Save
Save chapter to my Bookmarks
Cite
Cite this chapter
Print this chapter
Share
Share a link to this chapter
Free
Index
Earnestine Lovelle Jenkins
Description: Black Artists in America: From the Great Depression to Civil Rights
Black Artists in America: From the Great Depression to Civil Rights
Index
Author
Earnestine Lovelle Jenkins
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2021 by Dixon Gallery and Gardens, Memphis
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22570
View chapters with similar subject tags
Chapter images ()
Loading image navigation...
No image index could be found for this publication.
Close this Panel
Show previous images Show next images
Index
Figures are indicated by “f” following page numbers.
Abstract Expressionism, 8, 21, 37, 73–74, 91, 128–35, 130, 131f, 133f, 142–47, 143–44f, 145–46, 147f, 154
Action Painting, 143
African culture: art, 43, 77, 80, 85, 116, 129, 137
Black women artists and, 39–43, 80, 102
Christian elements in, 85
dance, 44, 106, 153–54
folklore, 39, 104
masks, 80, 85, 89, 152
raiding tribes and taking of slaves, 106, 108, 110, 114–15
relationship to Black culture and art, 89, 111, 116
relationship to Cubism, 102
relationship to European modernism, 110, 129
sculpture, 34, 63, 85–89, 104
African diaspora, 39, 80, 97, 98, 102, 103, 107, 108–9, 114, 153
Agaja (Dahomean king), 115
Alston, Charles, 73, 74, 85–90
Fortune magazine illustrations: “The Negro’s War,” 63–64, 64–65f
Harlem Hospital Center mural, 47, 52f, 73
Jazz, 87, 88
Magic in Medicine, 73
Midnight Vigil, 85, 87f
Modern Medicine, 73
Mother and Child, 89, 91f
Pageant magazine illustrations: “Who Is Jim Crow?,” 87–90, 89–91f
Pieta, 89, 91f
Alvarez Bravo, Lola, 44
Amazons, 97, 102, 104, 106–8, 111, 112f, 115
American Friends Service Committee, 138
American Scene Painting, 53
ancient Greek art, influence of, 113, 118, 129, 148
Anderson, Marian, 53
Archer-Straw, Petrine: Negrophilia: Avant-Garde Paris and Black Culture in the 1920s, 107
Arnheim, Rudolf, 139
Art Deco, 100
art education and institution building, 44–61. See also Simon, Walter Augustus, Jr.
Art for Teachers, 47
Art Institute of Chicago, 31, 37, 39
Artis, William, 47
Artists’ Union, 21
Arts Craft Guild, 31
Art Students League of New York, 32, 74, 85, 137
Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, 43, 109
Atlanta University, 47
annual exhibitions, 143
Purchase Awards won by Simon, 143
Summer Art Workshops, 135–36, 135f
Back to Africa movement, 99
Baker, Josephine, 102
ballet, 152–53
Bass, Maudelle, 43–44, 44f, 46
Bearden, Romare, 74, 137
Factory Workers, 63–64, 64f
A History of African American Artists (with Henderson), 32
Beaux-Arts style, 100
Bechet, Sidney, 102
Behanzin (Dahomean king), 106, 115
Bell, Scott, Jr.: Bin Fishing, 53f
Benneteau-Desgrois, Félix, 100
Bennett, Gwendolyn, 99
Benton, Thomas Hart, 53
Bérard, Christian: Promenade, 131
Bernier, Celeste-Marie: Stick to the Skin: African American and Black British Art, 90
Bhabha, Homi, 141
Biggers, John, 47, 123
The Mandolin Player, 51
Black Chicago Renaissance. See Chicago Renaissance
Black farm laborers, 61
Black identity and national consciousness, 98, 103, 111
Black Lives Matter movement, 60
Black professionals, 69–73
blues music, 85–87
Boas, Franz, 98, 108–9, 111
