Index

as racialized, 4–6, 9–10, 115, 116, 122, 136–45, 151–60, 165–67, 170–77, 179, 183–87, 196–98, 222, 225. See also Daughters of the American Revolution

American Negro exhibit, 4, 9, 10, 157–63, 167, 168, 171, 177–79. See also Du Bois, W. E. B.; Johnston, Frances Benjamin; Paris Exposition, 1900

Ammons, Elizabeth, 202

Anderson, Benedict, 6, 254n.3, 260n.46

Anderson, John E.: The Modern Baby Book, 131

Anthony, Susan B., 251n.26

anthropometry, 31, 48, 73, 126. See also biological racialism

antimiscegenation laws, 149, 182, 197

appearance (exterior), 4, 61, 62, 64–68, 110, 213, 217

as commodified, 213, 214, 216

aristocracy, 62, 63, 65–67

and inheritance, 29, 44, 45

and whiteness, 141–143, 192, 194, 196

and womanhood, 19–22, 26–28, 65

Armstrong, Colonel Samuel Chapman, 168

Armstrong, Nancy, 65, 228n.4, 231n.19

Arthur, T. S., 14, 15, 94, 116

assimilation, 10, 151, 153, 172, 175, 177, 186, 225

Atget, 250n.78

aura, 52–57, 61, 67–69, 94, 132–134, 161, 238n.2, 249n.73. See also Benjamin, Walter; mechanical reproduction

Austen, Alice: “Trude and I Masked, Short Skirts 11 p.m., August 6, 1891,” 107, 109 (illus.)

author: as commodified, 215

authorship: as metaphor for production, 97–99, 101, 103

baby books, 130–32, 134, 135, 163

The Modern Baby Book, 130–131, 133, 134. See also family photography, baby pictures

Banta, Martha, 240nn.31, 36

Baym, Nina, 233n.35

Bederman, Gail, 253n.41, 263n.21

Benjamin, Walter, 3–5, 8, 51–54, 132–34, 206, 238n.2, 239n.20, 242nn.62, 63, 64, 246n.20, 249n.73, 250nn.78, 80, 267n.13, 268n.15.

Works: “A Small History of Photography,” 3. See also aura; mechanical reproduction

Berger, Maurice, 252n.30

Bertillon, Alphonse, 69–71, 89, 92, 104, 220.

Works: Identification Anthropométrique, Instructions Signalétiques, 72–74 (illus.), 82–84 (illus.). See also Bertillonage; criminology; signaletic notice

Bertillonage, 70–71, 72–84 (illus.), 85, 87 (illus.), 97, 104

and photographic mug shot, 69–71, 81 (illus.), 85 (illus.), 87, 92, 163. See also signaletic notice

biological racialism, 6, 8–10, 30, 31, 34, 36, 41–43, 45, 48–50, 86, 92, 129, 139, 141, 146–49, 151, 159, 162, 167, 188, 194, 199, 201, 204, 205, 222, 264n.31

challenges to, 194, 199, 201, 204, 205, 264n.31. See also eugenics

biracial characters in literature, 10, 188–94, 199, 220, 262n.6. See also interracial reproduction

biracial individuals, 33, 34, 36, 39, 181, 188, 224, 261n.57. See also interracial reproduction

Blackmar, Frank W: “The Smoky Pilgrims,” 130

blackness, 92, 190, 194

blood: and American identity, 136–45, 151, 174, 176, 179, 186

and class, 8, 29, 30, 40, 41, 44, 45, 65, 142, 147, 205

and heredity, 39, 42, 48, 49, 137, 139, 174, 188, 195, 198, 199, 200

“one drop” racial identity laws, 92, 180, 189, 194, 225, 261nn.54, 57

and race, 6, 8–10, 29–32, 34, 39–42, 44, 45, 48, 116, 122, 132, 134, 137, 139–45, 147, 148, 150, 151, 163, 174, 176, 179, 186, 188, 189, 194, 196–202, 205

Blumin, Stuart, 28, 229n.4

Bobo, Jacqueline, 169

body: as surface sign, 4–6, 11, 48–50, 54, 55, 60, 69, 71, 73, 86, 92, 93, 96, 103, 162, 163, 179, 189, 198, 203

Bowlby, Rachel, 95, 96, 97, 99, 212, 266n.5, 268n.17

Brady, Mathew, 163, 186; passim

and Daguerrean Gallery 4, 116

and “Illustrious Americans,” 161, 165, 166 (illus.), 167, 171, 183, 184, 259n.41.

Works: Gallery of Illustrious Americans 165. See also daguerreotype; daguerreotypy

Broca, Paul, 73

Brodhead, Richard H., 233n.35

Brooks, Kristina, 262n.6

Brooks, Peter, 229n.6

Brown, Gillian, 11, 12

Bruce, Dickson D., Jr., 263nn. 20, 22

Butler, Judith, 4, 101, 104, 111, 259n.43

Byrnes, Thomas, 4, 70.

