarnham, Ireland 353

Si Paul’s cathedral, Melbourne 197

St Peter’s cathedral, Adelaide 110–13, 111–13, 114, 115

South Africa designs 212, 213, 214

St Saviour’s west front, Claremont 310, 311

stencil alphabet 190

Calcutta, India 22

St James the Great church, Lower Circular Road 293–4, 294

St John’s church 15, 15

St Paul’s cathedral 64, 73–5, 74–5, 178, 179

Calvinism in Nova Scotia, Canada 253

Cambridge Camden Society (later Ecclesiological Society) 13–14, 27, 366

advice and models for colonial churches 22, 57, 59–60, 62–3, 64, 65, 85

advice on adaptation and acclimatisation 125–7, 129, 130

‘correct’ models as prerequisite 59, 113–14, 127, 316

Butterfield’s designs for 110

and development of ecclesiology 14

influence in Tasmania 38

membership of colonial clergy 27, 81, 290, 345

Feild’s nomination as patron 252

Selwyn’s membership and provision of designs 23, 26, 31, 35

and national style in architecture 186, 201–2

need for liturgical reform 11, 12

orientation in colonial churches 188–9, 189

piecemeal approach to building 47, 380n.84

G. G. Scott as member 91

suitability of Norman style 25, 31, 33

and symbolism in church architecture 185, 195

timber as building material 50, 144

trend towards Gothic architecture 38, 59

see also Ecclesiological Society; Ecclesiologist, The; Instrumenta Ecclesiastica

Cambridge Mission to Delhi 169, 180

Canada (British North America) cathedral building 78–81, 83–91

early dioceses in 2, 22, 306

High Church and archaic practices 249–50, 252, 257, 307

interdenominational rivalry architectural contrasts 239–40

with Roman Catholic Church 228–30, 351

iron churches 164–5, 166

mature phase in Anglican architecture 297–308

models for church design 16, 18, 59, 65

‘primitive’ nature of churches 41, 86, 156, 300

rivalry between High and Low Anglicans 249–50, 252–3, 307

synodical action in 256

timber building 14, 50, 144, 145–50, 152, 154, 156

Hay’s combination of local practice and pure principles 300

see also British Columbia; Labrador; New Brunswick; Newfoundland; Nova Scotia; Ontario; Quebec

Canary Islands and adaptation 127, 128

Canny, Nicholas 350

Canterbury, Kent

Missionary College of St Augustine 43, 326, 328–40, 334–40, 363

architecture and ethos 333–4, 336–7, 339–40

founding campaign and principles 327–31

practical skills and carpentry workshop 337, 339

selection and acquisition of auspicious site 331–3, 332

Canterbury Settlement, New Zealand 100, 103–4, 204, 434

disappointment as Anglican community 281–2

Mountfort’s architecture 279–80, 279–80, 281–2, 282, 348, 349

Cape of Good Hope, South Africa 9, 206, 207

Cape Town, South Africa 7, 43

Bishop’s College, Rondebosch 213, 213

Norman style church designs 33

St George’s church (cathedral) 15–16, 254–5, 255

St Mary the Virgin, Woodstock 217, 217

St Paul’s church, Rondebosch 211–12, 212, 213

St Saviour’s church, Claremont 213, 214, 308, 310, 311

timber chapel design for Woodlands 153, 153, 155, 213

Carey, Hilary 350

Carey, Peter: Oscar and Lucinda xiv

Caribbean islands 16, 22, 137

St George’s, Basseterre, St Kitts 137–9, 138–9, 291

see also Barbados; Jamaica

Carlton, Yorkshire, St John the Evangelist 321, 321

‘carpenter Gothic’ in North America 144

Carpenter, R. H. 290, 291

Carpenter, Richard Cromwell (1812–1855) 14, 64, 110, 137, 271, 310

All Saints, Point-de-Galle 133, 134, 134–5, 314

‘chapel-school’ design 348, 348

Christ Church cathedral, Colombo 131–3, 131–2, 133–4, 134, 138, 176, 314

Cookham Dean as model for St John the Baptist, Tasmania 39–40, 39–40, 59, 60, 188

restoration of St Patrick’s cathedral, Dublin 354, 355

St Mary’s, Hagley, Tasmania 314–15, 314–15

timber church designs 146, 150, 159, 160, 280, 314

Carr, Thomas, bishop of Bombay 129–30

carving see stone carving as decoration; woodworking

cathedrals 69–123

contrast with existing churches 204, 228

early buildings in colonies 73–80

and ecclesiology in Ireland 354–63

dual parochial and diocesan function 357–8

English parish churches as models for 85–6, 98–100, 120, 204, 316

idea and significance of 70–3, 86–7, 89, 92–3, 104, 122–3, 202, 245–6, 357, 360

Medley and Wills 80–91

progress and refinements 110–22

G. G. Scott’s contribution 91–110

simplicity and feasible designs 92, 98–9, 110

use of timber in tropics 160, 162

Catholic Emancipation in Britain 232, 352

Catholicism see Roman Catholic Church

cave architecture see ‘speluncar’ designs

Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 292–3

adaptation and acclimatisation techniques 128–9

All Saints’ church, Hultsdorf 292

All Saints’ church, Point-de-Galle 128–9, 133, 134, 134–5, 314

Christ Church cathedral, Colombo 110, 131–3, 131–2, 133–4, 134, 138, 168, 176, 314

Christ Church, Tangalle 292

Holy Trinity church, Nuwara Eliya 292–3, 293

religious rivalry in 228

Chadwick, Owen 71, 351, 352

Chambers, Robert 50, 114

chancels

and decoration 190–1, 193, 194

and orientation 189, 189

Chapman, James, bishop of Colombo (1799–1879) 131, 132, 176, 228, 229, 292–3

chunam masonry coating 75, 168, 168

Church, Richard 9

Church Architecture Society 353–4

Church Builder, The (journal) 347

Church Building Society 27, 346–7

Church Missionary Society (CMS) 1–2, 10, 41, 91, 323, 366

incorporation of indigenous beliefs and methods in church buildings 169–70

Low church inclination 169

and conflict for Selwyn in New Zealand 243–5

and views of training school at Islington 328, 329

mission in Ireland as Hibernian Society 352

publications on Māori culture 24–5

Pusey’s views on shortcomings 12

Rangiātea church, Ōtaki 169–70, 170

utilitarian architecture 244–5

wooden buildings in New Zealand 50, 53, 56

Church News (Tasmania) 119–20

Church of England see Anglicanism

Church Penitentiary movement 220, 222

church plate 190–1, 192, 234, 275

Church of Scotland see Presbyterianism

‘civilisational’ perspective to church building Arnold’s theory of historical unity 113

cultural adaptation and indigenous beliefs 169, 287–9

and imperial ‘mission’ 217–25, 226, 289

in Ireland 351

and Māori people in New Zealand 23–4, 25, 31, 170

and missionary work at home 341

and ‘national style’ of architecture 128, 308

and Norman architecture 23, 24, 25, 31, 36, 38

Clarke, Basil xi, 432

Clarke, Joseph 134

class divisions and pew rents 249–50, 276

classicism and colonial architecture 14–16, 18, 79, 204, 253–4

disapproval and replacement in Cape Town 254–5

clergy

appointments and management from home 2

architectural training 19, 145, 150, 250, 266

design and building of churches in colonies 19–20, 23–31, 34–6, 39–40, 46–68, 98, 366

increase in numbers since CBF’s creation 6

Irish contingent 42, 351

Melanesian Mission and indigenous clergy 284

missionary training at home and St Augustine’s College 326, 328–40, 363

quality of candidates and arduous nature of colonial work 41–3, 46

lack of preparation 329–30

return visits to England 324

final return and reward for work 324

fund-raising trips 86

and knowledge of ecclesiological and architectural developments 75, 245, 249, 274, 276, 300

public speaking on colonial situation 228, 339

Selwyn’s ‘industrial system’ training 156–7

Tractarian persuasion 19, 27, 81–3, 91–2, 208–10, 230, 290

and controversy 245–6, 252

in Ireland 352–3, 355, 357

SPG clergy 10–11, 12–13

see also bishops and colonial episcopacy

climate

adaptation and acclimatisation 125–52

cold 125, 129, 143–52, 168, 298, 300

heat 126–43, 160, 162, 270–1, 295

constraints on expansion abroad 22, 41

and Gothic architecture 238

interruptions to building work 76

and iron churches 165–6

threat from earthquakes in New Zealand 50, 56, 106

threat from winds in New Zealand 56, 313–14

see also tropical and semi-tropical climates

cloisters

and ‘modern’ cathedrals 122, 123

and tropical climates 129, 130, 131, 142

Cnattingius, Hans 9, 244

Cobham, Kent: St Mary’s church 64, 1.6

Codrington, Rev. Robert H. (1830–1922) 287, 288–9, 420n.70

Cohn, Bernard S. 436

cold climates and adaptation 125, 129, 143–52, 168, 298, 300

Colenso affair in South Africa 417–18n.111

Coleridge, Rev. Edward (1800–1887) 43, 62, 131, 202, 203, 346

missionary training and St Augustine’s College 326, 327–8, 331, 332, 340

Coleridge, Sir John Taylor 3

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 203

Coleridge, William Hart, bishop of Barbados 83–4, 336, 346

Coleridge family of Ottery St Mary 81–2, 285, 323

Colley, Linda 435

‘colonial’ architecture as misnomer xii–xiii

Colonial Bishoprics’ Fund (CBF) 2–5, 6, 10–11, 342

belief in apostolic succession 72, 82–3

connections as aide to work in colonies 367

foundational dioceses 22–31, 202–3

and global Anglicanism 9, 323, 365, 366, 435

Colonial Church Chronicle 10, 89, 133, 145–6, 310, 333, 425nn.33&34, 433

‘colonial cultures’ studies 432–3

Colonial Episcopates Act (1786) 22

Colonial Office 103

‘Commissioners’ Gothic’ 18, 75, 272

‘common Christianity’ in Australia 34, 67, 237

Community of the Holy Cross, London 344

connections 317, 366–7, 433–4

and architectural commissions 120, 266, 326

and success of Melanesian Mission 284

Constantinople see Istanbul, Turkey

conversion mandate 1, 7–9, 244

Conybeare, Henry (1823–1884)

