Index

abolitionists, abolition of black slavery, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19–20, 22, 23, 26, 28–33, 40, 41, 49, 57, 58, 59, 170–71, 173, 224, 225, 226, 228–9, 281, 282, 302, 303, 310, 312, 313; see also

Amis des Noirs; flesh, rhetoric of; Grégoire, Abbé Henri; Société de la morale chrétienne de Marseilles; see also Smith, Sir Sidney; White slavery

académies (nudes), 10, 12, 17, 35, 42, 76–7, 140, 143, 194, 202, 214, 219, 231, 255, 259, 260, 262, 266, 277, 315

martyr-académies, 12, 35, 40

Africa, Africans, 3, 15, 16, 25, 42, 44, 82, 83, 86, 141, 142, 143, 144, 149, 152, 153, 154, 155, 169–70, 194, 291, 296, 301, 306

cannibalism of, 186, 229; see also blacks; Saint-Domingue; Senegal

Ajax carrying the Body of Pairoclus (antique sculpture; Fig. 94), 140, 140

Albanians, 245, 277, 359n, 360n

Alexandria, 71, 77–8

Ali (Mameluke), 113

Amiens, Treaty of (1802), 69, 96, 97, 100, 337n

Amis des Noirs (Friends of Blacks), 14, 17, 321n, 355n

seal of, 29

Ancien Régime, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 25, 40, 57, 59, 96, 168, 169, 172

Annecy, Jean-Louis, 24

anti-Bonapartism, 96–7, 99, 119, 155, 156–8, 169

anti-Bonapartist caricatures/prints, 91, 91–2, 92–4, 119, 121, 122, 112–13, 157, 157–8, 179, 181, 197–9, 198–9

anti-Bonapartist massacres (1814–15), 158

Antilles, 159, 171, 348n

Appiani, Andrea, Madame Hamelin (Fig. 197), 270–71, 271

Arabs, 3, 61, 65, 70, 73, 80, 81, 83, 86, 88, 291, 333n, 335n

Bedouin, 106, 107, 134, 134–6, 137, 141, 142–4, 149–50, 152, 153, 154

Argus (rescue ship), 181, 185, 190, 210, 230, 232, 235

Arnault, Antoine-Vincent, 277

Arriette, Jean, 230

Ashton, John, English Caricature and Satire on Napoleon I, 336n

Aspasie (model), 260–62, 266, 268, 272–4, 278, 279, 317

Delacroix’s portraits of, 260, 261, 262, 267, 272, 272–4, 273

Assalini, Paolo, 96

Athanassoglou-Kallmyer, Nina, 288, 358n, 360n

Auguste, Jules-Robert, 362n

Austria, French peace treaty with (1801), 69

Baigners, Jean Verant, 229

Bailly, Joseph, 1

Balzac, Honoré de, “Le Chef-d’oeuvre inconnu,” 131

Bara, Joseph, 12, 13

David’s portrait of, 35

Barbary Regencies, 292–5, 310, 314, 366n, 367n

Barnave, Antoine, 20, 21, 22, 322n, 357n

Barthes, Roland, 23–4, 25, 41

Battle of Nazareth competition (1800), 67, 69

Baudry-Deslozières, Louis-Narcisse, 228

Baxandall, Michael, 45

Bazile, Baptiste, 230

beau idéal (classical beauty), 12, 242, 248

beauty, 1–2, 3, 17, 42, 44, 56, 60, 246, 248–51, 252, 269, 277, 284, 321n

Bedouin Arabs see Arabs, Bedouin

Belley, Jean-Baptiste, 9–15, 22, 24, 27–8, 32, 49, 61, 83, 161, 186, 223, 230–31, 314, 315, 317, 320n, 322n, 326n

biographical details, 320n

Le Bout d’Oreille des Colon . . ., 52–3

death of (1805), 63

Girodet’s portrait of, 5, 8, 9–15, 11, 19, 22–3, 32, 34, 35–42, 45, 46–95, 50, 51–2, 53–6, 57, 58, 61, 62, 74, 81, 131, 144–5, 327n

statement to National Convention (1794), 24–6, 49

Belle-Ile sur Mer, 63, 172

Benjamin, Jean, 230

Benoist, Marie-Guillemine, 327–8n

Portrait of a Negress (Figs. 23, 25, and 30), 42, 43, 44, 45, 45, 46, 57, 58–60, 58, 296

portrait of Jean-Dominique Larrey, 328n, 329n

Benoist-Cavay, Commissaire de la Marine, 59–60

Bentham, Jeremy, 346

Bergini (Italian male model), 259

Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Jacques Henri, Voyage à Vile de Prance . . . : frontispiece, 30

Bersani, Leo, 80, 333n

Bicêtre, dungeons of, 130

black revolution, 9–64, 319–29n

blacks, 14, 15, 16–17, 19–20, 21, 22, 23, 50, 51, 52–4, 145, 159, 178

citizens in Paris, 36–7

deputies, 27–8, 36, 37, 41, 49–50, 62

see also Belley, Jean-Baptiste; eunuchs, 296–7, 298, 304

in paintings, 42, 44–9, 54–6, 58–60, 61, 144, 178, 288–92, 295, 296, 298, 300, 301, 305, 306, 307, 310

soldiers, 23–7, 28, 57, 62–3, 323n; see also Africa, Africans; race; Saint-Domingue; slaves, slavery