Works: Professional Criminals of America, 70

Caldwell, Charles, 33, 48, 235n.7

Calloway, Thomas J., 159

Camera Notes, 57, 61

Campbell, Charles, 233n.35

Carby, Hazel, 9, 39, 146, 189, 194, 251n.20, 262n.6

Cartwright, Samuel A., 34

Castiglione, Countess de, 97, 98–100 (illus.), 101, 102–3 (illus.), 104, 105, 110, 111 (illus.)

character: and class, 43–45, 54, 124, 196

as inherited, 29, 30, 39, 41–45, 47–49, 124, 125, 129, 130, 140, 141, 195, 196

national, 6, 138, 140, 141, 145, 158, 160, 163, 165, 167, 171, 172, 175, 176, 179, 184, 186–88

as racialized, 5, 6, 10, 29, 30, 42–44, 48–50, 92, 124, 125, 127, 129, 130, 134, 137, 139, 140, 145, 148, 160, 163, 165, 167, 171, 172, 187, 188, 195, 196, 198, 199, 202. See also eugenics; interiority

city, 208, 210, 212, 267n.9

civilization: and race, 33, 48, 148, 155, 161, 198, 202, 203, 205, 263n.21

class: and conflict, as gendered, 21, 23, 28

and gender roles, 23–25

and mobility, 62, 65, 67, 68, 171. See also aristocracy; middle class; middle-class identity

colonial desire, 181, 183, 190–93

Colored American Magazine, 10, 187, 189. See also Hopkins, Pauline

color line, 129, 180, 181, 189, 194, 197, 201, 205

commodification: and agency, 206, 210, 213, 220, 221

of self, 10, 65, 209, 211–19

of women, 96, 97, 107, 110, 206, 209–13, 215–17, 221. See also commodity; consumer culture

commodity, 95–97, 107, 207, 211, 215, 220, 221

clothing as 212, 219

as empathetic, 206, 217, 218

and reification, 209

as spectacle, 208, 209. See also commodification; consumer culture

commodity capitalism, 4, 63, 101, 110, 207, 221. See also commodity; consumer culture

conspicuous consumption: and class distinctions, 208, 212, 266n.4

and gender, 206, 213–215, 219, 220. See also consumer culture; consumption

Veblen, Thorstein

consumer, 95, 97, 99, 213

woman as, 96, 206, 210, 211, 215, 221, 266n.3. See also consumer culture

consumer culture, 95–97, 206–212, 215, 219–221, 268n.17. See also commodity; conspicuous consumption; consumer; consumption

consumption, 95, 207, 208, 210, 212, 270n.39

as gendered, 97, 209, 221, 266n.6. See also conspicuous consumption; consumer culture

Cooper, Anna Julia, 9, 142–44, 150, 151, 153, 155, 156, 170, 251nn.20, 24, 252n.27.

Works: A Voice from the South, 142

copyright law, 99, 101

Core, E. B.: “Getting Good Pictures of Children,” 118

Corkin, Stanley, 267n.9, 268n.23, 269n.32, 270n.39

Cox, J. Randolph, 194

Crane, Stephen, 216

craniology, 31, 32, 48. See also biological racialism

Crary, Jonathan, 7

criminology, 71, 85, 86, 92, 93, 148. See also Bertillon, Alphonse; Bertillonage; Lombroso, Cesare; signaletic notice

Croly, David Goodman, 34

Cyclone camera, 113, 114 (illus.), 118, 120

Daguerre, Louis-Jacques-Mandé, 13. See also daguerreotype; daguerreotypy

daguerreotype, 8, 11–13, 14 (illus.), 15, 24, 25, 42, 47–50, 55, 94, 116, 117, 161, 165, 166 (illus.)

anxieties surrounding, 13–19

as map of interiority, 48

as “mirror with a memory,” 13. See also Brady, Mathew; daguerreotypy; “The Magnetic Daguerreotypes”

daguerreotypy, 4, 8, 11, 13, 14, 48, 49, 51, 53, 94, 115, 116, 117, 132

as gendered, 15. See also daguerreotype; photography

Darwin, Charles, 42, 242n.53

Dash, Julie, 115, 246n.7

Daughters of the American Revolution, 9, 136–145, 151, 225, 250n.8, 251n.11

eligibility debates, 9, 137–140

and women of color, 138, 142, 250n.8. See also American identity

Davenport, Charles, 124, 130

Davenport, Gertrude C.: “Hereditary Crime,” 124

Davidson, Cathy N., 230nn.12, 13, 238nn.49, 55

Debord, Guy, 267n.15

De Bow’s Review, 34

Delany, Martin, 264n.31

department store, 95, 105, 207, 208, 211, 267n.8. See also consumer culture

Diawara, Manthia, 169

Doane, Mary Ann, 96, 104, 169, 189, 258n.35, 261n.57

double consciousness, 200, 254n.2

double mimesis, 104, 105, 107, 108, 110

Douglass, Frederick, 46, 47, 144, 145, 264n.42.