Afghan Memorial church 295–7, 295–6

The Ten Canons of Gothic architecture 296

Cookham Dean, Berkshire: St John the Baptist church 39–40, 59

Cornish, George James 81–2

Cornwall: church extension projects 345, 346

costs see funding

Cotman, John S. 25–6

Cotterill, Henry, bishop of Grahamstown 13, 98, 219

Cotton, Henry 352

Cotton, William (1786–1866) 27, 29, 350

Cotton, Rev. William Charles (1813–1879) 28, 43, 51, 53, 60

appreciation of Māori culture 170, 191–2, 193

criticism of Low church architecture 237, 244, 244

and New Zealand landscape 49–50

and Selwyn’s ‘Church tent’ 27–8, 29, 29–30, 50

Cox, Frederick Holdship (1821–1906) 14, 38, 39–40, 60, 188, 249, 249, 320

Crinson, Mark xiv, 170

Crook, J. Mordaunt 112, 360, 362

Crusader churches as models 128, 133, 171

cultural adaptation 126, 169–84, 191–2

call for preservation of indigenous customs 172, 191, 287–8

‘cultural globalisation’ 433

Cumberland, Frederic William (1820–1881) 80, 300–3, 300–2, 322

‘curing of souls’ approach 206

Cuthbert, C. D. 278

Cutts, Rev. Edward L. (1824–1901) 341–2

‘cyclopean’ (dry-wall) masonry 143

Dahl, J. C.: stave church lithographs 144, 144

Davidson, Alexander 326

Davies, Rev. R. R. 39, 249

Decorated Gothic see ‘Middle-Pointed’ Gothic style

decoration and symbolism 189–99, 275

austere style at St Augustine’s College 334, 336–7, 339–40

Low church opposition 247, 249

Patteson Memorial chapel, Norfolk Island 286–9, 288–9

and rivalry Roman Catholic Church in Tasmania 234

St Fin Barre’s cathedral, Cork 360, 362, 362

see also ornament in colonial churches

Deetz, James 433

Delhi, India: St Stephen the Martyr mission church 136–7, 180–2, 182–4

denominations see interdenominational relations; sectarianism and individual denominations

Derick, J. M.: design for Afghan Memorial church in Bombay 124, 130–1, 130, 295

‘developement’ and High Victorian architecture 113–14, 127, 130, 196, 258, 289, 300

need for adaptation in colonies 126, 132–3, 137, 140, 144–5, 150, 156, 171, 196, 198

Devon

church extension projects 345–6

see also Exeter, Devon; Ottery St Mary, Devon

Dilke, Charles 434

dissent see sectarianism

Dissenters see Nonconformism

doors and orientation 188

Doré, Gustave: London: A Pilgrimage 342, 342

Dorrian, Mark 350

‘draught-admitting’ designs for tropics 128, 129, 130–1, 133, 134, 138

Drayton, Richard 435

Driberg, Rev. John 180

Driver, Felix 341

Dry, Sir Richard 314

dry-wall (‘cyclopean’) masonry 143

Durandus, William: Rationale divinorum officiorum 186

Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa 207

Early English style 45, 47, 210, 259, 300

and cathedrals 80, 92, 98–100, 108, 202

earthquakes and building methods Caribbean 137

New Zealand 50, 56, 106

East End ‘settlements’ 344

East Grafton, Wiltshire: St Nicholas’s church 33

East India Company 129, 205, 292, 295

Eastlake, Charles 194, 266, 360, 362

Ecclesiastical Commission 70–1, 357

Ecclesiological Society (formerly Cambridge Camden Society) 14, 19, 86

critiques of colonial churches 76, 134, 156, 295, 367

designs for colonial churches 39–40, 58–9, 60

approval of Blacket’s designs 258–9

Butterfield’s designs for Adelaide cathedral 110

in cold climates 145, 146, 150

iron churches 164, 164, 166, 167

merits of prefabrication 159

need for narthex-type spaces 174–6

in tropical climates 128, 130, 131

White’s ‘collegiate institution’ in South Africa 213

‘global’ concept of mission 325–6, 435

and Ruskin 194

and symbolism in church architecture 185, 194

see also Cambridge Camden Society; Ecclesiologist, The

Ecclesiologist, The (journal) xiv, 13–14, 19, 27, 31, 39, 310, 366, 367, 433

on adaptation and acclimatisation 125–6, 128–9, 133, 136–7, 138–9, 152

on adaptation and cultural sensibilities 170–1, 177

on Afghan Memorial church 297

on Bodley’s designs for Hobart 120

on Bodley’s designs for St Philip’s mission church 222

on Broughton’s churches 45, 77

on Burges’s design for Brisbane cathedral 114, 136

on Butterfield’s designs

Adelaide cathedral 110

St Matthew’s, Auckland 313–14

on Christ Church, St Laurence, Sydney 247

on colonial cathedrals 75, 77, 80, 86, 89, 94–96

Jebb’s ‘Cathedrals of Ireland’ 355, 357

models for colonial churches 57

on St Augustine’s College 333, 334, 336, 337, 340

on St Columba’s College, Rathfarnham 353

on St Fin Barre, Cork 360

on Slater’s design for St Feidhlimidh, Kilmore 357–8, 368

on ‘speluncar’ design 128, 133, 134, 135, 136

on Street’s design for St John the Baptist, Hobart 320–1

and symbolism in church architecture 185, 189, 195–6

ecclesiology

acceptability of alternative materials 152–3

case for ‘correctness’ and wooden churches 144–5, 150

spirituality and celebration of timber 156–7, 159, 187–8

architectural societies and dissemination 366, 367

colonial time lapse 89, 156, 264, 266, 271–2, 308

in Ireland 353–63

mature phase in colonies 257–322

origins

and Cambridge Camden Society 14

of colonial ecclesiology 22–31

G. G. Scott’s break with imitation 91

and significance of cathedrals 70–3, 86–7, 89, 92–3, 104, 202, 357, 360

symbolism in church architecture 185, 195–6

theory of ‘developement’ and evolution in architecture 113–14, 127, 130

colonial contribution 325–6

and colonial need for adaptation 126, 132–3, 137, 140, 144–5, 150, 156, 171, 184, 196, 198, 201–2, 280, 298, 300, 367–8

see also models for ecclesiastical architecture in colonies

‘eclectic school’ 266

educational institutions

chapel-schools and Mission House Scheme 347–8, 348

Gray’s ‘collegiate institution’ in South Africa 212–13, 213

see also New Zealand: St John’s College; training colleges

Eginton, Harvey 213

Egypt: Protestant church at Alexandria 126–7, 129, 170–1, 171

Emerson, William (1843–1924)

All Saints’ cathedral, Allahabad 110, 137, 139–40, 140–1, 180, 292, 363

Bombay churches 292

Emma, queen of Hawai’i 290, 291

Empire see imperial ‘mission’; politics

Engels, Friedrich 342

entrances and orientation 188

environmental conditions

challenges of building in New Zealand 46–56

and constraints on church building 41

impact of churches in landscape 46, 143, 145–6, 169, 217

influence on architectural developments 127

natural landscape in New Zealand 49–50, 49, 159

Ruskin on Gothic art 94–5

see also adaptation and acclimatisation; climate; cultural adaptation; wilderness

episcopacy see bishops and colonial episcopacy

‘Erastianism’ 11–12, 71, 204, 255

Evangelicalism and architectural compromise 80, 121

domination in Ireland 352, 353

and nationalism 5–6

resistance to High church tendencies in Australia and Tasmania 245–9

rivalry with Tractarians in Anglican Church 10, 11–12, 73, 244, 248, 252, 340

see also Low Church

Exeter, Devon

cathedral and diocese

cathedral as colonial model 86

governance and diocesan synod 326

response to threat from Nonconformism 345–6

Selwyn’s parting sermon 29, 72, 82–3, 188

Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society 81, 220, 345–6

expertise: constraints on expansion abroad 41, 145, 258, 326

‘externals’ 12

Fairweather, Eugene 83

Faught, Brad 13

Feild, Edward, bishop of Newfoundland (1801–1876) 43, 146, 252, 391n.115

austere regime at Queen’s College training college 42, 145, 331

‘church ship’ 187, 188

Scott and St John the Baptist cathedral, St John’s 91–5, 143

sectarianism and rebuilding of St John’s 229–30

Tractarianism and potential for controversy 252

Ferrey, Benjamin 33, 402n.170

Fiji 282

‘Fingo’ population in South Africa 222

Finley, Gregg 204

‘First Pointed’ style 132, 259, 353

Fitzgerald, Rev. David 253, 351

FitzGerald, James E. 103, 106, 204, 280

Fitzpatrick, David 351

Flashman, Joseph 97–8

flat roofs in tropics 128

Fleming, Fr M. A., bishop of Newfoundland 229–30

Fletcher, Archdeacon W. K. 140

Forbes, Major W. N. 74–5

Forsyth, James 196, 197

Fowler, C. Hodgson 303

France

Than church in Normandy 25, 25, 32

see also French Gothic style

Freeland, J. M. 15, 266, 269–70

Freeman, Edward Augustus (1823–1892) 38, 113–14, 127, 201

French Gothic style 223–4, 291, 359–60

influence on High Victorian architecture 114, 116–17, 276

Frere, Battle 295

Froude, J. A. 12

Fry, Rev. H. P. 249, 351

Fry, Rev. John 32–3

Fulford, Francis, bishop of Montreal (1803–1868) 89, 308, 346

Fuller, Thomas (1823–1898) 298, 299, 300

Fuller, Rev. Thomas B. 143

funding

cathedral costs 75, 76, 78, 80, 83, 86

constraints in Ireland 357–8, 359–60

Feild’s asceticism 93

patronage and compromise in Dublin 354

G. G. Scott’s ‘pro Deo’ work 91, 98

and church extension at home 346

constraints on church building 41, 122, 272, 314, 317

endowment of bishopric in South Australia 34, 43

expediency of design 35, 224, 357–8, 359–60

feasibility of Gothic style 40

and independence from state interference 237–8, 252

parsimony in Victoria goldfields 272

pew rents and income generation 276, 307

and rivalry between High and Low church factions 248, 307

and sectarianism in colonies 22, 229–30, 232–3, 234, 238

Selwyn’s Church Fund and approval of designs 238

Gaelic language and mission work 352, 353, 358

galleries

as anachronistic feature 11, 252, 257, 307

Colombo cathedral 132

St James’s, Toronto 79, 80, 307

and segregation of women 183–4

Garstin, Rev. Dr Norman 128–9, 133, 134

geography: vastness of dioceses 41, 306

geology

and architectural theory 114

geological time and natural theology 50

Georgopoulou, Maria 436n.3

Gibbs, James 15, 18, 79

Gilbert, Rev. George 43

Gladstone, William Ewart 3, 4, 22, 81, 103, 203, 255, 410n.98

glass manufacturers and the colonies 189

global Anglicanism 4, 9, 22, 368, 435

Ireland’s place in 327, 350–63

see also imperial ‘mission’