Blanc, Charles, 361n

“Blanc et noir ou l’oeuvre Pie” (anon.: Fig. 194), 263, 267

blindness, 97–8, 237, 239–40

blood, drinking of, 224, 226, 326n

blood-mixing, 237–79, 357–65n see also mulattos

Boilly, Louis-Léopold, 278

Galleries of the Palais Royale (detail: Fig. 200), 278, 279

Boily, Charles, “Soyez libres et citoyens” (engraving after Rouvier: Fig. 9), 30

Boime, Albert, 365n

Boisson, Joseph, 25, 28, 36, 41, 62

lifestyle in Paris, 36–7

portrait of, 37

Bonaparte, Josephine see Josephine, Empress

Bonaparte, Louis, king of Holland, 96, 173

“Bonaparte en compte avec le Pacha de Cairo” (anon.: Fig. 79), 122, 122

Bonaparte’s Will (satirical tract), 122

Bonneville, François, “E. V. Mentor” (engraving: Fig. 33), 62

les bons nègres,” 27

Bouchot, Henri, L’Epopée du Costume Militaire Français, illustration of Mameluke at Girodet’s door from (Fig. 82), 124, 124

Bourbon monarchy, 170, 242, 282, 2–93, 31G 350n

Bourrienne, Louis-Antoine-Fauvelet de, 99, 331n, 341n

Bourrienne, Mme, 96

Boutard, Jean-Baptiste-Bon, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 59, 61, 131, 296, 297, 325n

Boyer, Jean-Pierre (Haitian President), 303, 304

Boyer (surgeon), 77–8

branding, 173

Breton, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph, L’Egypte et la Syrie . . ., illustration from (Fig. 97), 143

Bricard (gunner), 108

Brilliant, Richard, 50, 326n

Bro, General Louis, 161

Broglie, Duc de, Souvenirs, 368n

Bry, Theodor de, America . . ., 197

Byron, Lord, 152, 237, 243, 245, 281, 363n

Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, 358n

death in Missolonghi (1824), 283, 360n

Don Juan, 274, 293, 296, 365n

Cairo, Al-Azhar mosque, 133

revolt of (1798), 131, 133–4, 136; see also Girodet

slaughter of Mamelukes in (1811), 158, 160, 161

calenture, 232; see also disease; Savigny, Jean-Baptiste

Cambacérès, Jean-Jacques de, 130, 156, 157, 158

sodomy and gluttony of, 198–9

Camper, Pieter, 52, 269

Canaris, Constantine, 245

Candeille, Julie, 126–9, 130, 255

Girodet’s double portrait of self and (Fig. 84), 128, 128, 153

and Girodet’s models, 126, 127

cannibalism, 4, 5, 26, 49, 50, 91, 92, 165–235, 346–57

of Africans, 186, 229

and anatomical fragment studies, 205–7, 217

and Belley, 26, 186

and colonialism, 167–8

confusion of living and dead, 215, 217–18

and consumption of colonial products, 224–6

during shipwrecks, 186–7, 227–8

Géricault’s approach to, 192–207, 209–18, 223–4

and meat, 205, 218

of Moors, 185–6, 229

and paranoia, 164, 186

as racial confusion, 228–9

of raft survivors, 175–6, 185–6, 189–92, 223

and slavery, 224–7, 229

and sodomy/rape, 196, 197, 199, 201

transitive vs. intransitive, 168, 202, 204

Canova, Antonio, nude statue of Napoleon, 333n

Carling, Augustin, 229

carrés (French military formation), 109, 110, 110, 137

Carteau, Félix, 322n, 355–6n

Cartellier, Pierre (sculptor), 338n

castration, 296

Caucasus, 105, 108

censorship, 96, 97, 101

Cervantes, Miguel de, 293

Cervoni, General, 363n

Chakn, Mameluke, 113

el-Charkawi, Sheik Abdullah, 341n

Charles x, king of France, 173, 293, 298, 368n; see also “S. M. Charles x, . . .”

Charles x, king of Sweden, 368–9n

Châteaubriand, René, Vicomte de, 99, 293, 296, 304–5, 357n, 359n, 360n, 368n, 369n

Itinéraire de Paris è Jérusalem, 242–3, 305, 358n

Note sur la Grèce, 292, 296, 305, 312, 359n, 36on

Chaumereys, Hugues Duroy de (captain of the Medusa), 174, 187

trial and court-martial of, 176, 350n

Chaussard, Pierre-Jean-Baptiste, 41, 325n

Letter d’un homme libre è l’esclave Raynal, 40

Chénier, André, 325n

Chodowiecki, Daniel, Lips’s etching after (Fig. 29), 51

Choiseul-Gouffier, Marie-Gabriel, Comte de, 243–4

cholera epidemic in France (1832), 95

circumcision, 106, 112, 122

Cless, Jean-Henri, Studio of David (Fig. 184), 252

Clément, Charles, 161

Club Massiac, 321n

Cochin, C. N., portrait of Raynal, Launay’s engraving after (Fig. 2), 38

Code Noir, 16, 320n, 321n

colonial battalion (representatives of/from colonies), 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 173

Colonial Battalion (armies assigned to administer colonies), 171–6, 348n, 349

composition of, 172–3

First Company, 230

Second Company, 231

survivors after shipwreck, 175–6, 229–30, 232

colonialism, colonies, 5, 240

and cannibalism, 167–8

under Napoleon, 168–9

during Restoration, 169, 170–71, 348n

war vs. commerce, 169–70; see also Napoleonic Empire; Saint-Dominigue; Senegal

color/hue, and monochrome, 220–23

and painting of blacks, 44–6

and painting of “orientals,” 84–5

and painting of sang-mêlés, 272–4, 275–6

and sang-mêlés, 269–71; see also illumination/lighting; mulattos; skin color

Comité philhellenique de Paris, 360n

Committee of the Colonies, 20

Concordat (1802), 69

Congress of Vienna, 366n

Conrad, Joseph, The Heart of Darkness, 73, 82

conspiracy, conspiracy theories, 69, 95–6, 97

Constant, Benjamin, 169, 173, 232, 357n

De l’Esprit de Conquête . . ., 169–70, 348n

Constitutional Circles, 57

Le Constitutionnel, 275, 276

Consulate, 42, 58, 60, 63, 69, 186, 347

contagion, 71–3, 77–8, 87, 103

Conté, Nicolas Jacques, Ironmonger’s and Tinsmith’s Tools (Fig. 35), 67

“La Convention abolit l’esclavage en 1794” (anon.: Fig. 17), 32, 34

Coray, Adamantios, Salpisma Polemistirion, frontispiece, 288, 289

Cornillon, Charles de “Ode,” 271, 272

Corréard, Alexandre, 22–3

“Address to Chamber of Peers and Deputies” (1819), 187–8, 188; see also Savigny, Jean-Baptiste