Works: “Why Is the Negro Lynched?” 145

Doyle, Laura, 236n.31, 237n.42, 247nn.31, 32, 250n.6, 251n.13, 253n.51

Dreiser, Theodore, 210, 219

and Every Month, 215.

Works: Sister Carrie, 10, 206–9, 212–18, 220, 221, 266n.6, 267n.9, 268n.22, 269nn.30, 32, 33, 270n.45

Dryden, Edgar A., 230–31n.18, 231n.21

Du Bois, W.E.B., 10, 159, 168, 187, 199, 253n.42, 254n.2, 261n.55, 265n.51

photograph albums compiled by, 157, 158, 161–63, 167, 177–86, 220, 255n.16, 261nn.57, 60.

Works: “The Conservation of Races,” 157, 179, 198

Negro Life in Georgia, U.S.A., 177

The Souls of Black Folk, 200

Types of American Negroes, Georgia, U.S.A., 177–79, 180–183 (illus.), 185 (illus.), 220

duCille, Ann, 189, 254n.55, 262n.6

Dyer, Richard, 135, 169, 190, 258n.34

Eastman, George, 118, 120

Eby, Clare Virginia, 266n.3, 267n.9, 268n.22, 269n.37, 270n.44

Egypt, 202, 203, 264n.42

whitening of, 203, 265n.43

whitening of, challenges to, 203. See also Egyptology

Egyptology, 31, 32, 48, 203. See also biological racialism

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 236–37n.37

essence. See interiority

ethnology, 31, 32. See also biological racialism

eugenics, 9, 10, 41–45, 48–50, 92, 93, 112, 115–17, 122, 124–37, 139–41, 143, 146–48, 151, 155, 159, 160, 162–65, 167, 170–72, 179, 182–84, 186, 188, 191, 194–99, 202–5, 222, 224, 225, 245n.5, 247nn.31, 32, 249n.64, 250n.6, 251n.13, 253n.51, 261n.60

and baby pictures, 9, 115, 124–27, 131–35, 179

challenges to, 162, 167, 171, 172, 182, 184, 186, 188, 191, 194–99, 202–05

and composite photographic portraiture, 86–87, 88 (illus.), 89, 90 (illus.), 91 (illus.), 92, 162–63, 164 (illus.), 165, 189, 222, 224, 249n.65

and controlled breeding, 43, 125, 127, 129, 139, 160

and family photography, 162, 163, 179, 203, 224

and heredity, 43–45, 124–27, 132, 139–41, 194, 195, 202

and middle-class ideology, 44, 45, 135

and photography, 48–50, 130, 183, 184, 186, 261n.60

and sterilization, 129. See also Galton, Francis

eugenics societies, U.S.A.: American Eugenics Society, 130

Cold Spring Harbor Research Laboratory, 130

Eugenics Committee of America, 129

Eugenics Record Office, 124

New York Galton Society, 124. See also eugenics; Galton, Francis

Every Month, 215

Evrie, John H. Van, 34

expositions: Columbian World Exposition (1893), 158, 159, 160, 255nn.6, 13

Cotton States and International Exposition (1895), 158, 159

and living ethnic displays, 159, 160, 161

London Crystal Palace Exposition (1851), 161

Nashville Centennial Exposition (1897), 159

Paris Exposition (1889), 160. See also Paris Exposition (1900)

family: African American, 143, 151–53, 177, 197

middle-class, 6, 28, 94, 118, 120, 122, 142, 151, 207

white, 143, 207. See also family photography; middle class

family photography, 9, 116–118, 119 (illus.), 120, 121 (illus.), 122–25, 131–35, 151, 163, 170, 177, 246n.20, 247n.28, 260n.46

African American, 151, 170, 177 (see also family records, African American)

baby pictures, 9, 113, 114 (illus.), 115–18, 120–25, 131–35 (see also eugenics, and baby pictures)

family photograph album, 4, 6, 52, 113, 115, 116, 118, 125, 130–35, 163, 246n.20, 260n.46

and “Getting Good Pictures of Children,” 118

and “Photographing Children at Home,” 120, 121. See also eugenics, and family photography

family records: African American, 151–154

Family Record, 152, 154 (illus.)

Freedman’s National and Family Record, 151, 152 (illus.). See also family photography, African American

fashion, 95, 96, 105, 107, 212, 213. See also consumer culture

Fern, Fanny. See Willis, Sara Payson Parton

fingerprints, 70

Fisher, Philip, 212, 217, 267n.9

flaneur, 268n.15

flaneuse, 268n.15

Foucault, Michel, 7, 135, 220, 241n.49

Fredrickson, George, 235n.7

Free Speech, 149. See also Wells, Ida B.