Global history studies 368, 431

Glover, John xiv

Goad, Philip 370nn.16&17

Goedhals, Mary 219

gold-digging communities 41, 164–5, 272

Goodwin, Harvey 13

‘Gorham Judgement’ in Tasmania 248, 249, 326

Gothic architecture

as English style 200, 201, 210–11, 303

and northern landscapes and climates 94–5, 188

Gothic Revival style

in colonial architecture 38–46, 255

approximation and improvement in Sydney 75–6, 76–7

Blacket’s churches in Sydney 258–65

civilising influence 128

‘Commissioners’ Gothic’ 18, 75, 272

‘correct’ models for 59, 61, 127, 144–5, 153, 212, 316–17

feasibility of building 38, 40, 150

iron as material 164

mature phase 257–322

need for adaptation and acclimatisation 125–6, 127, 129, 130, 131–3, 137, 140, 152–69, 201–2, 280, 300

and non-Anglican churches 238–41, 239–43, 243

‘Selwyn style’ in New Zealand 53, 156–7

spiritual effects 238

and timber buildings 144, 150, 156–7, 159, 160, 187–8

movement for in Britain 13, 18, 38, 59, 200–1

and national identity 200, 201–2, 204, 210–11

G. G. Scott as exponent 91, 200–1

see also French Gothic style

‘Gothic Survival’ style 16

Gowans, Alan xi, xii

Gran Canaria: Santa Ana cathedral, Las Palmas 128

Grant, James 427n.79

Granville, Walter 292, 294

Gray, Rev. C. N. 344

Gray, Robert, first bishop of Cape Town (1809–1872) 21, 206, 223

church building campaign 61, 207–8, 211–13, 308

reaction against classical architecture 16, 254–5

and ‘Colenso affair’ 417–18n.111

death and memorial 310

and rivalry with Methodism 238

synodical action and Church authority in colonies 255–6

Tractarian sympathies 208

use of indigenous labour and teaching of skills 224, 238

views on conflict with indigenous peoples 7, 206, 219

Gray, Sophia (Sophy) (née Wharton Myddleton)

architectural designs 61, 62, 213, 308, 309, 310

St Saviour’s west front as memorial 310, 311

sketchbook 62, 63, 213, 214, 216–17, 217

Great Sepoy Revolt (India, 1857) 204, 292, 434

Green, Rev. James 208

Greene, Jack P. 433

Greenstock, Rev. William 218, 218, 219

Greenway, Francis 15, 388n.40

Gregg, John, bishop of Cork (1798–1878) 358–9, 360, 362

Gregory XVI, pope 231

Gregory, Rev. J. H. 275–6

Grey, Sir George (1812–1898) 222, 224, 238

Grey, Henry Grey, 3rd Earl 229, 230, 232

Grey, Rev. William

Newfoundland churches 145–50, 147–9, 152, 208, 252, 304, 367–8

Battle Harbour timber church design 146–7, 147

Oderin mission church design 146–7, 147

St Francis’ Harbour mission church 149, 149

St Mary’s, St John’s 149–50, 149

St Peter’s, Forteau 146, 147–8, 148

St Peter’s, Portugal Cove 146, 147–8

Guernsey: St Stephen’s church, St Peter Port 65, 121, 121

Guinness, Benjamin Lee 354

Habershon, W. G. and E. 317

Hadfield, Rev. Octavius 169

Hale, Rev. Mathew, archdeacon of Adelaide 36

Hale, Archdeacon William 3

Hall, Catherine 341, 435

Hall, Michael 114, 120

Hamilton, George 58

Hamilton, Ker Baillie 252

Hancock, David 435

Handfield, Rev. H. H. P. (1828–1900) 274–5, 276

hardships of colonial ministration 41–2, 367

missionary training as preparation 329–30

Hardwick, P. C. 353

Harper, Henry John Chitty, bishop of Christchurch (1804–1893) 60, 103–4, 106–7

Hawai’i: Honolulu cathedral 110, 168, 177–8, 179, 182, 289–91, 290–1

Hawkins, Rev. Ernest 3, 10, 42, 92, 381n.109

Hawkshurst, Kent: Scott’s church design 317

Hay, William (1818–1888) 89, 300, 326

design for Christ Church, Brampton, Ontario 303, 303

Holy Trinity, Hamilton, Bermuda 110, 137

St George’s, Newcastle, Ontario 303

St John the Baptist, St John’s, Newfoundland 95–6

timber mission church, St Francis’ Harbour 149, 149

Hayward, C. F. 173, 404n.197

Hayward, John 346

‘heathen’ spaces in churches 172–84, 175–6

Hemming, Samuel 165

Henderson, George 326

Henley, Robert, Lord 70

Hibernian Society 352

High Church

and anachronisms in colonial practice 249–50, 252, 257–8, 276, 307

asceticism

influence at St Augustine’s College 329–31, 333–4, 336–7, 339–40, 363

and ‘primitive’ parallels 41, 93, 331, 367

‘home’ missions and ‘slum priests’ 343

in Ireland 352–3, 355, 357, 358, 359

religion and identity 200–6

rivalry between ‘High’ and ‘Low’ Anglicans 10–12, 80, 169, 236–55, 272, 307

in Ireland 352, 353

missionary training and founding of St Augustine’s College 328–31, 340

response to Nonconformist threat in Britain 344–50

see also Tractarianism

‘High’ Victorian architecture

development of cathedral building 110–22, 142–3

and mature phase in colonial architecture 258, 266–7, 298, 300, 300–1, 308, 310, 314, 358

theory of ‘developement’ 113–14, 127, 130, 196, 258, 289

Hinduism and sectarianism in Ceylon 228

historical theory of architecture 113–14

history and lack of past in colonies 217, 258

Holden, Colin 247

home: nostalgia for architecture of 210, 211, 264

‘home’ missions 327, 341–50, 363

in Ireland 351–2, 353

Homerton, nr London: St Barnabas’s church 259, 261

Hooker, Richard 287

Hope, A. J. B. Beresford see Beresford Hope

Hopkins, Rev. W. B. 330

hot climates see tropical and semi-tropical climates

Howell, Peter 59

Howley, William (1766–1848), archbishop of Canterbury 2, 9, 10

Hume, James (1798–1868) 75, 76

Humphrey, Rev. W. T. 180

Hunt, John Horbury (1838–1904)

Australian churches 265–71, 267–70

and Scott’s design for St Alban’s, Muswellbrook 317, 319–20, 319

Hunter, Henry (1832–1892) 271–2, 271, 314–15, 321

St John the Baptist, Hobart 320–1, 322

Hunter Valley, Australia see under New South Wales hurricanes and Caribbean architecture 137

Huskisson, William 434

Hutton, T. B. 243, 244

identity

and religion in High Anglican worldview 200–6

see also national identity; symbolism and identity

Iffley, nr Oxford: St Mary’s church 26, 26, 66, 66

Illustrated London News 333, 334, 335

imperial ‘mission’ 5–9, 203–4, 226, 282, 284, 323–63

apathy in South Africa 207–8

church and architecture in South Africa 206–25

effects at home and abroad 324–7, 363, 365–6

Ireland’s place in global Anglicanism 327, 350–63

nature of bond between Britain and colonies 434–5

and public opinion at home 434

see also ‘home’ missions; training colleges

Incorporated Church Building Society 222, 327, 346–7, 366

and lessons from ‘home’ missions 349, 350

Mission House Scheme 347–9

‘inculturation’ 126

India 22, 204, 292–7, 328, 434

adaptation and tropical churches 136–7, 295

cathedrals 73–5

models and patterns for churches 15

spatial division in churches 178–84

narthex-type spaces for non-Christians 178, 179, 180–2, 180–4

All Saints’ cathedral, Allahabad 110, 137, 139–40, 140–1, 180, 184, 196, 198, 363