Boochever, Mr. and Mrs. S. Paul, 140
Boston’s South End, 17
Bourdelle, Antoine, 100
Bowles, Chester, 138
Brady, Mary Beattie, 69
Braque, Georges, 133, 143, 152
Breuer, Marcel, 142
Breughel the Elder, Pieter, 17
Brewster, George T., 97, 99
Brewster, Herbert, 52, 54
Brewster, William, 99
Brooks, Gwendolyn: Annie Allen, 90
Brown, Elmer W., 22, 26
Cleveland Past and Cleveland Present, 22
Dorie Miller at Pearl Harbor, 22
Fifteenth Defense, 22, 26f
Free Speech, 22
Gandy Dancer’s Gal, 22–26, 27
photograph of, 26f
Buck, Pearl S., 128
Burke, Selma, 39
Burroughs, Margaret, 60
Calkins, Deborah, 63, 87
Carver, George Washington, 22, 52
Catlett, Elizabeth, 32–34, 39, 47
I Have Special Reservations, 32–34, 34f
The Negro Woman series (now I Am the Black Woman), 32, 34f
Pensive [Bust of a Woman], 45
Cayton, Horace R., Jr.: Black Metropolis, 34
Cézanne, Paul, 73, 102, 133–34
Chicago: Bronzeville, 35, 77
policy game in, 17
South Side Community Art Center, 31–39, 60
World’s Fair (1893), 106
Chicago Renaissance, 35, 37
Chinese symbolism, 58
civil rights movement, 7, 15, 26, 60, 63–73, 87, 90
Clark, Claude, 28, 73–74
In the Groove, 28, 29
The Runner, 28, 30
Clark, Irene, 37, 39
A Mansion at Prairie Avenue, 39, 42
Cleveland, Ohio, 22
Coast Guard, 63
College Art Association, 21
Collier, John, Jr.: Migrant’s Child Working in Bean Field (photograph), 61f
Collins, Janet, 153
colonialism, 77, 90, 97, 105–8, 110, 115, 129
communist-affiliated groups, 21
Constructivism, 133
Cortor, Eldzier, 31, 34–37
Americana, 34, 35, 35f
Apartment series, 35
Southern Gate, 34, 35f
Southern Landscape, 34, 34f
Southern Souvenir No. II, 34, 36
Cosme y Almanza, Eusebia Adriana, 80, 83
Costigan–Wagner Bill (1934), 21
Crichlow, Ernest, 47
Harriet, 47, 48
Crite, Allan Rohan, 17–21
Late Afternoon, 19, 21
Cubism, 102, 131–34, 152
Cullen, Countee, 99, 102
Curry, John Steuart, 53
The Mississippi, 53
Mississippi Noah, 53
Dahomey and Dahomean female warriors, 102, 104–9, 111–16
Dalí, Salvador: The Persistence of Memory, 131
D’Amico, Victor, 141
Daniel, Robert F., 138
Davis, Stuart, 143
de Kooning, Willem, 128
Delgado-Tall, Sonia: “The New Negro Movement and the African Heritage in a Pan-Africanist Perspective,” 111
de Mille, Agnes: Black Ritual (dance), 44
Dempsey, Richard, 147
Cityscape, 147
La Dépêche Africaine (journal), 102–5, 104–5f
Despiau, Charles, 100
de Stijl, 133
Detroit: Sojourner Truth Housing Project, 64, 65f
Devil in a Blue Dress (film), 77, 80f
Dillard University, 47
diversity, 125–26
Dixon, Ivan, 26, 28f
Douglas, Aaron, 15, 47, 102, 137
Portrait of a Lady, 47, 49
Douglass, Frederick, 43
Dover, Cedric: American Negro Art, 61, 147
Driskell, David C., 56
Du Bois, W. E. B., 43, 69, 77, 98, 99, 103, 111
Duncan, Isadora, 148
Dunham, Katherine, 31, 39, 152–54
Eakins, Thomas: The Gross Clinic, 69
Eastern Arts Association, 131
Ebony magazine on Johnson Publishing Company’s art collection, 39
Egypt: ancient art of, 129, 152
Simon as cultural affairs officer to, 142
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 128, 142
Ellison, Walter, 17
Just Business, 17, 18
Old Policy Wheel, 17
Train Station, 17
Enwonwu, Ben, 56
Ethiopia: Christian icons from, 85, 85f
history of, 110, 111
Europe and European influences: Black artists and, 69, 77, 80, 97