Frissell, Hollis Burke, 168

Fusco, Coco, 169

Gaines, Jane, 97, 99, 169, 259n.36

Gaines, Kevin, 264n.31

Gallagher, Susan Van Zanten, 234n.35

Galton, Francis, 4, 87 (illus.), 184 (illus.), 243n.68, 245n.5, 248n.55

and composite photographic portraiture, 86–87, 88 (illus.), 89, 90 (illus.), 91 (illus.), 92, 162–63, 164 (illus.), 165, 189, 222, 224, 249n.65

and eugenics, 9, 42–44, 48, 49, 115, 116, 125–35, 139, 140, 151, 160, 162–65, 167, 179, 183, 184, 186, 188, 195, 198, 199, 202, 222, 224, 249n.64, 261n.60.

Works: Hereditary Genius, 127, 129, 139

The Life History Album, 125–27, 128 (illus.), 130, 131, 133, 163, 179

Record of Family Faculties, 125, 126, 130, 131, 133, 151, 163. See also eugenics

Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., 261n.60

gaze, 7, 17, 108, 168, 172, 230n.17, 241n.49

as class prerogative, 20, 27

as entranced, 207–10, 218–21

as masculine, 8, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 20, 46, 96, 97, 105, 107, 110, 111, 156, 169, 190, 191, 194, 204, 206, 207, 209, 210–21

men and the male body as objects of, 192, 193, 213, 214

as mesmerizing, 8, 11, 21, 22, 105, 204, 209

“oppositional gaze,” 178, 259n.36

as penetrating and prying, 8, 12, 16, 18, 19, 22, 24, 27, 105, 204, 209

of the public, 26, 27, 47

as racialized, 169, 170, 182, 190, 191, 194, 207, 258n.35, 259n.36

as voyeuristic, 16, 18, 19

as white supremacist, 8, 10, 169, 178, 258n.34

of women, 18, 21, 28, 104, 169, 182, 211, 213, 257n.31

women as objects of, 17, 18, 26, 27, 46, 96, 191, 192, 207, 211–21

Gelfant, Blanche H., 266n.3, 268n.22

genealogical societies: National Society of New England Women, 136

Order of Descendants of Colonial Governors, 136

Society of Colonial Dames, 136

Society of Mayflower Descendants, 136. See also Daughters of the American Revolution

Gillman, Susan, 198, 202, 260n.54, 263n.29

Gilman, Charlotte Perkins: “The Yellow Wall-Paper,” 148

Gilman, Sander L., 188

Gilmore, Michael T., 232n.35

Gilroy, Paul, 261n.55, 264nn.31, 42, 265n.44

Ginzberg, Lori, 232n.30

Gliddon, George, 32, 49, 203.

Works: Ancient Egypt, 203

Goddard, Henry: The Kallikak Family, 124, 130

Goddu, Teresa, 231n.26, 234n.2

Godey’s Lady’s Book, 94, 105, 108 (illus.), 113, 116, 244n.3

Goodenough, Florence L.: The Modern Baby Book, 131

Green, David, 44, 45

Griffin, Susan M., 229n.5

Hale, Sarah Josepha, 244n.3

Halttunen, Karen, 229n.7

Hampton Institute, 10, 157, 161, 162, 167–171, 174, 175, 176 (illus.), 177, 178. See also Johnston, Frances Benjamin

Haraway, Donna J., 236n.35, 248n.62

Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins, 253n.51.

Works: “Woman’s Era,” 153

Hasian, Marouf Arif, Jr., 122, 129, 130

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 60, 142, 156, 209, 237n.38.

Works: The House of the Seven Gables, 7, 8, 11–13, 15, 19–31, 40–50, 54, 61, 65, 94, 196, 204, 205, 232n.29, 233n.35

heredity, 49, 195, 198, 199

and intellectual ability, 43, 44

and race, 9, 29, 115, 116, 124, 129, 137, 194. See also blood

Herrnstein, Richard J., 270n.3

Hine, Lewis, 162, 256n.17

Hobsbawm, Eric, 259n.42

Hochman, Barbara, 269n.36

Hoeber, Arthur, 61.

Works: “A Portrait and a Likeness,” 57

Hoffman, Nicole Tonkovich, 244n.3

Hollinger, W. M., 239n.19

Holmes, Oliver Wendell: daguerreotype as “mirror with a memory,” 13

hooks, bell, 115, 169, 177, 178, 253n.49, 258nn.34, 35, 259n.36

Hopkins, Pauline, 187, 191–93, 197, 203, 207, 220, 221, 262nn.6, 18, 264nn.34, 40, 42, 265nn.50, 51.