Costumes parisiens (Fig. 70), 118, 118

coup d’état (1797), 57

Coupin, P. A., biography of Girodet by, 124, 125, 126, 131, 132, 148

Le Courrier français, 276

Coward, D. A., 132

Creoles, 15, 24, 50, 60, 63, 174, 270, 349n

Cris des colons . . . (anon.), 226, 227

Crow, Thomas, 125, 128

Cruikshank, George, “Napoleon poisoning the plague-stricken of Jaffa” (Fig. 52), 91

Damas, General, 91

“Dames Belles . . .” (anon.: Fig. 209), fashion plate, 288, 289

Danican, General, 97

Dard, Charlotte-Adélaide Picard, La Chaumière africaine (Fig. 120), 175, 306n

David, Jacques-Louis, 2, 3, 6, 12, 46, 63, 66, 70, 171, 215, 252, 255, 327n, 356n

Brutus, 87, 214, 250

Coronation, 67, 75, 119, The Death of Joseph Bara (Fig. 5), 13, 76, 77

Intervention of the Sabines (Fig. 89), 75, 136, 136, 137, 307, 332n

Leonidas at Thermopylae (Fig. 179), 153, 241, 241, 332n

The Oath of the Horatii (Fig. 43), 75, 73, 76

The Oath of the Tennis Court (Fig. 18), 12, 34, 35, 33

portrait-académies of Lepelletier, Marat, and Bara, 35

Saint Roch interceding with the Virgin on behalf of the Blague-stricken (Fig. 44), 76, 77, 77, 266

La Décade philosophique, 40

decapitation/beheading, 4, 144, 145, 148, 149, 151–2, 255, 237, 258, 287, 287–8, 291, 297, 344–511

Decennial Prizes, 70

Defoe, Daniel, Robinson Crusoe, 165–7, 168, 186, 189, 201, 207, 218, 232, 235, 293, 313, 346–711

Delacroix, Charles, 362n

Delacroix, Eugène, 1–2, 6–7, 59

and Aspasie/mixed bloods, 260–66, 272–4, 279

female models, 253–4, 255, 260

heterosexual studio practice, 252–9, 266, 277–8

Journal, 237, 238, 240, 248, 253, 255, 256, 259, 260, 273, 274, 277, 363n

male friends, 256, 266

modelling for Géricault, 237–40, 258

racial anxieties, 266, 274–5

WORKS

Aspaste (Fig. 189: Montpellier), 260, 261, 262, 273, 274

detail (Fig. 195), 267

Aspaste (Fig. 190: Louvre), 260, 262, 272

Aspaste (Figs. 198 and 199: private coll.), 272–3, 272–3

Black on a Rearing Horse (Fig. 218), 300, 301

Black Standard Bearer (Fig. 219), 300, 301

Death of Sardanapalus (Fig. 225), 260, 315–17, 316

study for (Fig. 216), 289, 291

Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi (Fig. 201), 5, 280, 281–317, 369n

black warrior in, 284, 288–92, 295, 296, 297, 297, 298, 305, 396, 307, 310

details (Figs. 205–7), 286, 287–8, 287–8

Greek woman in 283, 284, 288, 297, 308, 309

Negro in a Turban, preparatory study for (Fig. 204), 284, 285

study for (Fig. 215), 296, 297

study for (Fig. 222), 307, 308

Massacres of Chios (Fig. 181), 5, 6, 7, 240–41, 245–79, 247, 281, 283, 284, 289, 308, 315, 316, 361n

detail (Fig. 174), 236

detail (Fig. 186), 253, 234

detail (Fig. 187), 257, 257

detail (Fig. 188), 259–60, 260

detail (Fig. 193), 262, 264

rape scene, 252, 255, 256–9

study for (Fig. 192), 260, 262, 263

study of Turk for (Fig. 182), 248, 249

Portrait of Louis-Auguste Schwiter, 284

studies after figures in Géricault’s Raft of the Medusa (Figs. 177 and 178), 237, 239, 239

study after figure in Girodet’s Revolt of Cairo (Fig. 112), 160, 161

Delaville-Leroulx, Elisabeth, 327n

La Description de l’Egypte (1809–22), 66, 67, 83, 90, 106, 108, 134, 329n

“Arts et metiers” (Fig. 36), 67

“Mameluke” (Fig. 59), 106, 296

“Le Désespoir du tourneur en jambe de bois” (anon.: Fig. 51), 87, 88

Desgenettes, Nicolas-René-Dufriche, 71, 72, 73, 83, 90–91, 92, 95, 331n, 335n, 336n

Souvenirs, 90

Desvernois, General Nicolas Philibert, 106, 110, 339n

Le Diable Boiteux, 248

Diderot, Denis, 40, 130

Didot, Firmin, 171

Directory, 5, 54, 57–8, 270, 347n

“Discussion sur les hommes de couleur” (Fig. 14), 32

disease, 63, 86–7, 335n

and colonialism, 335n; see also calenture; cholera; plague; yellow fever

Djezzar, Pasha, 66

doctors, oriental, 83, 84–6

Le Drapeau blanc, 276

“Les Droits del’homme. La Liberté des Côlon” (anon.: Fig. 16), 32, 33

“Le Duc d’Enghien jugé par les bourreaux” (anon.: Fig. 76), 119, 121

Ducel, François (Mameluke: Fig. 110), 158–9, 159, 346n

Ducis, Louis, His Majesty; the Emperor; on the Terrace of the Château of Saint-Cloud (Fig. 75), 119,111