Figurative Expressionist styles and, 148. See also colonialism; modernism
exhibitions: America Welcomes the World (Philadelphia & New York 1926), 99
An Art Commentary on Lynching (NAACP 1935), 21, 22
Baltimore Federation of Parent Teacher clubs (1926), 99
Lawrence solo exhibition (MoMA 1944), 63
Los Angeles County Museum of Art solo exhibition of Woodard (1937), 43
Los Angeles Public Library system’s exhibition of Woodard (1935), 43
Metropolitan Museum of Art contemporary art exhibition (1950), 86–87
Portraits of Outstanding Americans of Negro Origin (touring exhibition 1944), 69, 71
Rex Goreleigh: Migrant Worker’s Witness (Historical Society of Princeton 2018), 61
Struggle for Negro Rights (NAACP 1935), 21
Textiles and Ornamental Arts of India exhibition at MoMA (1955), 151
Types of Negroes (Charles Morgan Gallery 1940), 125
Virginia Artists Exhibition (Virginia Museum of Fine Arts 1951), 143–44
Fauset, Jessie, 99
Fauvism, 133, 134
Fax, Elton C., 137
Figurative Expressionism, 131, 148–54
Fisk University, 47, 102, 105, 137
Flemish art, 17
Floyd, George, 60
Fontainebleau School of Fine Arts (France), 98, 103
Forbes, Frederick Edwyn: Dahomey and the Daho-mans, 106
Fortune magazine: “And the Migrants Kept Coming” (1941), 87, 89f
“The Negro’s War” (1942), 63–64, 64–65f
France as colonial power. See colonialism
Fry, Roger, 133
Fuller, Meta Warrick, 99
Gandy dancers, 22–26, 27
Garvey, Marcus, 99
Gelele (Dahomean king), 115
Georgia Museum of Art, 53
Georgia State College, 136, 137f
Ghezo (Dahomean king), 115
Giacometti, Alberto, 100
Gibson, Ann: The Search for Freedom: African American Abstract Painting 1945–1975, 74
Gloster, Hugh, 138
Goreleigh, Rex, 60–61
The Mourners, 61, 62
Gottlieb, Adolph, 128
Graham, Martha, 148, 153
Great Depression, 7, 15, 16–21, 52, 90, 97, 98, 109
Great Flood (1937), 53
Great Migration, 16–17, 34, 36–37, 39
Gris, Juan: The Breakfast, 131
Guezo (Dahomean king), 106
Guilford College, 138
Gullah communities, 34
Guthrie, Naomi, 135
Guy, Edna, 152
photograph of, 152, 153f
Hadiji, Madame, 100
Haida totemic symbolism, 80
Hampton University, 47
Hansberry, William Leo, 111
Harlem Artists’ Guild, 22, 44
Harlem Community Art Center, 44–47
Harlem Hellfighters, 64
Harlem Hospital Center mural, 47, 52f, 73
Harlem Renaissance, 7, 15–17, 31, 44, 80, 97, 108, 125. See also New Negro Movement
Harmon Foundation, 31, 47
Harper, William, 15
Harris, Charles “Teenie,” 16, 16f
Hayden, Palmer C., 15, 102
Ballad of John Henry series, 26–28, 28f
Hayes, Vertis, 47, 52–56, 60, 137
Juke Joint, 53, 56f
The Lynchers, 21–22, 23
“The Negro Artist Today” (1936 essay), 52
photograph of, 53f
Pilgrim Baptist Church mural, 52, 54
Pursuit of Happiness, 47, 52f
Untitled (ca. 1940s), 53, 57
Henderson, Harry: A History of African American Artists (with Bearden), 32
Henry, John, 26–28
Herring, James V., 125
Herskovits, Melville J.: “Negro Art: African and American,” 111
Hess, Thomas, 148
Hieronymi Mercurialis de Arte Gymnastica (book), 137
Hirsh, Emil, 31
historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs), 47, 53, 56, 136–38
Holm, Bill: Northwest Coast Indian Art: An Analysis of Form, 80
Hooks Brothers Photography, 52
LeMoyne Alumni Day, 53, 55
LeMoyne-Owen Library, 60f