Works: Hagar’s Daughter, 10, 189, 190, 194–96, 198, 201, 263n.20

Of One Blood, 10, 188, 198–202, 204, 205, 263nn.23, 24, 29, 264n.37

Horsman, Reginald, 31, 234n.4

Howard, June, 220

Hussman, Lawrence, 269n.33

Hutner, Gordon, 232nn.27, 34, 233n.35

hybridity, 32, 33, 188, 270n.2. See also biological racialism; Nott, Josiah

identity, 53, 56, 62–65, 93, 95, 96, 97, 103, 104, 105, 107, 110, 207, 208

as racialized, 47, 50, 157, 163, 179, 180, 183, 186, 187, 188, 191, 192, 194, 195, 198, 199, 204, 205, 225

as split, 55, 61, 65, 68

as visual conception, 4, 47, 167, 204. See also commodification, of self; middle-class identity; photographic portraits

imitation, 63, 67, 68, 99, 101, 104, 107, 213, 221, 266n.3, 268n.22

Immigration Restriction Act of 1924, 129, 143

incest, 10, 199, 202, 205, 264n.37

Indian Removal, 31

interiority, 4, 5, 7, 16, 21, 27, 45, 55, 60, 61, 64, 66–69, 96, 110, 203, 217, 218, 225

and class conflict, 12, 65

as gendered, 6, 8, 11, 12, 15, 18, 19, 22–24, 28–30, 54, 94, 105, 111, 112, 204, 205

as racialized, 6, 8, 30, 50, 92, 112, 190, 205, 224, 225. See also character

interracial reproduction, 30, 32–34, 36, 39, 40, 43, 127, 129, 141, 144–47, 160, 181, 188, 189, 191, 193, 194, 196, 197, 201, 202, 205, 224, 225, 265n.43

Irigaray, Luce, 107

Jacobs, Harriet Ann, 253n.52

James, Henry, 87.

Works: “The Real Thing,” 62–68

James, William, 204, 265n.51

“unclassified residuum,” 204

Works: “The Hidden Self,” 204

Johnston, Frances Benjamin, 10, 157, 158, 161–63, 167–71, 177–79

passim, 181, 182, 186, 255n.16, 259nn.41, 43.

Works: Class in American History, 174, 176 (illus.)

A Hampton Graduate’s home, 173 (illus.)

The old-time cabin, 172 (illus.)

Saluting the Flag at the Whittier Primary School, 171, 174 (illus.)

Thanksgiving Day lesson at the Whittier, 172, 175 (illus.)

Julien, Isaac, 169, 257n.32, 258n.34

Kaplan, Amy, 215, 266n.6, 269n.36

Kassanoff, Jennie A., 263n.24, 264n.40

Kerber, Linda, 9, 137, 250n.5

Kite, Elizabeth S.: “The ‘Pineys,’” 124, 130

“Two Brothers,” 124

Kodak camera, 118

Lacan, Jacques: mirror stage, 96, 110, 212

Ladies’ Home Journal, 9, 113, 118, 120, 121 (illus.)

Lam, Kin Wah, 224

Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 236n.32

Lavater, Johann Kasper, 48

Lombroso, Cesare, 71, 73, 85, 86, 148, 241n.52, 242n.58. See also criminology

lynching, 9, 136, 145–50, 167, 169, 170, 181, 259nn.37, 40, 263n.21

antilynching, 148, 263n.21

as spectacle, 149

and white womanhood, 145–49, 169, 170. See also Wells, Ida B.

“The Magnetic Daguerreotypes,” 15–19

manhood: as independent, 143, 146. See also patriarchy, middle-class

Martin, Rosy, 247n.28

Marx, Karl, 206, 208, 209, 218

masquerade, 55, 93, 107, 110

The Masquerade, frontispiece (illus.) as feminine, 104, 105

McCandless, Barbara, 239n.14, 240n.30

mechanical reproduction, 8, 51–57, 61, 67, 93–95, 110, 117, 122, 124, 132, 133, 157

cabinet card photograph, 52, 105, 117

carte-de-visite, 51, 52 (illus.), 58 (illus.), 59 (illus.), 117

collodion/albumen photographic process, 51, 117

copy, 52, 53

stereograph card photograph, 52, 123 (illus.). See also aura; Benjamin, Walter

Mercer, Kobena, 169, 257n.32, 258n.34

Merrill, Maud A.: Dwellers in the Vale of Siddem, 130

mesmerism, 14, 19, 20, 22, 23, 94, 204, 205, 231n.23

as sexualized, 22

Michaels, Walter Benn, 213, 237n.38, 249n.64, 252n.32

middle class: African American, 150–55, 177, 184

ascendance of, 8, 11, 12, 19, 20, 23, 28, 29, 30, 40, 41, 44, 45, 54, 65, 205

cultural dominance of, 12, 24, 27, 44, 45, 54, 68, 93, 94, 111, 137

cultural privilege of, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 31, 44, 50, 207