All Souls’ Memorial church, Kanpur 196, 199, 292, 294

Christ Church, Simla 292

Emmanuel Mission church, Girgaum 292

Holy Trinity church, Murree 292

Lahore cathedral 143

St Andrew’s church, Mogra Hât 180

St George’s cathedral, Madras 15

St George’s church, Agra 15

St John’s church, Peshawar 292, 292

St Mary’s church, Benares 15

St Peter’s church, Barripûr 180, 180

see also Bombay; Calcutta; Delhi

‘Indian Mutiny’ (1857) 204, 292, 434

indigenous peoples

accommodating difference and cultural adaptation 169–84, 191–2, 287–8, 353

Selwyn’s defence of Māori rights 219–20

adoption of local building techniques

Mozambique 154–5, 155

Tanzania 194

Zanzibar 168, 182–3

‘assimilationist’ policies 224, 238

and ‘civilisational’ perspective to church building 23–4, 25, 31, 36, 38, 170

debate on ‘national style’ of architecture 128

and imperial ‘mission’ 217–25, 226, 289

drive for conversion 1, 7–9, 244

Melanesian Mission and indigenous clergy 284

population movements and church building 41

and suitable materials for tropics 162

use of labour and teaching of skills 36, 38, 170, 224–5, 225, 238

see also belief systems of indigenous peoples; Māori people

Ingelow, Benjamin 421n.86

Instrumenta Ecclesiastica 14

and colonial church designs 59–60, 64, 110

Carpenter’s ‘chapel-school’ 348, 348

iron churches 159, 164, 164, 167

symbolism and church architecture 186–7

timber churches 145, 146

interdenominational relations

pluralism in Australasia 34, 67, 77–8, 103, 233, 237

see also sectarianism

Inwood, George and Henry 16

Ireland and global Anglicanism 350–63

colonial clergy from 42, 351

colonial similarities 327, 350–1, 362–3

ecclesiology and church extension programme 353–63

emigrant populations in colonies 42, 230, 351

High Church and Tractarianism in 352–3, 355, 357, 358, 359

mission work in 351–2

and Gaelic language 352, 353, 358

reform

and cathedral building and restoration 357, 362

‘second’ Reformation in 351–2

restoration of Christ Church cathedral, Dublin 354–5, 356

restoration of St Patrick’s cathedral, Dublin 354, 335

St Columba’s College, Rathfarnham 353

St Feidhlimidh cathedral, Kilmore 357–8, 357–9, 368

St Fin Bane cathedral, Cork 358–60, 360–2, 362–3

Irish Church Act (1869) 350

Irish Church Temporalities Act (1833) 9, 357

iron as building material 129, 159

‘home’ mission churches 343

prefabricated churches 163–6, 164, 166–7

‘iron wood’ (balean) 160, 162

Irving, Robert 432

Islam and church building 170–1, 172, 183–4

Istanbul, Turkey

Crimean War Memorial church 117, 135–6, 136–7, 143, 170–2, 171

competition for design 171, 177, 178, 315

Italian architecture 127, 171, 177

Jackson, Thomas Graham (1835–1924) 286, 287

Jacobs, Rev. Henry: Patriotism 204

Jamaica, Caribbean 22, 137, 371n.8

St James’s church, Montego Bay 16

Jebb, John, bishop of Limerick (1775–1833) 352, 355

Jebb, Rev. John, junior (1805–1886) 355, 357

Jesuit missionaries 228, 292

Jobson, Rev. Frederick 238

Jones, Chilion 300

Kafir Wars 7

Kamehameha, king of Hawai’i 289–90, 291

Kaufman, Edward 223

Keating, Peter 341

Keble, John 9, 10, 12, 81, 82, 209, 351, 353

Kempthorne, Sampson 46–7, 51, 58, 63, 163

Kerr, Joan 76, 154, 258, 259, 262, 418n.10

Kerr, Robert 370–1n.19

Kilpeck church, Herefordshire 25

King, Anthony D. 432, 433

King, Rev. Bryan (1811–1895) 343, 344

King, Rev. George 237

King, William, archbishop of Dublin (1650–1729) 351

Knight, Cyril 383n.144

Knox, William (1732–1810) 3

Kubler, George 431–2

Labouchere, John 4

labour

clergy and Selwyn’s ‘industrial system’ 156–7

‘home’ mission and migratory labour 349

indigenous labour and teaching of skills 36, 38, 170, 224–5, 225, 238

shortages and architectural style 34

Labrador, Canada

Feild’s ‘church ship’ 187, 188

St Peter’s church, Forteau 146, 147, 148

timber church at Battle Harbour 146, 147

timber mission church, St Francis’ Harbour 149, 149, 189

Laing, Charles 272, 273

Langham-Carter, R. R. 308

Langley, Batty 16

Langley, Henry 240, 242, 298, 298

Lawrence, David 357

Le Couteur, Howard 203

Leafield, Oxfordshire: St Michael and All Angels’ church 271, 271

Leinster, Augustus Fitzgerald, Duke of 354

Lewin, Stephen 259

Lightfoot, Joseph 287–8

Littlemore, nr Oxford: St Mary’s church 58–9, 58, 61, 75, 213, 368

liturgy

conscientiousness of colonial clergy 26

High church practices and architecture 272, 274–5, 276

need for renewal in Ireland 353

and symbolism and religious identity 185, 200

Tractarianism and reform 11, 12, 22, 276

Livesey, Rev. John 341

local politics see sectarianism

Lochhead, Ian 56, 104, 106, 204, 279, 280, 281

London

Albert Memorial 7, 8

All Saints’ church, Margaret Street 108, 112, 114, 264

consecration of colonial bishops 10, 10

Good Shepherd chapel, Calvert Street (Watts Street) 343

St George’s Mission 343–4

St James the Less church, Pimlico 344

St Peter’s church, London Docks 343–4

St Saviour’s church, Hoxton 344, 345

London Missionary Society (LMS) 207

Longstanton, nr Cambridge: St Michael’s church 59, 253, 254, 297

Low Church

and ‘common Christianity’ in Australia 34, 67, 237

influence on colonial architecture 14–15, 18, 237

resistance to cathedral building 79–80, 86–7

quality of colonial clergy 41–2

rivalry between ‘High’ and ‘Low’

Anglicans 10–12, 80, 169, 236–55, 272, 307

in Ireland 352

and missionary training 328–9, 340

response to Nonconformist threat in Britain 344–50

see also Evangelicanism

Lowder, Rev. Charles Fuge (1820–1880) 343, 343, 344

Lowth, Robert, bishop of London 3

Lubbock, John 24

Luck, Isaac 281

Lutyens, Edwin 432

Lyell, Charles 50, 114

Lynch, Euphemia 91

McDougall, Francis Thomas, bishop of Labuan and Sarawak (1817–1886) 43, 160, 162

Mackenzie, Charles E, bishop of the UMCA (1825–1862) 43, 172, 174, 184, 339

commemoration as ‘modern martyr’ 324, 325

Macquarie, Lachlan (1761–1824) 388n.40

Madeira: Funchal cathedral 127

Madras chunam masonry coating 75, 168, 168

Magee, William, bishop of Dublin 352, 358

Magee, Rev. William Connor (1821–1891) 358

Makinson, Rev. T. C. 245

Manchester

St Cross church, Clayton 111, 112

St Wilfrid’s church 92, 94, 94

Mandler, Peter 23

Manitoba, Canada 305–6

St Andrew’s church, St Andrews 306

St Clement’s church, Mapleton 306, 306

St James’s church, Winnipeg 306, 306

St John’s cathedral, Winnipeg 306–7, 307

manliness see masculinity

Manners, Lord John 341, 353

manpower see labour

Mant, Rev. Richard (1776–1848) 352, 354

Māori people

churches for converts 53

Māori influences 169–70

and ‘civilisational’ perspective 170

Norman style churches 23, 24, 25, 31

facial tattoos 191, 193

indigenous wood carving 24, 25, 170

missionaries appreciation of culture 170, 191–2

Selwyn’s defence of rights of 219–20

timber building techniques 50

traditional architecture and climate 56

Martens, Conrad xiv

masculinity

in architecture 45

‘muscular’ architecture 116, 117, 220, 223–5, 289, 310, 358

manly characteristics of colonial clergy 42–3

missionary training to develop 329–30

materials

and adaptation and acclimatisation 125, 129, 143–4, 152–69

ecclesiological acceptability of alternative materials 152–3, 187

building materials in New Zealand 46, 50, 279

see also bricks as building material; stone buildings; timber buildings

Maturin, Rev. William 354

Mauritius: tropical churches 137

Mayhew, Henry 342

Maynooth Grant in Ireland 232, 351

Meaney, Neville 255

mediation approach to theology 288–9

Medley, Edward 326

New Brunswick churches 150, 150–2, 152, 156, 304

Medley, John, bishop of Fredericton (1804–1892) 60, 72, 80–7, 82, 98, 297, 367–8

and apostolic succession 82–3

building of Christ Church cathedral, Fredericton 80–1, 83–6, 89, 204

and clergy’s need for architectural knowledge 250

and Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society 345

and pew rents 307–8

and rivalry between High and Low church factions 249–50

on St Augustine’s College 340

and timber ecclesiology in cold climates 150, 152, 156, 401n.151

wooden model for churches 64, 64, 65

Melanesian Mission 169, 284–9

Patteson Memorial church 286–9, 287–9, 317

St Andrew’s College 284, 285–6, 285–6

Melbourne, Australia

High church liturgical practices 272, 274–5, 276

Presbyterian architecture 241

All Saints’ church, East St Kilda 239, 272, 275–6, 275

Christ Church, South Yarra 276, 277

Church of St John the Evangelist, Toorak 276, 277

Congregationalist church, Malvern Road, Prahan 239

Holy Trinity church, Coburg 276

Holy Trinity church, Williamstown 165, 166

St James’s church, Dandenong 276, 278

St James’s church (old cathedral) 15, 17

St Mark’s church, Fitzroy 276

St Michael’s Independent (Congregationalist) church 239, 240

St Paul’s cathedral, Flinders Street 197, 239

St Paul’s church, Swanston Street 273–4, 274

St Peter’s, Eastern Hill 247–8, 248, 272, 273, 274–5

Scots’ Presbyterian church 239, 240, 241

Wesleyan Church, Lonsdale Street 239, 241

Merivale, Herman 439n.29

Merriman, Nathaniel James, archdeacon (later bishop) of Grahamstown (1809–1882) 42, 98, 208, 210, 219

background 209–10

criticism of St George’s in Cape Town 254, 255

and St Bartholomew’s church, Grahamstown 310

and St Philip’s mission church, Grahamstown 220, 222, 224

Methodist church

Anglican response to threat in Britain 345–50

and Gothic architecture 238, 240, 242

and ‘home’ mission work 327

interdenominational rivalry 237

in South Africa 207, 238

methodology and imperial architecture 431–6

‘middle way’ and Anglican church 12, 200

‘Middle-Pointed’ Gothic style 23, 38, 40, 59, 85

and mature phase in colonial architecture 303, 313, 315, 316, 317

as ‘national’ style 201–2

need for adaptation in colonies 126, 130

outdated use in colonies 89

militancy of Church abroad 41, 176, 219, 224, 234

see also imperial ‘mission’; sectarianism

Mill, John Stuart 434

Millard, J. E. 128, 144, 156

Milman, Bishop 181

Mission Field, The (journal) 42

Mission House Scheme (ICBS) 347–9

mission work see ‘home’ missions; ‘imperial’ mission; politics: of missionary work; training colleges