Rev. Brewster at Pilgrim Baptist Church Preaching in front of Vertis Hayes Mural, 52, 54
Second Congregational Church (Memphis), 58f
Unidentified Church with Mural, 55
Hopper, Edward, 137
Horton, Lester, 43–44
Howard, John, 147
Howard University, 47, 109, 125
Hughes, Langston, 99
Humphrey, Doris, 148
Huper, Marie S., 140, 141f
Hurston, Zora Neale, 99, 108–11
Barracoon: The Story of the Last “Black Cargo,” 109–10, 111, 118n58
“Cudjo’s Own Story of the Last African Slaver,” 108–9, 114–15
Dust Tracks on a Road, 110
Iglehart, Robert, 129
Indigenous peoples. See Native American culture
Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique, 134
International Labor Defense, 21
Jackson, Robert M., 137, 137f
Portrait of Walter Simon as Artist, 125–26, 126f, 137
Jackson State University (Mississippi), 52
Janniot, Alfred Auguste: The Colonies’ Contributions to France, 77
jazz music and Jazz Age, 77, 87
Jefferson, Thomas, 139
Jews, 60, 65
Jim Crow laws, 17, 21, 34, 63, 89
John Reed Club, 21
Johnson, Robert, 156n80
Johnson, Sargent, 74
Johnson, William H., 56, 77, 102
Sowing, 76, 77
Jones, Eugene Kinckle, 100
Jones, Frederick D., Jr., 31, 37
Madonna Moderne, 37, 38
Jones, Loïs Mailou, 80
Eusebia Cosme, 80, 83
The Journal of Negro History, 109
Julius Rosenwald Fellowship, 31, 32, 34, 35, 85, 100, 103, 104–5, 113
Kandinsky, Wassily: Composition Segment VII, Fragment 1, 131
Katherine Dunham Dance Company, 153
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 87
Klee, Paul: Demon Above the Ships, 131
Kline, Franz, 128
Kossola, Oluale (Cudjo Lewis), 108–10, 114–15
La Guardia, Fiorello, 124
Lawrence, Jacob, 47, 63, 69–73, 74
Harlem Hospital Surgery, 69, 72, 73
Migration series, 34, 69–73, 87
No. 2 Main Control Panel, Nerve Center of Ship, 63, 64, 66
Lee-Smith, Hughie, 31, 37, 147
Contemplating My Future, 37, 40
Léger, Fernand, 65
Leininger-Miller, Theresa, 105, 112
New Negro Artists in Paris: African American Painters and Sculptors in the City of Light, 97, 117n1
Lemke, Sieglinde: Primitivist Modernism: Black Culture and the Origins of Transatlantic Modernism, 73
LeMoyne-Owen College, 47, 53, 137
Art Department, 47, 56
Federal Negro Art Center, 47, 52f, 60
LeMoyne Alumni Day, 53, 55
library, 60, 60f
library mural by Shahn, 60, 61f
Lewis, Cudjo. See Kossola, Oluale
Lewis, Norman, 60, 74, 155n48
Untitled (1952), 75
Lewis, Samella, 39, 47, 123
African American Art and Artists, 47
Black Artists on Art (with Waddy), 47
Water Boy, 50
Life magazine: “Negro Artists,” 34, 35f
Lincoln, Abbey, 26, 28f
Locke, Alain, 85, 102, 109, 111, 125
“Enter the New Negro,” 98
Loper, Edward, 147
Lorrain, Jean, 107
Los Angeles Negro Art Association, 43
Louis, Joe, 22
Lucy, Autherine, 87
lynchings, 21–22, 65, 87
Lyon: Colonial Exposition (1894), 107f
Mademoiselle magazine, 87
Malevich, Kasimir: Suprematist Composition, 131
Mali’s Great Mosque, 107, 108f
Mangravite, Peppino, 143
Mason, Charlotte Osgood, 109
Matisse, Henri, 100
Matthews, Miriam, 43
McKay, Claude, 102
Meherally, Yusuf, 131
Memphis: Community Foundation of Greater Memphis, 60
Pilgrim Baptist Church, 52, 54
Second Congregational Church, 56–60, 58f, 59. See also LeMoyne-Owen College
Meredith, Amaza L., 138
Mexican Muralist movement, 21, 28, 58, 63
migrant workers, 61, 61f
Miller, Dorie, 22