Ducoeurjoly, S. J., 265

Dufay, Louis-Pierre, 9, 14–15, 16, 26, 27, 28, 324n

Dufrénoy, Mme, Beautés de l’histoire de la Grèce moderne: “La Mort de Botzaris” (Fig. 180), 245, 246

Dupont, Captain, 191–2

Duquesne (leader against Barbary pirates), 305, 306

Durand, Jean-Baptiste, 348n

Voyage au Sénégal, 185

Dutertre, André, 330, 344n

“Mameluke” engraving after (Fig. 59), 105, 106

Eakins, Thomas, Watering Hole, 332n

“L’echarpe tricolore donnée par Bonaparte à un Bey d’Egypte” (anon.: Fig. 78), 122, 122

Ecole Impériale Polytechnique, 60, 61

Egypt, Egyptians, 4, 5, 6, 169, 302, 304, 334n

Battle of Navarino (1827), 305

Cairo revolt (1798), 131, 133–4, 136

Mamelukes in, 3, 6, 65, 80, 105–12, 134

Napoleonic campaign in, 61, 62, 6–103, 105, 118–19, 141–2, 144, 162, 168, 303, 344n, 357n

slaughter by Mohammed Ali of Mamelukes (1811), 158, 160, 161

sodomy in, 79–80, 107; see also Girodet

“Eh bien, Messieurs!-deux millions!” (anon.: Fig. 42), 73, 74

emancipation see abolition of slavery

Emilie (model), 253, 255, 256, 257, 259

Enghien, Due d’, assassination of, 69, 97, 119, 111

England, 91, 96, 169

Treaty of Amiens (1802), 69, 96, 97

Enlightenment, 17, 20, 40, 41, 73, 248

“Entrée du premier Consul Bonaparte au Château des Thuilleries” (anon.: Fig. 67), 115, 113

eroticism, 78, 79, 80, 103, 144, 145, 149, 152, 153, 195, 206, 308; see also sexuality; sodomy

Espercieux, Jean-Joseph, Bust of Abbé Raynal (Fig. 21), 38, 38, 325n

ethnographic classification, 83, 90, 133

eunuchs, black, 296–7, 298, 304

Exmouth, Lord, 366n

Explanation of Buonaparte’s Coat of Arms (anon.: Figs. 55a and b), 92, 94

Exposition de l’Elysée (1797), 49, 57

Eyriès, Jean-Baptiste, Histoire des Naufrages, 186–7

Fanon, Frantz, Black Skin, White Masks, 357n

fashion/couture, French, à la mameluck, 117–18

femininity vs. masculinity, 77–8, 80–82, 128, 152, 223, 333n

Figareau, Antoine, 230

Fillon, Michel, 230

“La Fin du Monde” (anon.: Figs. 108 and 109), 137, 157–8

flesh, rhetoric of, 224–9, 235; see also abolitionists; Baudry-Deslozières, Louis-Narcisse; Cris des colons . . .; Voltaire

freedom see liberty Foucault, Michel, 129

Fouché, Joseph, 97

Fourquiquand, Charles, 230

French Army, Imperial/Napoleonic, 172, 173, 349n

carrés, military formation, 109, 110, 110, 137

Egyptian campaign, 63, 65–103 passim, 105, 118–19, 141–2, 144, 162

hussars/dragoons, 137, 149, 150–51, 152–, 153, 155, 160

incorporation of Mamelukes into, 112–13, 115, 156, 158–9

and Revolt of Cairo (1798), 131, 133–4, 137, 139–55

rumor and dissent in, 95, 96, 100

French Army, Revolutionary, 24, 63, 172, 323–4n

black and “colored” soldiers in, 23–7, 28, 57, 62–3

French Revolution, 5, 12, 14, 15, 16–26, 29, 34, 36–7, 40, 41, 49, 57, 241, 325n, 335n

Freud, Sigmund, 345n

Fried, Michael, 258

Frossard, B., La Cause des esclaves nègres: frontispiece, 30

Galbaud, Governor, 26

Gautherot, Claude, Napoleon Wounded at Ratisbon (detail: Fig. 72), 119, 120

La Gazette de France, 219–20, 242, 277, 281–2, 310

Génève-Encelin, 229

genocide, 26, 63, 305

Genon, Jean, 229

genre painting, anecdotal, 75

gens de couleur (persons of color), 16–17, 19–20, 21, 25, 229, 320n, 321n, 322n; see also mulattos

Gérard, François, 115, 171, 327n, 328n

Cupid and Psyche, 57

Joachim Murat (Fig. 92), 137, 139

Géricault, Théodore, 6, 87–8, 174, 255–6, 259, 278, 296

WORKS

Anatomical Fragments (Figs. 149 and 150), 205–7, 206–7, 217, 220

Cannibalism on the Raft of the Medusa (Fig. 133), 192, 193–7, 199–201, 209

black figure in, 193

detail (Fig. 136), 194, 194

detail (Fig. 143), 199–200, 200

The Charging Chasseur (Fig. 183), 162, 250, 250, 258

“Mameluk défendant un trompette blessé” (Fig. 111), 160, 160

Mustapha (Fig. 114), 161, 162

Mutiny on the Raft of the Medusa (Fig. 126), 182, 182

Portrait of a Black (Joseph) (Fig. 170), 230, 230

The Raft of the Medusa (Fig. 127), 5, 6, 146, 148, 162, 163, 168, 178, 181–235, 183, 250, 252, 2–66, 287, 317, 347n, 353n, 355n, 356n