missionary societies 1–2

Moberly, George (1803–1885) 208–9

models for ecclesiastical architecture in colonies 13, 14–20, 33, 56–68

Broughton’s design for Sydney cathedral 75–6

‘correct’ Gothic models 59, 61, 127, 144–5, 153, 212, 316–17

and dissemination of Anglican world view 67–8

English parish churches as 39–40, 58–9, 60, 61, 62–3, 66, 255

for cathedrals 85–6, 98–100, 120, 204, 316

exemplar in Tasmania 314–15, 314–15

and Grays in South Africa 211–12, 212, 213, 214–17, 217, 308

and nostalgia for home 210, 211, 264–5

wooden churches in cold climates 144–5, 145, 156, 300

maquettes and wooden models 64–5, 64–5

reference sources in colonies 60–1, 75, 212, 259, 300, 366–7

Selwyn’s designs 53, 56

Selwyn’s use in New Zealand 23–31, 35, 56, 57, 62–4, 66

sketchbooks as aide 61–2

for timber churches in cold climates 144–52, 156

tropical precedents in ancient times 128, 133, 171

Montreal, Canada

Christ Church cathedral 88, 89, 90, 91, 143, 196, 196, 258

St George’s church 303–4

Morambala see Mozambique

Moravian missionaries 207, 224

Mormons and ‘home’ mission work 327

Morris & Co. stained glass 286–7

Morriss, Shirley 300

Moseley, Rev. Henry (1801–1872) 341

Mountain, G. J., bishop of Montreal 6, 43, 372n.31

Mountfort, Benjamin Woolfield (1825–1898) 277, 279–82

Christ Church cathedral, Christchurch 102, 107, 108, 191, 364

Holy Trinity, Lyttelton 279–80, 279–80

St Bartholomew’s, Kaiapoi 56, 57, 298

St John the Evangelist, Heathcote 60, 348, 349

St Mary’s, Halswell 281, 281

St Michael and All Angels, Christchurch 281, 282

timber designs 159, 160

Mozambique (Morambala): church at Chicamas 154–5, 155, 173, 174, 192–3, 368

Mozley, Rev. Thomas (1806–1893) 58, 81

Mullins, Rev. R. J. 308

Mumbai see Bombay (Mumbai), India

‘muscular’ architecture 116, 117, 220, 223–5, 289, 310, 358

‘muscular Christianity’ 43

narthexes

as non-Christian space 172–84, 175–6

and ventilation in hot climates 270

national identity

Anglicanism as ‘national’ religion 5, 186, 202–3, 204–6

Gothic as English style 200, 201–2, 204, 210–11

and kinship with Britain 434

politics of missionary work 203–4, 206–25, 226, 282, 284, 308, 327–8, 365–6

‘providential nationalism’ 6, 82, 343

natural disasters 50

see also earthquakes and building methods

natural theology 50

nature and ornamental symbolism 193–6, 225

Neale, Elizabeth 344

Neale, John Mason 13, 127, 175, 186, 194, 435

nepotism and architectural commissions 120

networks see connections

New British history 368, 431, 435–6

New Brunswick, Canada 65, 304

All Saints’ church, McKeen’s Corner 150, 150

Christ Church cathedral, Fredericton 80–1, 83–6, 83, 85–7, 89, 204, 249–50

Christ Church, Maugerville 156

Christ Church, St Stephen 150, 151–2, 152

Church of St Mary the Virgin, New Maryland 150

St Andrew’s church, Newcastle 156, 157

St Anne’s chapel, Fredericton 59, 249–50, 250–1, 297–8

St John’s church, St John 18

New Caledonia 282

New Hebrides 282

New South Wales, Australia 22

mature phase of Anglican architecture 258–72

status of Church of England in 227

All Saints’ church, Bathurst 32, 32, 262

Christ Church, Cooma 45, 45, 46

Christ Church, Geelong 259, 261–2, 263

Church Act and religious pluralism 31, 233

Church of the Good Shepherd, Kangaroo Valley 267, 267

Holy Trinity church, Berrima 61, 62, 259, 262

Hunter Valley

Holy Trinity church, Merriwa 153, 154, 155

St Alban’s church, Muswellbrook 317, 318–19 319–20

St James’s church, Jerry’s Plains 268, 269

St Mary’s church, West Maitland 259

St Matthias’s church, Denman 267–8, 268

St Paul’s, Murrurundi 266

Jamberoo church 247

St Clement’s church, Yass 262, 263

St Mark’s church, Greendale 262

St Mary the Virgin, Allynbrook 44, 45

St Matthew’s, Windsor 15

St Paul’s church, Carcoar 262

St Peter’s cathedral, Armidale 268–9, 270

St Saviour’s cathedral, Goulburn 259, 262–3, 264–5

St Thomas’s church, Port Macquarie 18, 19

see also Sydney, Australia

New York, North America

Grace Church, Albany 156

St Paul’s chapel 16, 16, 18

New York Ecclesiological Society 89

New Zealand

Canterbury Settlement 100, 103–4, 204, 434

Mountfort’s architecture 279–80, 279–80, 281–2, 282, 348, 349

Church Act and allocation of resources 237–8

colonisation and Māori rights 219–20

interdenominational rivalry 237–8, 281

Low church tendencies and architecture 243–5

models for church design 23–31, 35, 53, 56, 57, 62–4, 66

Mountfort and mature phase of Anglican architecture 277, 279–82, 279–82

natural landscape 49–50, 49, 159

‘rustic ecclesiology’ 153–4

Selwyn and church designs 14, 22–31, 35

case for building cathedrals 72

challenges of church building in 46–56

symbolism and decoration 190–2, 204

synodical action in 255

timber buildings 46, 50–1, 51–2, 52, 53, 54–5, 56, 63, 144

instability and failure 279–80

G. G. Scott’s designs 104, 104–6, 106–7

Selwyn’s spiritual expression of labour 156–7, 159

All Saints’ church, Howick 53, 56, 156–7, 158

Christ Church cathedral, Christchurch 91, 100, 102–9, 103–10, 187, 188, 190, 191, 364

Holy Trinity chapel, Te Henui 153–4, 154

Holy Trinity church, Lyttelton 279–80, 279–80

Manutūkē IIB (CMS) 170

Maraetai chapel (CMS) 56, 244

Otago church (CMS) 170

Rangiātea church (CMS), Ōtaki 169–70, 170

St Barnabas’s church, Parnell 53, 55, 157

St Bartholomew’s church, Kaiapoi 56, 57, 298

St John the Baptist church, Latimer Square, Christchurch 282, 283

St John the Evangelist church, Heathcote 60, 348, 349

St John’s College, Bishop’s Auckland 31, 50–3, 51–2, 54, 331

carpentry workshop and production 156–7, 159, 339

St Mark’s church, Remuera 53, 55, 157

St Mary the Virgin church, New Plymouth 46, 48–9, 48–9

St Mary’s church, Halswell 281, 281

St Matthew’s church, Auckland 312–13, 313–14

Butterfield’s design 313, 313

St Michael and All Angels’ church, Christchurch 281, 282

St Paul’s cathedral, Wellington 110, 159–60, 161–2

St Peter’s church, Onehunga 53, 157, 158

St Stephen’s chapel, Judges Bay 46, 46, 47, 49, 50, 53, 63

rebuilt 1856 56

St Thomas’s church, Tamaki 46, 47–8, 47, 50, 63

Te Waimate CMS wooden station buildings 50, 53, 191, 245, 245

see also Māori people; Melanesian Mission

Newfoundland, Canada

Feild’s ‘church ship’ 187, 188

interdenominational rivalry 228–30

wooden church design 14, 144, 145–50, 156

Oderin timber mission church 146, 147

Petty Harbour 148

Placentia Bay design 149

Queen’s College (training college), St John’s 42, 145, 331

St Andrew’s church, Brooklyn 304, 305

St James’s church, Carbonear 304

St John the Baptist’s cathedral, St John’s 91–7, 92–7, 99–100, 101, 129, 143, 228–30, 230

St John the Evangelist, Topsail 304

St Mary’s church, St John’s 149–50, 149

St Peter’s church, Portugal Cove 146, 147

St Saviour’s church, Hermitage 402n.170

Newman, John Henry 10, 12, 72, 79, 113

and St Mary’s church, Littlemore 58–9

Newman, Rev. William A. 208, 210–11, 220

Nicholls, Thomas 360, 362

Nixon, Anna Maria 39

Nixon, Francis Nixon, bishop of Tasmania (1803–1879) 33, 41, 43, 45, 73, 83

aesthetic sensibility and architecture in Tasmania 38–9

and model for church design 64–5, 65

and resistance from Evangelical Anglicans 248–9

rivalry for authority with Catholic Church 232, 234

Nockles, Peter 72, 73, 352

non-Christian spaces in African churches 172–84, 175–6

Nonconformism 1, 200

Anglican response to threat in Britain 344–50

‘common Christianity’ in Australia 34, 67, 237

interdenominational rivalry in colonies 236–43, 281, 290

architectural contrasts 238–41, 239–42, 243

and mission in Ireland 352

in South Africa 207

utilitarian architecture 238, 239–40

Norfolk Island 282

St Andrew’s College 285

St Barnabas’s church (Patteson Memorial chapel) 286–9, 287–9, 317

Norman (Romanesque) style

applicability for church design in colonies 23, 24, 25, 31, 32–3, 35–6, 66

and ‘civilisational’ perspective to church building 23, 24, 25, 31, 36, 38

scholarship on 432

Normandy, France: Than church 25, 25, 32

North America

‘carpenter Gothic’ style 144

Christ Church (‘Old North’), Boston 16, 18

classical church designs 16, 18, 79

early dioceses in 22

English models for churches 60

failure to establish Church presence and loss of colonies 2, 6–7

resistance to appointment of bishops 2

status of Church of England in 227

Wills’s church designs 89

see also Canada (British North America); Pennsylvania; Virginia

Norway: stave churches 144, 144

Nova Scotia, Canada

appointment of bishops 2, 22

St Luke’s cathedral, Halifax 253

St Paul’s church, Halifax 18, 18

Oakden, Percy 276

Ontario (Upper Canada)

Christ Church, Brampton (design) 303, 303

Christ Church, Hamilton 18

Church of St Alban the Martyr, Ottawa 298, 299

Church of St John the Baptist, Lyn 298

Church of the Ascension, Hamilton 302, 302

Metropolitan Methodist church 240, 242

New Baptist church, Port Hope 240

St Bartholomew’s church, Ottawa 298

St George’s church, Kingston 18

St Georges church, Newcastle 303

St Paul’s church, Almonte 298

St Peter’s church, Thorold 143

Toronto

Jarvis Street [Baptist] church 240

St Andrew’s Presbyterian church 241, 243

St James the Less funeral chapel 300–1, 300–1, 303

St James’s cathedral 79–80, 80–1, 228

St Paul’s, Yorkville 303, 304

St Peter’s church, Carleton Street 59, 298, 298

St Stephen-in-the-Fields 59, 298, 299

open-air preaching 225

cultural and climatic adaptation 176, 177

‘home’ missions in England 344

Selwyn’s ‘Church Tent’ 27–8, 29–30, 50, 153, 176, 344

Spanish missionaries in Latin America 176

orientation in colonial churches 186, 188–9, 189

Orkney: St Magnus’s cathedral, Kirkwall 92, 93–4, 94

ornament in colonial churches 225–6, 297

carvings 170, 190, 191, 259, 261

nature and symbolism 193–6, 225

Ottery St Mary, Devon: St Mary’s church 86, 86

Oxford

Cuddesdon College 326–7

Magdalen College tower as model 75, 259

Natural History Museum 164, 196

see also Iffley; Littlemore

Oxford Architectural Society 12, 19, 22, 27, 38, 50, 366

advice on adaptation and acclimatisation 125, 126–7, 128, 129–30, 143

timber in cold climates 144, 145

colonial clergy as members 81, 152, 209

models for colonial designs 14, 59, 60, 91

casts and model of church at Iffley 26, 66, 66

lessons from ‘home’ missions 349–50

Rules and Proceedings 14, 57, 185

on St Peter’s church in Melbourne 273–4

G. G. Scott as member 91

Oxford Movement 11, 12, 351

architectural influence and models for churches 58

influence on Broughton in Australia 31

influence on Medley 81–2

Irish sympathisers 352

see also Tractarianism

Oxford Society for Promoting the Study of Gothic Architecture 14

Pacific islands

missions and architecture 282–9

see also Hawai’i

Pakenham, Very Rev. Henry (1787–1863) 354

Palmer, William 373n.57

parish churches see models for ecclesiastical architecture in colonies: English parish churches