Mills, Florence, 102
Mississippi River floods, 53
modern dance, 148, 151–54
modernism: American transition to, 113, 128
cultural diversity of, 73–92
European, 21, 39, 100, 128, 143
National Academy of Design oblivious to, 125
Simon and, 128–35, 154
Mondrian, Piet: Broadway Boogie Woogie, 131
Morris, Reginald, 47, 56–60
mural at Second Congregational Church (Memphis), 56–60, 59
photograph of, 56f
Salvator Mundi, 59
Mosley, Walter, 77
Motherwell, Robert, 128
Motley, Archibald John, Jr., 77–80, 102, 125
Bronzeville at Night, 77, 81
Brown Girl After the Bath, 77–80, 82
Jazz Singers, 79
music and singers, 77, 79, 85–87, 86–88, 99
Mussolini, Benito, 43
Myers, Alonzo, 129, 131f, 136
Nardal, Paulette, 102–5
“Une femme sculpteur noire,” 103–5, 104–5f, 108, 112
“In Exile,” 103
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 16, 69, 142
National Urban League, 69, 100
Native American culture and art, 43, 80, 128, 129
Negritude Movement, 102–5
Negro World (newspaper), 98, 99
Neuberger, Richard, 126
New Deal: Farm Security Administration, 35
Federal Arts Project, 17
Federal Dance Project, 148
Social Realism and, 21. See also Works Progress Administration (WPA)
New Jersey State Exhibition (Montclair Art Museum), 134–35
New Jersey State Teacher’s College. See William Paterson College
Newman, Barnett, 128
New Negro Movement, 17, 31, 39, 69, 85, 97–99, 103, 108, 110–11, 116, 152. See also Harlem Renaissance
New York City: Dunham School of Arts and Research, 153
Greenwich Village, 131–35, 133f, 152
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 124, 144, 149
Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), 63, 134, 141
New York Public Library, 135th Street branch, 99
in Simon’s work, 147
New Yorker magazine, 87, 124
New York School, 128, 143
New York University: Simon receiving undergraduate and graduate degrees from, 123, 125, 128–32, 135, 152
Woodruff integrating art faculty at, 74, 129
Nkrumah, Kwame, 39
Noguchi, Isamu, 148, 152
North Carolina Scholastic Art Exhibition (1954), 140–41, 141f
Nothing But a Man (film), 26, 28f
nudes, 28, 34, 77–80, 100, 102, 106, 107, 111, 113–14
Nugent, Richard Bruce, 99
O’Connor, Francis V.: Art for the Millions, 52
Olson, Liesl, 35
Opportunity magazine interview with Woodard, 43
Orozco, José Clemente, 21
Owen, Chandler: “The New Negro—What Is He?” (with Randolph), 98
Pageant magazine: “Who Is Jim Crow?,” 87–90, 89–91f
Paris: Académie de la Grande Chaumière, 100
Black artists studying in, 15, 21, 77, 80, 100–110, 117n1
Colonial Exposition (1931), 77, 97, 105, 107–8, 108f
Dahomean female dance troupes in, 106–7
as gateway to Africa, 109
Negro Colony, 102
Universal Exposition (1900), 107
Parks, Gordon, Jr., 31, 35–37
American Gothic, 35, 37f
Ella Watson, 35, 37f
Paterson State College. See William Paterson University
Pevsner, Antoine: Abstract Forms, 131
Phillips, Kimberley L.: AlabamaNorth: African-American Migrants, Community, and Working-Class Activism in Cleveland, 1915–45, 22–26
Picasso, Pablo, 39, 102, 133, 143, 152
Pierce, Delilah, 147
Piper, Rose, 85
The Death of Bessie Smith, 86
Pippin, Horace, 64
Holy Mountain I, 64–65, 67
policy or numbers game, 17, 18
Pollock, Jackson, 128, 143
Porter, James, 15
Poston, Robert, 99
Poussin, Nicolas, 134
Price, Hollis, 53, 55