and domesticity, 6–8, 11, 23, 24, 26–28, 30, 47, 61, 65, 94, 221

and domesticity, African American, 150–55, 254n.54

and domesticity, as racialized, 46, 47

as emergent, 12, 24, 28, 155

and manhood, 24, 27–29, 44 (see also patriarchy, middle-class)

and masculine protection, 8, 19, 20, 23, 28, 204

and masculine protection, as racialized, 46, 47

and privacy, as racialized, 46, 47

and private sphere, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 47, 61, 94

and separate spheres, 28, 227–28n.2

taste of, 3, 57, 67, 153

and virtue, 9, 12, 23, 27, 28, 29

and virtue, as gendered, 9, 12, 23, 27, 28

as white, 205, 206, 207

and womanhood, 9, 11, 20–22, 26, 27, 65, 206. See also family; interiority; middle-class identity; True Womanhood

middle-class identity: as gendered, 4–6, 8, 9, 11, 20, 23, 27, 28, 30, 45, 50, 94, 111

as interiorized, 6–8, 11, 23, 30, 54, 55, 57, 60–62, 65, 67, 69, 92, 111

as racialized, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 30, 31, 44, 45, 50, 112, 113

as split, 67, 68

as while, 4, 5, 7, 8, 29, 30, 41, 45, 50, 93. See also middle class

mimesis. See double mimesis; mirrored mimesis

Minh-ha, Trinh T, 169

mirrored mimesis, 107, 108, 110

mirror stage, 96, 110, 212

miscegenation, 34, 39, 147, 248n.55

Miscegenation, 36, 38 (illus.)

The Miscegenation Ball, 34, 37 (illus.)

What Miscegenation Is! 34, 35 (illus.). See also interracial reproduction

Mitchell, Timothy, 169

monogenesis, 31, 129

morphing, 222, 224

Morton, Samuel George, 32, 49.

Works: Crania Aegyptica, 48, 203

Mouffe, Chantal, 104

mulatto/mulatta, 32, 33, 39, 127, 188–91, 235nn.8, 28, 261n.57, 262n.6, 264n.34. See also biracial characters in literature; biracial individuals; interracial reproduction

multiculturalism, 10, 225

Mulvey, Laura, 169, 230n.17, 257n.31

Murray, Charles A., 270n.3

Murray, William M., 61, 64, 69, 239n.19

nation: as “imagined community,” 5–6, 157, 160, 187

as visual conception, 6, 157, 158, 167, 175

national identity, 260n.46. See also American identity

naturalism, 220

Negro problem, 159, 162, 167, 196

New Woman, 122, 127, 247n.30

New York Married Women’s Property Act of 1848, 232n.29

Nott, Josiah, 34, 36, 39, 43, 44, 48, 49, 92, 189, 235n.28, 248n.55, 265n.43

and poly-genesis, 32, 33, 42, 129, 201, 203.

Works: Types of Mankind, 43, 49

Olmsted, Frederick Law, 160

Orvell, Miles, 266n.3

Otten, Thomas J., 200, 201, 204, 205

Pan-Africanism, 200

Paris Exposition (1900), 4, 10, 157–61, 167, 168, 177. See also American Negro exhibit; Du Bois, W. E.B.; Johnston, Frances Benjamin

passing, 55, 62, 68, 97

criminal, 70, 92, 93

racial, 92, 93, 189–92, 199, 200

patriarchy, 101, 104, 216

African American, 147

aristocratic, 23

and exchange, 10, 23, 215, 217, 219, 221

middle-class, 10, 23, 94, 206, 207

and traffic in women, 215, 231n.26

white, 10, 36, 39, 40, 47, 142, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 155, 193, 195, 196, 200, 202, 205, 206, 207, 215, 221

Peabody, Sophia, 22

performance, 55, 62–68, 70, 93, 97, 208, 217, 218

and gender, 101, 104, 110, 111

phantasmagoria, 209, 267n.13. See also consumer culture

photographers: as artists, 57, 60

white middle-class women as, 113, 118, 120–24, 132

photographic archives, 6, 7, 9, 71, 97, 101, 104, 105, 110, 115, 118, 132, 177

of criminologists, 3, 8, 70

of eugenicists, 3, 4, 8, 179

national, 116, 163

of the police, 69, 70

and race, 180, 183

Rogues’ Gallery, 4, 5, 55, 69, 70, 71, 86, 208

as scientific, 3, 5, 183. See also Bertillonage; eugenics; photographic portraits; photography