parish system and population expansion in Britain 341–2, 345

Parker, J. H. 60, 61

Parker, James 50

pattern books 15, 60, 259

Patterson, Rev. J. L. 144

Patteson, John Coleridge (‘Coley’), first bishop of Melanesia (1827–1871) 43, 53, 169, 284–6, 284, 324, 346

memorial chapel on Norfolk Island 286–9, 287–9, 317

Pearson, John Loughborough (1817–1897) 136, 270, 312

Pelham-Clinton, Henry (5th Duke of Newcastle) 7

Pennsylvania, North America

Christ Church, New Brighton 60

Christ Church, Philadelphia 16, 18

Perpendicular style 75, 76, 77, 98, 149, 259, 262

Perry, Charles, bishop of Melbourne (1807–1891) 13, 33, 41, 42, 72, 227, 344

Church constitution 255, 256

lack of funds for church building 272

Low church tendencies 274–5, 276

prefabricated iron churches 164, 165

views on Church and State 255, 414n.28

Petit, John Louis 25, 31, 53, 53, 60

Petrie, George (1790–1866) 354

pew rents 80, 91, 252, 255, 257

and class divisions 249–50, 276

and laity as stake-holders 307–8

Phillpotts, Henry, bishop of Exeter (1778–1869) 81, 345, 346, 416n.86

physical stamina and colonial clergy 42–3, 329–30

piecemeal approach to building 47, 98, 380n.84

Feild and building of St John the Baptist cathedral 93, 95

St David’s cathedral, Hobart 118–19, 122

St Philip’s mission church, Grahamstown 224, 412n.152

Piggin, Stuart 247

Piggot, Rev. George 129, 130, 295, 297

plants and tropical architecture 133, 195, 196, 197

plate and decoration 190–1, 192, 234, 275

Pocock, J. G. A. 368, 435, 436

Polding, J. B., archbishop of Sydney (1794–1877) 231–2

politics

Anglicanism as English Church 204–6

Anglicanism’s place in Ireland 350–1, 362

architecture and episcopal independence 255, 256

of missionary work 203–4, 226, 282, 284, 327–8, 365–6

‘home’ missions and stabilisation of working classes 341

role of church and architecture in South Africa 206–25

see also imperial ‘mission’; State and Church

polychromy

Blacket’s designs 264

Butterfield’s designs 314

St Peter’s cathedral, Adelaide 112–13, 113, 114

Canadian architecture 298, 300, 303, 304

and conservative taste in Australia 264–5

designs for Crimean War Memorial church 171

Hunt’s designs 267

Scott’s design for St James the Great, Calcutta 294

White’s designs 222, 310

population issues

expansion and need for ‘home’ missions 341–2

movements

and church building in colonies 41

‘home’ mission and migratory labour 349

and parochial system in England 341–2, 345

porches and orientation 188–9

portable churches

and ‘home’ missions in Britain 349

in New Zealand 27–9, 29–30, 50, 153

Portuguese missionary architecture 126, 127

post-colonial theory 368, 432

Pownall, F. H. 344

prefabricated churches

export of stone buildings 168

iron churches 157, 159–60, 159, 163–4, 164

Presbyterianism

architectural styles 238, 240–1, 240, 243, 243

Church of Scotland 5

and interdenominational rivalry in colonies 236–7, 281

and mission in Ireland 352

models for colonial churches 15

‘primitive’ architecture

in Canada 41, 86, 156, 300

and natural landscape 50, 146–7, 159

parallels with early Church 41, 156, 173

Prince Edward Island, Canada: St Peter’s church (later cathedral), Charlottetown 253, 253

Protestantism 200

embrace of Gothic architecture 238

European churches and mission work I

Irish clergy in colonies 351

opposition to Tractarianism in Ireland 352

and rivalry with Catholic Church in Canada 228–30, 351

see also Anglicanism; Nonconformism; Presbyterianism

Prothero, R. E. 10

‘providential nationalism’ 6, 82, 343

Pugin, A. C. 25, 25, 61, 61, 75

Pugin, Augustus Welby Northmore (1812–1852) 13, 18, 38, 91, 152, 187, 224

designs for Roman Catholic churches in Australia and Tasmania 233, 234, 235

and incompatibility of classical architecture and ‘true Christian principles’ 254

influence on colonial architects 271

and models for colonial churches 58, 60, 61, 61

St Wilfrid’s, Manchester 92, 94

and spiritual effect of Gothic architecture 238

Purcell, James 91, 92, 92

Pusey, Edward Bouverie (1800–1882) 6, 9, 12, 13, 71, 81

Quebec, Canada

appointment of bishops 2, 22

interdenominational rivalry 228

Christ Church cathedral, Montreal 88, 89, 90, 91, 143, 196, 196, 258

Holy Trinity church, Quebec City 18, 19

St George’s church, Lennoxville (design) 303, 304

Queen’s Letter fund 229–30

Queensland, Australia

Brisbane cathedral design 114, 116–18, 116–17, 134–5, 136, 139

St Andrew’s church, Lutwyche 163, 165

St Augustine’s church, Leyburn 163

racial segregation in South Africa 219

rain in tropics and adaptation 128–9

Raymond, W. O. 82–3

Reed, Joseph 276

reform and Church of England and cathedrals 70–1

and expansion into ‘World Church’ 9

and Irish bishoprics 9, 351, 357

and legal status at home and abroad 227–8, 255–6

Tractarianism and liturgical reform 11, 12, 22, 276

resources

and acclimatisation 129

constraints on expansion abroad 22, 41, 122, 143, 152–3, 272, 317

and interdenominational rivalry 228–30, 231–2, 232–4, 237, 276

reference sources in colonies 60–1, 75, 212, 259, 300, 366–7

see also funding; labour; materials

Richardson, Douglas 150

Rickman, Thomas 61

Ritualism 12

‘ritualism riots’ 343

rivalry see sectarianism

Robe, Lieutenant-Colonel F. H. 34, 317

Robertson, Henry 246

Robertson, Rev. R. 173–4, 176, 176, 177, 344

Robuck, J. A. 434

Roe, Henry 354

Rolle, Lord 345–6

Roman Catholic Church 1, 4, 200, 370n.8

anti-Catholic sentiment in colonies 228

cathedral building in colonies 78, 80, 261

Catholic Emancipation in Britain 232, 352

church building in antipodes 232–4

and ‘home’ mission work 327

‘inculturation’ in missionary lands 126

interdenominational rivalry abroad 12–13, 31, 41, 67, 77–8, 228–34, 236–7, 276

Broughton in Australia 232–4, 261

in Canada 228–30, 351

in South Asia 292

re-establishment of hierarchy in England 326

Romanesque style see Norman (Romanesque) style

Rowlandson, Thomas: A Church Service 11

Rowley, Rev. Henry 172, 344, 353

Royal Supremacy doctrine 232, 255

Ruprich-Robert, Victor (1820–1887) 432

Ruskin, John 50, 87, 112, 118, 157, 224, 289

on Gothic architecture as natural motif 188

on Gothic as ‘national style’ 200

on Gothic and northern landscape 95

and influence of Italian architecture 171

on ornament 193–4, 195

‘The Nature of Gothic’ 153

The Seven Lamps of Architecture 45, 128, 195

The Stones of Venice 114, 171, 193

on use of iron 164

‘rustic ecclesiology’ 153

‘sacramentality’ and symbolism 186, 225

Said, Edward 432

Saint, Andrew xii

St George’s Mission, London 343–4

St Helena, St Paul’s cathedral 402n.170

St Kitts, Caribbean: St George’s church, Basseterre 137–9, 138–9, 189–90, 291

St Patrick’s Ecclesiological Society 354

Salvin, Anthony 26, 35, 129

Sarawak 317

St Thomas’s cathedral, Kuching 160, 162, 163–4, 198

Saskatchewan, Canada 305–6

Holy Trinity church, Stanley Mission 306, 306

Schlenther, Boyd Stanley 2, 9

schools

chapel-schools and Mission House Scheme 347–8, 348

St Columba’s in Ireland 353

see also educational institutions; training colleges

Sconce, Rev. Robert K. 245

Scott, George Gilbert (1811–1878) xiii, 14, 61, 145, 156, 200, 203, 312, 359

Afghan Memorial church design 295

background and colonial sympathies 91

break with imitation 91

colonial cathedrals 91–110

Christ Church, Christchurch 91, 100, 102–3, 103–10, 105–9, 188, 364

Holy Trinity, Shanghai 109, 294, 294, 295

St John the Baptist, Newfoundland 92–7, 93–7, 99–100, 101, 143

St Michael and St George, Grahamstown 91, 97–100, 98–9, 101, 108

devotion to medieval architecture 91

ecclesiological approach 91, 198, 321

on English Gothic as ‘national’ style 200–1

and iron as material 164

and nature and ornament 194, 195–6

St Alban’s, Muswellbrook, Australia design 317, 318–19, 319–20

St James the Great, Calcutta design 293–5

St Michael and All Angels church, Leafield, Oxon 271, 271

timber designs 104, 104–6, 106–7, 152, 280

Scott, George Gilbert, Jr. (1839–1897) 95, 97

Scott, John Oldrid (1841–1913) 100, 143

Scott, T. S. 89

Scott, Rev. Thomas (1747–1821) 91

Scott, Rev. Thomas Hobbes 31

Scott, Rev. William 43, 92, 128, 133, 168–9

‘On Wooden Churches’ 144–5, 150, 187

on symbolism of church architecture 187, 195

Seeker, Thomas, archbishop (1693–1768) 3

sectarianism 227–56

and constraints on expansion abroad 22, 228–9

interdenominational rivalry 12–13, 31, 41, 77–8, 219, 228–43, 281, 290

Anglican response to Nonconformist threat in Britain 344–50

with Roman Catholic Church 12–13, 31, 41, 67, 77–8, 228–34, 236–7, 261, 276, 292, 351

in South Asia 292

see also Low Church: rivalry between ‘High’ and ‘Low’ Anglicans

Seeley, J. R. 435

Selsley, Gloucestershire: All Saints’ church 121, 321

Selwyn, George Augustus, first bishop of New Zealand (1809–1878) 23, 30, 38, 41, 43, 73, 191, 326, 346