black figures, 215, 220–21, 223, 230–31

and cannibalism, 192–207, 209–18, 223–4

drawings, role of, in preparation for, 178–85, 207–13, 237

father, 210–11, 213, 214–15

lighting, 221

monochromy, 220, 221, 223

mutiny studies, 182–4

and passivity, 211, 217, 218–29, 224

and racial difference/identity, 221, 223, 224

signs of difference in, 220

detail (Fig. 116), 164, 214

detail (Fig. 147), 203, 203–4

detail (Fig. 152), 209, 209

detail (Fig. 160), 214, 214–15

details (Figs. 162–4), 217–18, 217–19

detail (Fig. 167), 221, 222

detail (Fig. 173), 234, 235

detail (Fig. 175), 237, 238

study for (Abandoned Raft: Fig. 128), 184, 184

study for (male nude: Fig. 130), 187, 188

study for (The Argus in View: Fig. 145), 202, 202–3

and detail of (Fig. 146), 202, 202

studies for (black man: Figs. 134 and 135), 193, 193–4

study for (Fig. 148), 204, 204

study for (Fig. 153), 210, 210, 211

and details of (Figs. 154, 155, and 159), 210–11, 211–12, 213, 213

studies for (Figs. 156–8), 210–11, 212–13

studies for (Figs. 165 and 166), 221, 221–2

study for (Fig. 171), 231, 231

study for (Fig. 176), 237, 238

Return from Russia (Fig. 124), 179, 180, 180–81, 182, 206, 225

and study for (Fig. 151), 206, 208

Satyr and Nymph (Fig. 137: Princeton), 195, 193, 196, 199

Satyr and Nymph (Fig. 138: Louvre), 195, 196, 196, 199

Scene of Deluge (Fig. 115), 162–3, 163

Slave Trade, 281, 282

study for (Fig. 202), 282

The Swiss Guard (Fig. 122), 178, 179–80, 225

Ugolino in his Prison (Fig. 144), 201, 201

Wagon of the Wounded (Fig. 123), 179, 179, 180–81, 182

Germer, Stefan, 196

Gérô me, Jean-Léon, General Bonaparte in Cairo (Fig. 46), 81, 81

Girodet, Anne-Louis, 1, 2–3, 4, 6, 66–7, 171, 278, 296, 345n

Mamelukes’ relations with, 124, 130, 133, 135–7

and sodomy, 124–9, 131, 132, 158

WORKS

“Les Adieux” (poem), 342n

Atala, 133, 143

drawings of severed heads, 345n

Jean-Baptiste Belley (Fig. 2), 5, 8, 9–15, 19, 22, 32, 34, 35–62, 43, 74, 81, 131, 144–5, 170, 282, 317, 324n, 327n, 328n, 343n

details (Figs. 4, 22, and 26), 11, 39, 43, 46

pencil drawing after (Fig. 19), 36, 36

portrait of Jean-Dominique Larrey, 328n, 329–30n

Pygmalion and Galatea, 131, 343n

The Revolt of Cairo (Fig. 83), 5, 6, 124, 123, 130, 131–55, 158, 160, 204, 208, 252, 277, 316–17, 343n

decapitated head in, 145, 148, 149, 151–2, 155

detail (Fig. 58), 104

detail (Fig. 91), 137, 138

detail (Fig. 95), 140, 141, 146

details (Figs. 98 and 99), 143–6

details (Figs. 103 and 104), 148–9, 149

Géricault’s and Delacroix’s copies of parts of (Figs, in and 112), 160, 160–61

preparatory drawings (Figs. 1, 99–102 and 105), xii, 146, 146–7, 150, 151

race and sexual roles in, 149–55

study of Bedouin (Fig. 107), 153, 154

study for (Fig. 106), 151, 151

Scene of a Deluge, 13, 132, 143, 144s 343n

Self-portrait with Julie Candeille (Fig. 84), 128, 128, 153

The Sleep of Endymion (Figs. 3 and 27), 9, 10, 10, 12, 47, 47, 76, 124, 126, 143, 144, 343n

Girondins, 12, 241

Le Globe, 275, 276, 305

Goethe, Johann von, 151

Goldsmith, Lewis, 156

Gombrich, Ernst, 45

Gouly, Marie-Benô it, 326n, 327n

Vues générales sur l’importance des Colonies . . ., 52, 53

“Gouvernement Paternel” (anon.: Fig. 223), 311, 311

Goya, Francisco de, May 2, 1808, 158

“Le grand Dardanus . . .” (anon.: Fig. 142), 199

Grandpré, Louis Marie de, 348n

Voyage à la cô te occidentale de l’Afrique, 186, 224

Greek Orthodox Church, 245, 359n

Greek War of Independence, 6, 240–41, 245, 259, 260, 262, 274, 276, 278, 282, 283, 292, 302, 303, 306, 312

Greeks/Greece, 1, 3, 4, 5, 237–314 passim, 357n, 359n

ancient vs. modern, 241–4

beauty and ugliness of, 246, 248–51, 252, 269, 277, 284

confusion with Turks, 245–6, 249, 250

as mixed race, 244–5, 259, 268, 274, 276–7, 278

Ottoman rule, 240, 241, 244–5

as slaves, 248, 281–2, 292

Turkish siege of Missolonghi (1826), 283, 291, 305, 306, 309

women, 251, 277, 283, 284, 288–9, 294; see also Delacroix

Grégoire, Abbé Henri, 14, 19, 229, 303, 322n, 355n

An Enquiry concerning the Intellectual and Moral Faculties . . ., 226

Griffon (clerk), 356n

Gros, Antoine-Jean, 6, 115, 131, 145, 259, 266, 278, 279, 293, 366n

WORKS

Battle of Aboukir (Fig. 38), 68, 69, 132

Battle of Eylau, 69, 115

Battle of Nazareth, sketch (1801), 70, 76

Battle of the Pyramids (Fig. 90), 70, 137, 137, 141–2, 162–3

detail (Fig. 96), 141–2, 142

Bonaparte visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa (Figs. 34 and 37), 63, 64, 66–82, 68, 83–9, 90, 96, 97–103, 119, 122, 132, 135, 140, 155, 168, 170, 180, 204, 214, 250, 252, 266, 278, 329–30n, 335n, 338, 361n