Photographic Art-Journal, 15. See also “The Magnetic Daguerreotypes”

photographic portraits, 4, 7, 13–19, 42, 48–50, 62–64, 67, 86, 92, 125, 126

of African Americans, 177–186

anxieties surrounding, 51, 53, 55 (see also daguerreotype, anxieties surrounding)

as auratic, 56, 57, 93, 107, 133, 134

as commodities, 93, 95

and cultural contestation, 8, 93, 97–103, 105–11, 178, 180–86

as evidentiary, 132–34, 163

as “inner likenesses,” 56, 57, 60, 61

as likenesses, 54, 56, 57, 61, 64, 69, 70, 86, 93, 134, 181

as maps of body and character, 48, 49, 54–57, 60, 61, 69, 162, 163, 179, 189, 203

as middle-class signifiers, 3, 8, 13, 54, 56, 61, 69, 70, 93, 107, 116

and sentiment, 53, 54, 113, 117, 132–135, 161, 163

and surveillance, 8, 69, 70, 71, 93, 203

of women, 93, 94, 97–100, 102–11. See also daguerreotype; family photography; photographic archives

photographic self-representation, 5, 6, 13, 55, 94, 97, 103, 110, 178. See also photographic portraits

photography: as art, 56, 57, 60, 61, 64, 99, 161

as evidence, 49, 50, 53, 115, 125, 132, 133, 134, 161, 162, 183, 188

and identification, 69, 70, 71, 73, 92, 93, 104

and identity, 53, 56, 69–71, 93, 157, 158

and national identity, 115, 116, 157, 158, 163–67, 172–77, 179, 183–86 (see also Brady, Mathew; Du Bois, W E. B.; Johnston, Frances Benjamin)

and race, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 49, 115–17, 124, 132, 134, 135, 156–58, 161–65, 167, 168, 172–86, 203, 204, 222, 224, 261n.60 (see also Du Bois, W. E. B.; eugenics, and photography; Johnston, Frances Benjamin)

reproducible, 4, 8, 9, 51, 52, 69, 117, 132, 133 (see also mechanical reproduction)

scientific, 86, 93, 165, 168 (see also eugenics, and photography)

snapshots, 177, 178

social documentary photography, 162, 168, 256n.17

and surveillance, 55, 70, 71, 93. See also daguerreotypy; family photography; photographic portraits

phrenology, 31, 32 (illus.), 48, 222. See also biological racialism

physiognomy, 3, 4, 31, 48, 49, 73, 189, 222. See also biological racialism

physiologies, 86, 242n.62

Pickens, Donald K., 250n.4

Piper, Adrian, 144, 148, 252n.30

Pizer, Donald, 270n.45

polygenesis, 31–33, 42, 129, 201, 203, 234n.4, 235n.7. See also biological racialism; Nott, Josiah

Poole, Deborah, 169

Porter, Carolyn, 229n.5

Porter, Isaac, Jr.: “Photographing Children at Home,” 120, 121 (illus.)

Pratt, Mary Louise, 169

privacy, 16, 17. See also middle class

private sphere, 16, 17, 18. See also middle class

public sphere: as capitalist market, 26, 27

as masculine, 140

and race, 46

race: hierarchy of, 30, 31, 39, 40, 42, 48, 49, 92, 115, 127, 139, 146–48, 150, 155, 160, 163, 170, 188, 195, 202, 203

and moral and intellectual characteristics, 30, 31, 42–45, 92, 115, 127, 129, 135, 139, 155, 163, 188, 189, 195, 199

as species, 32, 33, 34, 188 (see also hybridity; polygenesis). See also biological racialism; eugenics race science. See biological racialism; eugenics

race suicide, 117

racial codification, 189–192, 194, 203, 204, 222, 224, 225. See also eugenics; types, racial

racial uplift, 150, 155, 264n.31

and African American women, 150, 155, 156

racism. See white supremacism

Republican Motherhood, 9, 137, 140, 250n.5

and African American women, 151

R. H. E., 51, 53, 57, 69, 113, 124, 125, 130, 133, 134

Riche, Martha Farnsworth, 225

Riis, Jacob, 162, 256n.17

Rogers, A. C.: Dwellers in the Vale of Siddem, 130

Rony, Fatimah Tobing, 169, 227n.6

Roosevelt, Theodore, 117

Rowe, John Carlos, 233n.35

Rubin, Gayle, 231n.26

Russett, Cynthia Eagle, 242n.53

Sanchez-Eppler, Karen, 253n.46

Sander, August, 3, 242n.64

Savitz, Leonard, 242n.58

Sawyer, George S., 34

Schlereth, Thomas J., 160

Schrager, Cynthia D., 263n.23, 264nn.34, 37

Seaman, L., 34, 36, 39, 40, 147

second-sight, 200

segregation, 92, 136, 144, 146, 162, 167, 177

Sekula, Allan, 4, 7, 69, 71, 101

self-reliance, 236–37n.37

Sessions, Mina A.: The Feeble-Minded in a Rural County of Ohio, 130

shopping, 95, 207, 208. See also consumer culture

signaletic notice, 70, 89, 104. See also Bertillonage

Signifyin(g), 261n.60

slavery, 31, 33, 34, 36, 39, 40, 46, 141, 144, 153, 165, 196, 197, 202

rape and, 36, 39, 92, 144, 147, 150, 202

Sligh, Clarissa, 115, 246n.7

Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll, 247n.30

society of spectacle, 209, 220, 267n.15. See also consumer culture; Debord, Guy

Solomon-Godeau, Abigail, 98, 99, 103, 104.