primitivist movement, 110–11
Primus, Pearl, 153
Princeton, New Jersey: Historical Society of Princeton, 61
Princeton Group Arts, 61
Princeton Migrations Project, 61
Princeton University Art Museum, 61
Studio-on-the-Canal, 61
Prophet, Nancy Elizabeth, 39, 77, 102, 107–8
Walk among the Lilies, 77, 78
Purism, 133
racial inequality and discrimination, 63–64, 74, 90
Black artists depicting in 1920s, 129
Harlem Renaissance challenging, 98
scientific racism, 109, 111
Simon’s experiences, 127–28, 138
stereotypes, 69, 99, 107, 110–11. See also civil rights movement; Jim Crow laws
railroad workers, 26–28, 28f
Randolph, A. Philip: “The New Negro—What Is He?” (with Owen), 98
Rao, Shanta, 151
realism, 76, 91, 99, 116
Reconstruction era, 17
Reddick, L. D.: “Walter Simon: The Socialization of an American Negro Artist,” 125
Redding, J. Saunders, 138
Redifer, Frederick, 129
Regionalists, 21, 53
Reiss, Winold, 125
religious and church imagery, 17, 18, 35, 37, 52, 53, 56–60, 57–59, 85, 89, 118n52
Reyneau, Betsy Graves, 69
Riba, Paul, 22
Rivera, Diego, 21, 44, 87
Robeson, Paul, 99, 113, 118n72
Roche, Emma Langdon: Historic Sketches of the South, 109
Rodin, Auguste, 99, 100
Roemer, Michael, 26, 28f
Rogers, J. A., 102
Roman classical art, 129
Rome: Royal Academy of Fine Arts, 99, 103
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 17, 124
Rosenwald, Julius, 31
Rosenwald Fellowship. See Julius Rosenwald Fellowship
Rothko, Mark, 128
Rouault, Georges, 39
Christ Mocked by Soldiers, 131
Rousseau, Henri: The Serpent-Charmer, 131
Ruotolo, Onorio, 99
St. Louis: People’s Art Center, 52
Salemme, Antonio, 99, 113, 118n72
Salome’s beheading of John the Baptist, 118n52
Salvatore, Victor, 100
San Diego International Exposition’s “Negro Day” (1935), 43
Savage, Augusta, 39, 44–47, 69, 97–119
African women warriors, depiction of, 105–8, 111–16, 112–13f
celebrity of, 98–99
Fontainebleau School scholarship withdrawn from, 98–99, 103
Hurston and, 108–11
Nardal’s article on, 103–5, 104–5f, 108
in Paris, 100–110, 117n1
photograph of, 98f
realist tradition and, 116
Rosenwald Fellowship and, 100, 103, 104–5, 113
Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Rome) scholarship, 99, 103
Savage, Augusta, works by: Amazon series, 97, 102, 104, 111–12, 112f
La Citadelle—Freedom, 100
Dahomean series, 102, 108, 111–16, 113f
Divinité Nègre, 103–4, 104f
Du Bois bust, 99
Gamin, 100, 101, 103
Garvey bust, 99
Head of a Young Girl (Martiniquaise), 102, 103, 105, 105f, 112
Mourning Victory, 102, 112, 113f, 114, 118n52
Terpischore at Rest (Reclining Woman), 100
Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture (Harlem), 80, 85
Scott, William Edouard, 15
Scottsboro Boys, 124
Seabrook Farms, 61, 61f
Sebree, Charles, 31, 37–39
Still Life, 39, 41
Seh-Dong-Hong-Beh, 106
Selassie, Haile, 43, 44f
Seurat, Georges, 134
Shahn, Ben, 60, 63
Mosaic Mural, 60, 61f, 93n66
Simon, Gay Crichton (mother of Walter, Jr.), 124, 124f
Simon, Virginia Spottswood (wife of Walter, Jr.), 125, 127–28, 131, 134, 152–53
Simon, Walter, Sr. (father of Walter, Jr.), 123–24, 124f, 144
Simon, Walter Augustus, Jr., 74, 123–57
Abstract Expressionism and, 142–47, 143f, 154
architecture and, 132–34, 139, 142, 146, 151
as art educator, 128–38, 147
at Atlanta University, 135–36, 135f, 143