detail (Fig. 41), 71, 72

details (Figs. 48–50), 83, 84, 84–6

detail (Fig. 56), 98

study for (Fig. 39), 66, 69, 79, 83

Guadeloupe, 59, 63, 169

Guérin, Pierre-Narcisse, 330

Bonaparte pardoning the Rebels of Cairo (Fig. 40), 70, 71, 131

The Return of Marcus Sextus (Fig. 161), 214, 215

Guiana, 57, 59

Guillemardet, Félix, 254

Haiti see Saint-Domingue

Hamelin, Fortunée, 270, 272, 278

Appiani’s portrait of, 270–71, 271

harem/seraglio, 288, 289, 290, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 304, 308, 309, 316, 317, 345n, 370n

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 317

Hélène (model), 253, 256, 317

Hennequin, Philippe-Auguste, 78, 82, 330n

The Battle of Quib er on (Fig. 57), 69, 102, 350n

“La Liberté de l’Italie dédiée aux hommes libres” (Fig. 45), 78, 79

hierarchy of birth or merit, 176–8

history painting, 4, 5, 12, 34–5, 41, 66–103, 131–63, 174, 178, 181–235, 245–79, 281–317, 324n

contemporary vs. classical, 77–5

homosexuality see sexuality; sodomy

Hugo, Victor, 288, 291, 365n

Bug Jargal, 265, 301–2, 313–14, 365n

Les Orientales, 288, 297–8, 367n, 368n, 370n

poem celebrating victory at Navarino, 305–6

Hundred Days, 155, 172

Ibrahim Bey (Mameluke), 113

Ibrahim Pasha, 291, 304, 305

iconography, 74, 99, 122, 155

lie d’Aix, 62, 171

Ile de Saint-Marguerite, Mamelukes deported to, 156

illumination/lighting, lume/lustro, 45, 46–7, 48

in Géricault’s Raft of the Medusa, 220–23

in Gros’s Jaffa, 83, 87

self-shadow, 45, 46

Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique; Grande Odalisque, 308

Elarem Interior, Small Bather (Fig. 210), 288, 290, 296, 297, 308

Odalisque and Slave, 297

study for a eunuch (Fig. 216), 297, 299

Institut de France, 65

Islam/Muslims, 107, 122, 173, 241, 248, 292, 293, 304

Ismael, Jean, 229

Al-Jabarti, 133

Jacobins/Jacobin clubs, 12, 14, 24, 57, 145, 241, 326n

Napoleon’s expulsion of, 97

Jaffa, bubonic plague epidemic in, 71–3, 90

massacre of, 65, 90, 91, 94, 99

rumors of poisoning of plague victims in, 90–91, 91–4, 95–7, 99–101

siege of (1799), 65; see also Gros

Jal, Gustave, 351n

“Le Jardinier de Ste Hélène et ne l’étonne plus que Mars soit jardinier” (anon.: Fig. 119), 170

J. B., Cushion of Usurpation (Fig. 53), 92

Jean-Charles, 229, 230, 331

Joseph (model), 230

portrait of (Fig. 170), 230

Josephine, Empress, 113, 270, 330n

Jouffroy, Achille de, 242, 277, 357–8

Journal de l’Empire, 156

Journal de Paris, 219–20

Journal des Débats, 42, 59, 116, 244, 276, 334n, 356n, 360n, 361n

Journal du Commerce, 350n

Jouy and Jay, Victor-Joseph, 293, 294

July Monarchy, 282

Kératry, Auguste-Hilarion, 351, 51n

Kerverseau, General, 345n

Kléber, General, Carnet intime, 91

Knights Liberators of the White Slaves in Africa, 293–4, 366n

Kurtz (in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness), 271

La Réunion, 169

Lajer-Burcharth, Ewa, 128

Langsdorff, Georg Heinrich, 205

Larrey, Dr. Jean-Dominique, 83, 232, 327n, 328n, 329–30n, 335n

“flying ambulance” of, 333n

Las Cases, Emmanuel, Comte de, 73, 92, 336n

Latouche, Hyacinthe de, 301–2

Launay, N., “Guillaume-Thomas Raynal” (engraving after Cochin: Fig. 2), 38

Laura (model), 253

Lavallée, Joseph, Lettres d’un Mameluck, 116–17

Lavallette, Comte, 333–611

Lavater, Johann Caspar, 50, 52

illustrations from physiognomic treatises of (Figs. 28 and 29), 50–51, 51

Le Barbier l’aîné, “L’Afrique” (Ruqtte’s engraving after: Fig. 32), 61

Lebel, Claude-Jacques, The First Consul visits the Hospice of St. Bernard (detail: Fig. 66), 114, 115, 116

LeBreton, Joachim, 169, 170, 321n, 347n, 348n

Lecerf, engraving of “Le Robinson de l’île d’Elbe” (Fig. 117), 116

Leclerc, General Charles-Victor- Emmanuel, 62, 63, 89, 161, 168

Lejeune, Louis-François, 110–11, 115, 134, 330n

The Battle of Aboukir (Fig. 88), 135

The Battle of the Pyramids (Fig. 61), 109, 109

and details (Figs. 62 and 63), 110–11

Bivouac of Napoleon on the Eve of the Battle of Austerlitz (Fig. 65), 124, 115

Lemire l’aîné, Professeur, “L’Afrique” (Ruotte’s engraving after: Fig. 31), 60, 61

Le More Lack, 228

Lemoynes de la Morgues, Jacques, Treatment of the Enemy Dead (Fig. 139), 197, 297