Works: “The Legs of the Countess,” 97, 101

Sons of the American Revolution, 136, 138, 141

Southern Quarterly Review, 34

Spence, Jo, 247n.28

Spillers, Hortense J., 235n.8

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 251n.26

Stein, Sally, 256n.17

Stepan, Nancy Leys, 188

Stieglitz, Alfred, 57

Stokes, Philip, 118, 120

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 46, 143, 197

subjectivity: as split, 4, 7, 55, 61, 67, 68

Sundquist, Eric, 265n.51

surveillance, 7, 8, 55, 85, 92–94, 110, 169, 190, 203, 204, 208, 220, 221, 241n.49

as racialized, 149, 159, 168, 169, 190, 203

Tagg, John, 13, 69

Tate, Claudia, 194, 254n.55, 262n.18, 265n.50

theater, 216, 269n.36. See also actress

third eye, 227n.6. See also Rony, Fatimah Tobing

Thomas, Brook, 233n.35

Time: “new Eve,” 10, 222, 223 (illus.), 224–25

Trachtenberg, Alan, 13, 60, 69, 96, 165, 243n.89

True Womanhood, 6, 11, 22, 24, 27, 28, 65, 113, 122, 124, 137, 140, 150, 153, 155, 156, 228n.4

African American, 150, 151, 153, 155, 156

and maternal influence, 138, 139, 140, 153, 155

and maternal influence, as racialized, 137, 140, 153

and moral suasion, 9, 137, 140, 142, 151, 153. See also middle class; Republican Motherhood

Twain, Mark: Puddn’head Wilson, 191

types: criminal, 71, 73, 85, 86, 208

facial, 3, 4, 189, 225

ideal, 64, 89

racial, 10, 30, 33, 48, 49, 86, 92, 179, 181, 183, 188, 189, 194, 195, 222, 224, 261n.57

unclassified residuum, 204

Valverde, Mariana, 267n.8, 268n.20

Veblen, Thorstein, 212, 216, 219, 266n.4, 268n.22.

Works: The Theory of the Leisure Class, 208, 215. See also conspicuous consumption

Veil, 182, 183, 200

Vieilledent, Catherine, 240n.33

vision: as embodied, 209, 218

as supernatural, 10, 20, 199, 200, 204. See also Hopkins, Pauline, Of One Blood

visual culture, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 157, 158, 163, 169, 184, 222, 225

visual epistemology, 193, 201

visual paradigms, 6, 7, 8, 10, 30, 45, 47, 189, 203, 204, 207

visual technologies, 5, 6, 11, 48, 93, 203, 222

Wakeman, George, 34

Walker, Christian, 115

Washington, Booker T., 256n.18

Waterbury, Reverend J. B., 254n.54

Weems, Carrie Mae, 115, 246n.7

Wells, Ida B., 197

and anti-lynching, 148, 263n.21

and lynching, 9, 145, 146, 148–50, 170.

Works: Southern Horrors, 150. See also lynching

Welter, Barbara, 228n.4

Wexler, Laura, 260n.44

white anxiety, 36, 40, 92, 147, 202, 205, 207

white culture: as dominant, 157, 189, 200, 225

whiteness, 36, 92, 122, 124, 135, 150, 176, 190, 191, 193, 194, 221

white supremacism, 9, 30–33, 36, 39, 40–42, 50, 134, 138–144, 146–150, 153, 155, 159, 160, 170, 171, 181–84, 188, 189, 191, 193, 195–98, 202, 205, 207, 221

white womanhood: motherhood, 9, 124, 137–140, 142, 148

and national identity, 122, 136–144, 225

as pure, 39, 46, 144, 148, 150, 169, 170

and racial reproduction, 39, 47, 112, 122, 124, 127, 132, 137, 139–144, 146–149, 170, 206, 221, 225

and sexual desire, 39, 148, 149, 170. See also Daughters of the American Revolution; lynching; Republican Motherhood; True Womanhood

Wiegman, Robyn, 147

Wiggam, Albert Edward, 122, 130, 247n.38

Willis, Deborah, 115, 169, 246n.7

Willis, Sara Payson Parton (pseud. Fanny Fern), 55, 56, 57, 58 (illus.), 59 (illus.), 93, 94.

Works: “How I Don’t Like Pictures,” 55

Wolff, Janet, 268n.15

womanhood. See African American womanhood; white womanhood

women: as images, 103, 206, 212, 213 (see also commodification, of women)

and self-ownership, 97, 110, 215. See also African American womanhood; True Womanhood; white womanhood

Young, Robert, 189, 190, 262nn.5, 11, 265n.43, 270n.2

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