Atoms for Peace Conference and, 141–42
awards won by, 124, 143
childhood and education of, 123–24, 144–47, 154
Figurative Expressionism and, 131, 148–54
as foreign cultural affairs officer, 142, 144, 154, 156n60
at Georgia State College, 136, 137f
in Greenwich Village, 131–32, 133f, 152
at Guilford College, 138
Indian/ Asian heritage and influences of, 123–26, 141, 142, 147, 151–52
integration of art education and, 138–40, 141
modern dance and, 152–53
modernism and, 128–35
National Academy of Design certificate, 123, 125
as North Carolina Scholastic Art Exhibition judge, 140–41, 141f
NYU undergraduate and graduate degrees, 123, 124–25, 128–32, 144, 154
obituary of, 134
at Paterson State College, 134–35, 134f, 138–40, 140f, 142
photographs of, 123f, 134–35f, 137–38f, 143f
portrait by Jackson of, 125–26, 126f, 137
portrait painting by, 124, 127, 127f
Pratt Institute certificate, 124–25
seminars, workshops, etc., by, 141–42
urban landscapes by, 144, 147
at Virginia State College, 137–38, 137f
Woodruff and, 129–31, 135
World War II service, 126–27, 127f, 144, 155n20
Simon, Walter Augustus, Jr., works by: Abstraction (1945), 144
Abstraction (1946), 144
Abstraction (1947), 144
Abstraction (1948), 144
Abstraction (1950), 144
Abstraction (1956), 144
Abstraction (1957, Glassboro, New Jersey), 144
Abstraction (1957, Glen Ridge, New Jersey), 144
Abstraction (1957, Upper Montclair, New Jersey), 144
Abstraction (1959), 144
Abstraction—The City—No. 3, 143, 144, 147, 147f
Abstraction with Woman’s Head or Cinema, 144, 145
“An Analytical Study of Comparable Factors in Representational and Non-Representational Modern Painting” (master’s thesis), 131
Composition: CR-2, 144
Fiorello La Guardia, 124
Henry O. Tanner—Study of the Development of an American Negro Artist (dissertation), 128
Industrial Vertical, 144
Judge Samuel S. Leibowitz, 124
Khambavati (or Two Dancers), 148, 150, 151–52, 153–54
Last of the Clipper Ships, 124
Lines from François Villon #1, 144, 146
Lot’s Wife, 143
Pier 27, 143–44, 144f
Poor from My Mother’s Womb: Lines from Villon #2, 74f
Franklin Roosevelt portrait, 124
715 Washington Street, Greenwich Village, 132–35, 133f, 144, 155n48
Sikanni Chief River Bridge, 127, 127f
Steel Construction, 144
String Dance #1, 143, 148f, 148–53
String Dance #2, 148–53, 149
Structural Facades, 144
Venezia, 143, 144f
World War II regimental history paintings, 126–27, 127f
Simpson, Merton, 147
slavery, 90, 97, 106, 108, 110, 114–15
Clotilda (last slave ship to arrive in America), 108–11
outlawed in Britain and France, 115
Smith, Albert H., 15
Smith, Bessie, 85, 86
Social Realism, 21, 22, 28, 35, 37, 38, 44, 47, 53, 60, 63
Streat, Thelma Johnson, 74, 80–85
Baby on Bird (Untitled), 80, 84
Sunami, Soichi, 152, 153f
Surrealism, 34, 37, 56–58, 60, 134, 151
Swing Low, Sweet Chariot (song), 85
Symbolism, 107
Taller de Gráfica Popular (People’s Graphic Workshop, Mexico City), 32
Tamayo, Rufino, 87
Tanner, Henry Ossawa, 15–16, 99
Christ and His Mother, 16f
Simon dissertation on, 128
View of the Seine, Looking toward Notre-Dame, 16f
Texas Southern University, 47
Thomas, Alma, 147
Tenements, 147
Thomas, Mary Leath, 140, 141f
Thorpe, Earl E.: “Africa in the Thought of Negro Americans,” 110
Thrash, Dox, 28
Nude, 28–31, 31f