apostolic succession and necessity for cathedrals 82–3

appreciation of indigenous culture 170, 191–2, 287

approach to church building in New Zealand 22–31, 69, 106

challenges of environment 46–56

Church Fund and approval of designs 238

design and building of St John’s College 31, 50–3, 51–2, 54, 60, 331

designs to withstand winds 56, 56

‘industrial system’ and prefabricated churches 156–7

interest in Māori architecture 170

models for church design 23–31, 35, 53, 56, 57, 62–4, 66

‘Selwyn Gothic’ style of construction 53, 156–7

use of ‘Church Tent’ 27–8, 29–30, 50, 153, 176, 344, 350

use of connections at home 367

background 22–3, 35, 367

conflict with Low tendencies and CMS clergy 243–5

defence of cathedrals 12, 71, 72

defence of Māori rights 219–20, 220

departing sermon at Exeter 29, 72, 82–3, 188

and Feild 93

and interdenominational rivalry 237–8

manliness and sporting prowess 43

and Medley 81

and Melanesian Mission 282–4, 287

on missionary as colonial pioneer 218, 284

and natural landscape 49–50, 49, 159

return and see at Lichfield cathedral 324, 324

sketches for ‘Collegiate Institution’ 29, 31

‘Tomatin Cathedral’ 26, 27

visit to Sydney 32, 77

Selwyn, Sarah 47, 53, 192

settler communities

Gray’s ‘collegiate institution’ in South Africa 212–13, 213

Irish migrants 42, 230, 351

kinship with Britain 434

laxity and Low tendencies 205–6, 243, 253

‘common Christianity’ in Australia 34, 67, 237

and ministrations of Anglican church in colonies 1, 2, 8–9, 28, 184, 244, 368

and Selwyn’s sense of justice 219–20

see also Canterbury Settlement, New Zealand

Sewell, James Edwards 209

Sewell, Rev. William 209, 353

Seychelles: St Paul’s cathedral, Victoria (Mahé) 317

Seymour, Edward Roe 354

Shanghai: Holy Trinity cathedral 109, 294–5, 294

Shapcote, Rev. Edward Gifford 344

Sharpe, Edmund 60–1, 259

ships

as emblem of church 187

as spaces for churches 26, 27, 187, 188

Short, Augustus, bishop of Adelaide (1802–1883) 33–6, 33, 43, 83, no, 114, 412n.160

Church constitution 255, 256

design and building of churches 34–6, 38, 316

constraints on resources 317

rivalry for authority with Catholic Church 232, 237

rivalry between High and Low church factions 248

Simeon, Charles 246

simplicity of designs 143, 146–7, 168–9, 306, 367

cathedrals 92, 98–9, 110

unfavourable contrast with Catholic church in Ceylon 228

St Augustine’s College architecture and ethos 333–4, 336–7, 339–40

see also Norman (Romanesque) style; ‘primitive’ architecture

Singapore: St Andrew’s cathedral 168, 168

‘slab churches’ 153

Slater, William (1818/19–1872) 190, 310, 315–17, 321

Adelaide cathedral design 315–17, 316

Crimean War Memorial church entry 171, 177, 315

designs for iron churches 164, 164, 167

Honolulu cathedral 110, 168, 177–8, 179, 182, 289–91, 290–1

Irish churches 350

St Feidhlimidh cathedral, Kilmore 357–8, 357–9, 368

St George’s, Basseterre, St Kitts 137–9, 138–9, 291

Sarawak designs 317

slums and ‘home’ missions in England 327, 341–50

Smannell, Hampshire: Christ Church 222, 223

Smith, Rev. J. Newton 343

Smith, Thornley 238, 239

Snettisham, Norfolk: St Mary’s church 84, 85–6, 89, 120

snow and adaptation 143, 298, 300

Societas Sanctae Crucis (Society of the Holy Cross) 344

Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK) 1–2, 3, 366

Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG) 1–2, 202–3, 323, 366

church designs for colonies 92

Norman style 32–3

and Colonial Bishoprics’ Fund 3–4, 10

focus on British emigrants 9

and global Anglicanism 435

internal dissent among missionaries 169

missionary map of the world xx, 5

prefabricated iron churches 164

quality and selection of candidates for colonial posts 42, 43

Tractarian persuasion of clergy 10–11, 12–13

Wilberforce and politics of missionary work 203–4

Sohmer, Sara 169, 288

Soley, Stuart 276

Solomon Islands 282

Soria, Martin 431–2

South Africa

cathedrals 73, 98–100

‘Colenso affair’ 417–18n.111

and imperial ‘mission’ 7, 9, 206–25

Anglican apathy 207–8

and church building 217–25, 308

interdenominational rivalry 207, 238

mature phase of Anglican architecture 308–10

models and patterns for churches 15–16, 61, 62

out-dated styles 308

parish churches and Grays’ designs 211–12, 212, 213, 214–17, 217, 308

open-air preaching 176, 177, 225

reaction against classical architecture 254–5

synodical action in 256

Armstrong Memorial chapel, Grahamstown 308, 309

Commemoration Methodist chapel, Grahamstown 238, 239

Holy Trinity church, Belvidere 213, 215

Holy Trinity church, Caledon 213, 214

Holy Trinity church, Kalk Bay 308, 309

St Bartholomew’s church, Grahamstown 308–9, 309

St George’s church, Grahamstown 97–8, 98

St George’s church, Knysna 213, 216, 217

St James’s, Graff-Reinet 61

St Luke’s Mission station church, Grahamstown 218, 219

St Mark’s cathedral church, George 61, 73, 98, 208, 209, 213

St Michael and St George cathedral, Grahamstown 91, 97–100, 98–101, 108

St Peter’s cathedral, Pietermaritzburg 61, 73, 213, 219

St Philip’s mission church, Fingo, Grahamstown 220–5, 221, 225, 238

Umlazi mission station church, Natal 173–4, 176, 218

see also Cape Town, South Africa; Gray, Robert

South African Church Magazine and Ecclesiastical Review 210–11, 219

South Asia missions and architecture 292–7

see also India

South Australia and Adelaide

Adelaide settlement 434

Church constitution 255

endowment of bishoprics 34, 43

High and Low church rivalry 248

pluralism and ‘common Christianity’ in 34, 237

Slater’s design for cathedral at Adelaide 315–17, 316

All Saints’ church, Hindmarsh 35–6, 37, 38

Christ church, North Adelaide 34, 35–6, 35–6

St George’s church, Magill 34

St Matthew’s mission church, Poonindie 36, 37, 38, 348

St Peter’s cathedral, Adelaide 196

Butterfield’s designs 110–13, 111–13, 114, 115

Trinity church, North Terrace, Adelaide 34, 34

Southwell minster, Nottinghamshire 110–11

Spanish missionary architecture 126, 127, 176

Speechley, Robert 107, 108, 326

‘speluncar’ designs

cold climates 129, 143, 150

hot climates 117, 127–8, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 271, 319–20

Spencer, Aubrey, bishop of Newfoundland (1795–1872) 91

sporting prowess of colonial clergy 42–3, 425n.34

Sri Lanka see Ceylon

stained glass 189, 286–7, 297

Staley, Thomas Nettleship, bishop of Honolulu (1823–1898) 289–91

Stalley, Roger 355

Stanton, Phoebe 89, 297, 432

State and Church

Church Acts in Australia and New Zealand 31, 233, 237–8

‘Erastianism’ 11–12, 71, 204, 255

funding

and Anglican independence 237–8, 252

and interdenominational rivalry 237–8, 276

and indifferent architecture 255

paternalist notion of church 203

politics of missionary work 203–4, 206–25, 226, 327–8, 365–6

and purity of Anglican colonies 103

reform and cathedrals 70–1

Royal Supremacy and status of bishops abroad 232, 255

synodical action and Anglican independence 255–6, 326

see also imperial ‘mission’; politics

stave churches in Norway 144, 144

Steere, Rev. Edward 172, 173, 182–4

stencilling as decoration 189, 190

Stevens, F. W. 142–3

stone buildings

‘bluestone’ in Victoria 241, 273, 276

cathedrals 86, 89, 91, 96, 143

dry-wall (‘cyclopean’) masonry 143

New Zealand 46–8, 50, 106–7, 129, 156

as preferred material for churches 114, 152–3, 168–9

case for ‘correctness’ of wooden churches 144–5, 187

export of stone buildings 168

vulnerability to climate 143–4, 149–50, 168

stone carving as decoration 190, 191, 193, 259, 261, 360, 362, 362

Storm, W. G. 300, 300–1

Strachan, John, bishop of Toronto (1778–1867) 18, 41, 60, 73, 78–80, 78, 228, 308

Street, G. E. (1824–1881) 14, 190, 270, 312, 344

and church extension at home 346

Crimean War Memorial church design 136, 137, 143, 171

and experimentation and innovation 112–13, 114, 270

Irish churches 350

restoration of Christ Church cathedral, Dublin 354–5, 356

St John the Evangelist, Carlton 321, 321

strength see masculinity: in architecture

Strong, Rowan xii, 6

Stuckey, Henry 34, 35

‘suffragen church’ 9, 368

Summerson, Sir John 432

Sumner, Archbishop 255

Suter, A. B., bishop of Nelson 162

Suter, R. G. 162–3

Sydney, Australia

Blacket’s ‘correct’ churches 258–61, 262

Broughton’s view of ‘godless’ character 230

conflict and Low church tendencies 245–8

early diocese 22

Christ Church, St Laurence 38, 60, 233, 246–7, 247

Holy Innocents’ church, Cabramatta 59, 59

St Andrew’s cathedral 31–2, 66–8, 67, 75–8, 76–7, 233, 234, 236

St Benedict’s Roman Catholic church 234, 235

St James’s church 15, 17, 244

St Mark’s church, Darling Point 259, 259, 262

St Mary’s Roman Catholic chapel (later cathedral) 233, 233, 234

St Patrick’s Roman Catholic church 234, 234, 261

St Paul’s church, Chippendale 259, 260–1

St Philip’s church, Church Hill 259, 261, 262, 264

St Silas’s church, Waterloo 267, 267

St Stephen’s, Newtown 262

symbolism and identity 185–226

identity and religion in High Anglican worldview 200–6

national identity and politics of missionary work 203–4, 206–25, 226, 308, 327–8, 366