Lepelletier de Saint-Fargeau, Louis-Michel, 12

David’s portrait of, 35

Lheureux, Lieutenant, 191–2

Liberals, French, 168, 169–70, 274, 176, 229, 232, 240, 250, 278, 281–2, 302, 303, 309

liberty, freedom, 27, 18, 29, 20, 22, 22, 23, 25, 29, 37, 40, 282

Libri-Bagnano, Georges, Résponse d’un Turc à La Note sur la Grèce de M. Châteaubriand, 312–13

Lips, Johann Heinrich, etching after Chodowiecki (Fig. 29), 50, 52

Louis XIV, king of France, 13

Louis XV, king of France, 25

Louis XVI, king of France, 20, 21, 59

Louis XVIII, king of France, 171, 172, 293

Louis Christophe, 229

Louis Jean, 229

Louisiana, sale of to the United States (1803), 169

L’Ouverture, Placide, 63

L’Ouverture, Toussaint, 62, 63, 328n

Luxembourg Palace, Paris, 160

Malouet, Pierre-Victor, 40

“Mameluke” (engraving after Dutertre: Fig. 59), 105, 106

Mamelukes, 3, 6, 65, 80, 105–19, 122–5, 130–37, 140–44. 149–62, 178, 296, 338n, 339n, 341n, 344–5n. 346n

attacks on, 156, 158

and French fashion, 117–18

Girodet’s relations with, 124, 130, 131, 133, 135–6

incorporated into French Army as Corps, 112–13

military tactics, 108–11, 137

as models, 124, 130, 131, 135, 136, 155, 162

Mohammed All’s slaughter of (1811), 158, 160, 161

and Napoléon, 122–29, 122–4, 156, 159, 161

origins, 105–6, 108

in paintings, 113–15. 123, 133, 234, 236, 237, 140–44. 149, 160, 160–61, 262

in Paris, 113, 115–19, 124, 162

photograph of François Ducel (Fig. 110), 158–9, 259

“second,” 159

social organization and succession, 106–7

and sodomy/sterile sexuality, 107–8, 119, 124

Manifesto of Russia, 97

Marat, Jean Paul, 12, 40

David’s portrait of, 35

Marie-Aubry, 363n

Marie-Louise, Empress, 144

marriage, interracial, 21, 59, 156, 320n, 32in

Mars, Price, 323n

Marseilles, 155–6

Martinique, 169, 172, 364n

martyr-académies see académies

masculinity vs. femininity see femininity

Le Masque de Fer, 250

Masquelier, Louis, “homo sum; . . .” (engraving after Moreau le Jeune: Fig. 10), 30

massacres, 4, 90, 158, 335n

of Arab prisoners, 65

in Marseilles, 155; see also Delacroix, Massacres of Chios

Masson, Philippe, 174

Une Matinée au salon (pamphlet), 275

Maynaud de Laveaux, Etienne, 327n

Medusa, shipwreck of the, 168, 169–78, 186–7, 348, 350n

and cannibalism, 175–6, 185–6, 187, 189–92

civilians and soldiers on board, 171–3, 229–30, 232, 302

mutiny of soldiers on raft, 174–5

survivors as martyrs or cannibals, 188–92, 223, 224; see also Géricault, The Raft of the Medusa; “Le Radeau de la Méduse”

Meiling, Ignace, Voyage pittoresque de Constantinople. . . : illustration “Interior of harem . . .” (Fig. 217), 297, 299

Mentor, Etienne-Victor, 24, 62–3

engraving of (Fig. 33), 62

Mercier, Louis-Sébastien, L’An 2440, 321n

Mercure de France, 350n

Mercure du Dix-Neuvième Siècle, 275, 276

meritocracy, 177–8

Metral, Antoine, 301

Meynier, Charles, 115

The Emperor’s Return to the Island of Lobau . . . (Fig. 71), 119, 120

detail (Fig. 74), 121

Michaud de Villette, 92, 99, 336n

Michelangelo, Last Judgment, 87, 182

Mills, Jean-Baptiste, 14–15, 16, 22, 23

La Minerve, 350n

Ministry Report, Etat nominatif des troupes et passagères . . . (Fig. 172), 232, 233

“Le Minotaure Corse” (anon.: Fig. 140), 19S Miot, Jacques-François, 65–6, 90, 92, 103, 352n

Mirabeau, Comte de, 321n

miscegenation, 4, 23, 174, 266, 268, 271–2, 276, 278, 284, 289, 308, 321n, 363n

mixed blood see mulattos, sang-mêlés

models see Aspasie; Bergini; Emilie; Hélène; Joseph; Laura; Mustapha; Pierret; Sidonie; Zélie; see also académies; Candeille, Julie

Mamelukes Mohammed Ali, 158, 160

Mollien, Gaspard, 168, 302

monochromy, 220–23; see also color/hue, and painting of blacks; illumination/lighting Monsaldy, engraving after Hennequin, “La Liberté de l’Italie . . .” (Fig. 45), 79

Monsaldy and Devisme, engraving “Vue des ouvrages de Peinture exposés au Muséum Central des Arts . . .” (Fig. 30), 58

Montaigne, Michel de, 165, 235

“Of Cannibals,” 357n

Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondât, Baron de, Lettres Persanes, 296

Moors, 185, 185–6, 193, 245, 343n

Moreau de Saint-Méry, Médéric-Louis-Elie, 264–5, 270, 364n

“Combinaison de Blanc” (Fig. 196), 270, 270

Moreau-Lejeune, Jean-Michel, “Homo sum” (Masquelier’s engraving after: Fig. 10), 30

“C’est à ce prix . . .” (illustration from Voltaire’s Candide: Fig. 168), 225, 225

“Mon capitaine . . .” (illustration from Voltaire’s Candide: Fig. 214), 295, 295

Morland, George, African Slave Trade (Fig. 203), 281, 283

“Les mortels sont égaux . . (anon.: Fig. 15), 32, 33

mulattos, sang-mêlés (mixed-bloods), 3, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 45, 62, 156, 232, 259, 260, 262, 263, 264, 265–6, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273–4, 276, 277, 278, 284, 317, 321n, 322n, 362n, 363n, 364n

as social category, 16

sterility and fertility, theories about, 268, 277, 363–4n see also color/hue; gens de couleur; blood-mixing