A Useful Imagination, 28, 31f
Thurman, Wallace, 99
Till, Emmett, 87
United States Atomic Energy Commission, 142
United States Information Agency (USIA), 142, 144, 154
Unity Council, 132
Universal Negro Improvement Association, 99
University of Chicago’s Renaissance Society, 39
Van Gogh, Vincent, 73
van Vechten, Carl: Augusta Savage photograph, 98f
Black Ritual photograph, 44, 44f
Virginia State College, 137–38, 137f
Vitruvius, 134
Waddy, Ruth: Black Artists on Art (with Lewis), 47
Walker, Alice, 109–10
Walrond, Eric D., 99, 102
Waring, Laura Wheeler, 69, 99, 100
After Sunday Service, 69, 71
Woman with Bouquet, 69, 70
Washington, Booker T., 31, 43
Waters, Ethel, 99, 113
Watson, Ella, 35, 37f
Watson, Ruth, 56
Weston, Edward, 44
Whistler, James McNeill, 137
White, Charles, 31–32, 37
Lust for Bread, 31–32, 33
Our Land, 32, 32
White, Walter, 21
Wilenski, Reginald: The Modern Movement, 134
William Paterson University (formerly New Jersey State Teacher’s College), 134–35, 134f, 138–40, 140f, 142
Ada M. Hammond Memorial Scholarship Fund lecture by, 141
Williams, Herman, Jr., 143
Williamson, Stan, 147
Wilson, Ellis, 137
Wilson, John Woodrow: Deliver Us from Evil, 64, 65–69, 68
women: in African diasporic drama and theater, 80
as African warriors, 102, 105–8
in Alston’s works, 87, 87f, 88, 89f, 89–90
artists’ models, Black women as, 44, 112–13
beauty viewed in terms of White women, 28
in Brooks’s poem Annie Allen, 90
in Catlett’s works, 32, 34
in Cortor’s works, 34, 34–35f, 36
endurance of Black women, 32, 34, 35–37, 69, 85, 104
Fontainebleau School of Fine Arts (France) scholarships for, 98
in Great Migration, 35–37
invisibility of Black women to their employers, 89
in migrant labor families, 61
modern dance and classical ballet, Black women in, 152–54
as mother figures and Madonnas, 37, 38, 89, 91f
“othering” of African female body, 107
in Parks’s photographs, 35–37, 37f
sculptural legacy of Black women artists, 39–44
sexual stereotypes of Black and White women, 65–69
as singers and vocalists, 85–87, 86–87
Wheeler portraits of Black women, 69, 70–71. See also women artists, dancers, and performers by name
Wood, Grant: American Gothic, 32, 35
Wood, John, 106
Woodard, Beulah, 39–44, 69
Emperor Haile Selassie (mask), 43, 44f
masks by, 43
Maudelle (bust), 43–44, 46
Medicine Man (mask), 43, 44f
photograph of, 43f
Woodruff, Hale: African art, influence of, 102
in Atlanta, 21, 47
Atlanta University exhibitions founded by, 143
integrating New York University faculty, 74, 129
as mentor to other Black artists, 37, 154
modernism and, 129–32
as North Carolina Scholastic Art Exhibition judge, 140–41, 141f
Simon and, 129–31, 135, 154
studying with Tanner in Paris, 15, 21
Woodruff, Hale, works by: African Headdress, 25f
The Art of the Negro, 129
Untitled (Autumn in Georgia), 20, 21
By Parties Unknown, 22, 24
Coming Home, 25f
Country Church, 25f
Four Figurations, 129, 130
Giddap, 22, 24
Relics, 25f
Sunday Promenade, 25f
Trusty on a Mule, 25f
Woodson, Carter G., 43, 109
The Mis-Education of the Negro, 111
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 17, 21, 22–31, 37, 47, 52, 60, 73
World War I, 17, 64, 65
World War II, 7, 63–69, 90, 126–27
Yoruba, 104, 105f, 106. See also African culture
Zadkine, Ossip, 32