see also decoration and symbolism; ornament in colonial churches

synods

and Anglican self-governance in England 326

in colonies 232, 255–6, 326

Syrian churches and narthex-type spaces 178, 179

Tabernacle and Selwyn’s ‘Church Tent’ 28–9, 153

Tanzania: ‘grass church’ at Newala 194

tapu (Māori notion of sacredness) 191

Tasmania 15, 33, 38–40

High and Low church rivalry 248–9

models for church design 64–5, 65, 314–15, 315

Church of St John the Baptist, Hobart 320–1, 322

Holy Trinity church, Launceston 197

St David’s cathedral, Hobart 118–22, 118–19, 121, 249

St David’s cathedral (Old St David’s), Hobart 15, 39, 119, 119

St George’s church, Hobart 249

St John the Baptist church, Prosser Plains 39–40, 39–40, 45, 59, 60, 188

St John’s church, Ross 271–2, 271

St Mary’s church, Hagley 314–15, 314–15

St Paul’s Roman Catholic church, Oatlands 234, 235

tattoos and Māori culture 191, 193

Taylor, Rev. William Henry (1820–1873) 306, 306

Te Rauparaha (c. 1768–1849) 169

temporary church structures 41, 246

‘Church Tent’ in New Zealand 27–9, 29–30, 50, 153, 176, 350

Feild’s ‘church ship’ 187, 188

and ‘home’ missions 343–4, 349

prefabricated iron churches 165

see also open-air preaching

tents as churches in New Zealand 27–9, 29–30, 50, 153, 176, 350

Terry, Leonard 272–3, 273, 274, 276, 278

Than church, Caen, Normandy 25, 25, 32

Thatcher, Rev. Frederick (1814–1890) 48, 51–3, 55, 150, 244, 314, 324, 324

St Paul’s cathedral, Wellington 110, 159–60, 161–2

Theed, William: Africa relief 7, 8

theology

and concept of development 113–14, 287–8

and Gorham Judgment in Tasmania 416n.86

mediation approach 288–9

Therry, Fr John Joseph 233

‘Third-Pointed’ style see Perpendicular style

Thomas, Mesac, bishop of Goulburn (NSW) (1816–1892) 262–3

Thomas, William Tutin 303–4

Thompson, Andrew 435

Thompson, Paul 114

Thompson, Peter 159, 159

Thomson, James 240–1

tile producers in colonies 189

timber buildings

in Canada 14, 50, 144, 145–52, 154, 156, 300

in cold climates 129, 144–52, 156, 300

and earthquake risk in New Zealand 50, 106

in New Zealand 46, 50–1, 51–2, 52, 53, 54–5, 56, 63, 144

instability and failure 279–80

G. G. Scott’s designs 104, 104–6, 106–7

Selwyn’s spiritual expression of labour 156–7, 159

prefabricated designs 156–7, 159–60

and spiritualism and symbolism 187–8

in tropical climates 160, 162–3

‘tin tabernacles’ 164–5

tithe barns and G. G. Scott’s designs 106, 152

Todd, Rev. J. H. 353, 354

Todd, W. G. 352

Toronto see under Ontario, Canada

Tozer, William, bishop of the UMCA (1829–1899) 155, 172, 173, 174, 193, 344

Tractarianism xii, 10–20

and apostolic succession 72–3, 79, 82–3, 352, 357

and ecclesiastical architecture 12, 13–20, 211

High Church asceticism and ‘primitive’ parallels 41, 93, 331, 367

‘home’ missions and ‘slum priests’ 343

links with clergy in Ireland 353, 355, 357

and liturgical reform 11, 12, 22, 276

Pusey and imperial ‘mission’ 6

resistance in Ireland 352

rivalry with Evangelical party in Anglican Church 10, 11–12, 73, 244, 245–6, 248, 252, 340

Trans for the Times 72, 353

see also Cambridge Camden Society; clergy: Tractarian persuasion; High Church; Oxford Architectural Society

trade and importance of colonies 9, 206, 207, 434

training colleges

in colonies 50–1

Melanesian Mission and St Andrew’s College 284, 285–6, 285–6

Queen’s College, St John’s, Newfoundland 42, 145, 331

training at home and St Augustine’s College 326, 328–40, 363

see also New Zealand: St John’s College

Transactions of the Cambridge Camden Society 14

Tremenheere, Captain C. W. 295–7

Trench, Richard Chenevix, archbishop of Dublin (1807–1886) 41, 354–5, 354

Trollope, Anthony 434

tropical and semi-tropical climates

adaptation and acclimatisation 126–43, 270–1

iron churches 165–6

susceptibility of stone 168

Tropical Pointed style 125–6, 127, 129, 131–3, 137, 140, 291, 295

use of timber 160, 162–3

cathedral building 110

plants and church ornament 195

Trubshawe, James (b. 1817) 142–3, 196

Truefitt, George 280, 303, 321

Turkey see Istanbul

Turner, James Francis, bishop of Armidale and Grafton (1829–1893) 266, 268–9

Turpin, Rev. William H. 224, 225, 344

Twells, Alison 341, 428n.118

Tyrrell, William, bishop of Newcastle (NSW) (1807–1879) 41, 43, 41, 317

Underwood, Henry (1804–1852) 58–9, 61, 213

United Church of England and Ireland 350

Universities’ Mission to Central Africa (UMCA) 41, 284, 344

approach to indigenous belief systems 169, 353

progressive approach to church architecture 172–4

church at Chicamas, Morambala 154–5, 155, 173, 174, 192–3, 368

‘grass churches’ 173, 193, 194

political and strategic role 207

symbolism and churches 192–3, 194

University of Cambridge

ecclesiastical designs 13

see also Cambridge Camden Society

Upjohn, Richard 156

Upton, Dell 433

urbanisation and need for ‘home’ missions 341–2

V-hut design in New Zealand 384n.179

Van Diemen’s Land see Tasmania

Vanuatu 282

Venn, Rev. Henry 170, 352

ventilation in tropical climates 128–9, 130–1, 132, 133, 134, 138, 270

see also ‘draught-admitting’ designs for tropics; ‘speluncar’ designs

via media and Anglican church 12, 200

Vickers, Charles 272, 273

Victoria, queen of Great Britain 7, 289–90

Victoria, Australia

‘bluestone’ churches 241, 273, 276

Church constitution 255

gold-digging communities 41, 272

lack of funds for church building 272

and prefabricated iron churches 164–5

High and Low church rivalry 248, 272

mature phase of Anglican architecture 272–6

Christ Church, Castlemaine 276

Christ Church, Daylesford 276, 278

Christ Church, Geelong 259, 261–2, 263, 273

Holy Trinity church, Ceres 276

St John’s church, Port Fairy 276, 278

St Mark’s church, Greendale 262

St Paul’s church, Bendigo 276

St Paul’s church, Geelong 276

St Peter’s, Ballarat 276, 278

see also Melbourne, Australia

Victorian architecture: geographical limits xiii

see also ‘High’ Victorian architecture

Viollet-le-Duc. Eugene 201, 405n.216

Virginia, North America

anticlericalism 2

Bruton parish church, Williamsburg 16, 17

Christ Church, Lancaster County 16

models for church design 16

St Luke’s, Newport, Isle of Wight County 16

Ware church, Gloucester County 16

Wailes, William 297

Wakefield, Edward Gibbon 438n.25

Wakeling, Christopher 238

Walden, Russell 49

Walsh, Rev. William Horatio (1812–1882) 46, 60, 246, 324, 331

on Blacket’s churches 258–9

ecclesiological outlook 38, 68, 193, 217

and Christ Church, St Laurence, Sydney 246–7

war and missionaries 3, 219, 289

Ward, W. G. 113

Wardell, William Wilkinson (1823–1899) 276, 277

Warner, Michael 433

Waters, Rev. H. 176

Watson, Joshua (1771–1855) 350

weather see climate

Webb, Benjamin 13, 68, 94, 112, 114, 321, 435

‘On the Adaptation of Pointed Architecture to Tropical Climates’ 126–7, 130, 131

Preface to Rationale divinorum officiorum 186, 194

Webb, Charles 274, 277

Welch, Pamela xii

Wesleyan missions 237, 238, 281

see also Methodist church

Westcott, Brooke F. 288, 403–4n.193

Western Australia: St Mary, Busselton 33, 33

Westfall, William 238

Westminster Abbey, London: consecration of colonial bishops 10, 10

whare karakia churches in New Zealand 170

Whately, Richard, bishop of Dublin (1787–1863) 351

White, Rev. Henry Master (1820–1892) 13, 60, 61, 208–9, 210, 219

and ‘collegiate institution’ in Cape Town 212–13

White, J. C.: model of St Andrew’s cathedral 66–8, 67

White, William (1825–1900) 114, 153, 171, 312

Christ Church, Smannell, Hampshire 222, 223

design for timber chapel at Woodlands near Cape Town 153, 213

designs for ‘collegiate institution’ in Cape Town 212–13, 213, 368

St Bartholomew’s church, Grahamstown 309, 310

St Michael and All Angels, Baldhu, Cornwall 346, 346

St Philip’s mission church, Grahamstown 220, 221, 222–3, 224

White, Rev. William Edward 266, 317

Whytehead, Rev. Thomas (1815–1843) 27, 41

Wilberforce, Samuel, bishop of Oxford (1805–1873) 10, 203, 274, 289–90, 380n.102

and Cuddesdon College, Oxford 326–7

home mission at Banbury 343

and missionary training 327

SPG and politics of missionary work 7–9, 203–4, 206–7

Wilcox, H. G. 296–7

Wild, James 129, 170–1, 171

wilderness

Canada and Gothic architecture 95

and Selwyn’s work in New Zealand 29, 31, 49–50, 49, 72, 159

as setting for churches in South Africa 217, 217

Williams, Rev. Edward 344

Williams, Rev. George (1814–1878) 354

Williams, Peter 380n.101

Williams, Samuel 169

Willis, Rev. Edward 327

Willis, Julie 370nn.16&17

Wills, Frank (1822–1856) 326, 346

Ancient English Ecclesiastical Architecture 156

Christ Church cathedral, Fredericton 83, 83, 85, 85, 86

Christ Church cathedral, Montreal 88, 89, 90

Grace Church, Albany, New York design 156

St Anne’s chapel, Fredericton 250, 297–8

Willson, E. J. 75

Willson, Fr R. W, Roman Catholic bishop of Tasmania (1794–1866) 234, 271

Wilson, Ann 357

Wilson, Daniel, bishop of Calcutta (1778–1858) 9, 72, 73–5, 162, 178, 292, 328

windows: architecture and acclimatisation 127, 128, 135–6, 137, 270

Wiseman, Cardinal Nicholas, archbishop of Westminster 232

Wollaston, Rev. J. R. (later archdeacon of W. Australia) 33

women

adverse effect in missionary training 330, 331

architectural contribution 61

segregation in Muslim countries 183–4

see also Gray, Sophia

Wood, Reader 285, 285

Woodcock, Rev. William J. 380n.81

wooden buildings see timber buildings; woodworking

Woods, E. J. 114

woodworking

decoration in colonial churches 189–90

Māori carving practices 24, 25, 170

models of churches 64, 64

teaching carpentry skills 156–7, 159, 337, 339

Woodyer, Henry 61, 106, 308, 309, 312

World history studies 431

Wray, C. G. 293–4, 294

Wren, Sir Christopher 16, 18

Wyatt, Frederick 276

Wythop church, Cumberland 347, 347

Yates, T. E. 244

Yonge, Charlotte 43, 285

Young, Thomas 79

Zanzibar: Christ Church cathedral (Slave Market church), Stone Town 168, 172–3, 173–5, 182–4

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