Murat, Joachim, Gérard’s portrait of, 137, 139

Mustapha (model), 317

Géricault’s portrait of (Fig. 114), 161–2, 162

mutiny, 172, 174–5, 209

Géricault’s studies of, 182, 182–4

Napoleon Bonaparte 1, Emperor, 4, 5, 58, 61, 62, 63, 90, 130, 131, 137, 155–6, 168, 170, 176, 197–8, 303, 330n, 33in

accused of sodomy, 156, 157–8, 345–6n

Cano va’s nude statue of, 333n

Coronation of (1804) (Fig. 68), 63, 69, 89, 116, 119

displaying Apollo Belvedere (Fig. 42), 73–4, 74

fall of (1814), 155, 169, 197

as First Consul, 69, 96, 115, 115

Gros’s portrait of (Bonaparte visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa.. Figs. 34, 37, 39, 41, 48–50, 56), 63, 64, 66–82, 83–9, 90, 96, 97–103, 19, 122, 132, 135, 140, 155, 168, 170, 180, 204, 214, 250, 252, 266, 278

“healing” touch of, 73, 74

heroism of, 73, 97, 99

and Mamelukes, 112–19, 122–4, 156, 159, 161

Roustam’s relations with, 112, 113, 116, 119, 122, 123–4, 155, 156, 161, 341n

rumors of poisoning of plague victims by, 90–92, 91–4, 95, 97, 99–101, 335n, 336n

second fall of (1815), 156, 162, 174

Napoleonic army veterans, 172, 178, 349n, 350n, 357n

amputated and wounded, 178, 179, 180–81, 182, 206, 350n

demi-solde, 173

mutiny on raft of, 174–5

survivors, 175–6; see also Colonial Battalion; French Army

Napoleonic Civil Code, 75, 129

Napoleonic Empire (First Empire), 5, 6, 61, 67, 69, 70, 113, 118, 132, 145, 155, 156, 158, 160, 170, 186, 250, 252, 270, 296, 315

National Assembly, 12, 20, 24, 40, 42, 48, 178

National Convention, 13, 14, 16, 24, 26, 34, 172, 179, 350n

Navarino, Battle of (1827), 305

“Ne suis-je pas ton frère?” (Fig. 8), seal of Société des Amis des Noirs, 28, 29

Le Nec plus ultra du Cannibalisme (anon.: Fig. 54), 91, 92

necrophilia, 196

negrophiles, 282, 283, 309, 310, 312, 355n, 356n

Newton, Isaac, 50, 52

Nicolas, Corporal Jean, 230

Nodier, Charles, 169

Le Nouveau Arlequin, 59

nudes, nudity, 10, 12, 75, 102

female, 75, 251, 255, 257, 259–60

male, 76–82, 88, 137, 140, 143–4, 149, 150, 153, 158, 193–4, 199, 201, 202, 205, 214, 219, 231, 259–60, 266, 275, 278, 332n; see also académies

Odo, Jeanne, 12–13, 14, 23, 240

“L’Ogre Dévorateur du genre humain” (anon.: Fig. 125), 181

“Oh, Miserable me, doomed to slavery” (Fig. 289), 288, 289

O’Meara, Barry Edward, 331n

opacity, psychological, 49, 54, 97, 98

opthalmia, 97

Orient, 6, 66, 79, 96, 101, 102, 111–12, 122, 132, 145, 149, 155, 303–5, 306, 307, 310, 316

orientalism, 65–6, 70–71, 83, 84–6, 88–9, 103, 330n

L’Oriflamme, 275

Ottoman Empire (Turks), 4, 5, 6, 105, 131, 135, 158, 244, 278, 292–3, 295, 306, 310, 357n, 359n

Greek War of Independence, 6, 240–41, 245, 259, 260, 262, 274, 276, 278, 282, 283, 292, 302, 303, 312

siege of Missolonghi by (1826), 283, 291, 306, 309

Paillot de Montabert, Jacques- Nicolas, Roustam Raza,. . . (Fig. 80), 123

paintings, blacks/Africans in, 42, 44–9, 54–6, 58–60, 61, 144, 178, 288–92, 295, 296, 298, 300, 301, 305, 306, 307, 310

Mamelukes in, 113–15, 123, 133, 134, 136, 137, 140–4, 149, 160, 160–61, 161

Pananti, Filippo, 310, 366nn

paranoia engendered by cannibalism, 164, 186

Parnajon, Lieutenant de, 353n

Park, Mungo, Voyage to Africa, 60, 171

Patterson, Orlando, 367–8n

Peabody, Sue, 21

penal code (1791 and 1810), 129, 171, 172

Peyrousse (paymaster), 335n

Peyroux de la Coudrenière, 268, 277

philhellenes, 240, 243, 245, 276–7, 278, 281, 282, 283, 284, 288, 303, 304, 309, 310, 312

philhellenic fund-raising exhibition (1826), 282, 292, 309

Phrygian cap (sign for freed slave), 17

physiognomy/racial typology, 2, 3, 42, 50–54, 51, 55, 108, 153, 249, 269–70

and color, 269–70, 271–2

line vs. color, 269–70; see also Lavater, Johann Caspar

Pichégru, General, assassination of, 119, 121

“Pichégru étranglé par les Mamelucks . . .” (anon.: Fig. 77), 121

Pierret (model and friend of Delacroix), 259–60

Pinkerton, John, 100–01, 337–8n

pirates, Barbary, 292–5, 297, 302, 310, 313, 366n, 367n

plague, bubonic, 4, 5, 65–103, 184, 329–38n, 361n

rumors of poisoning of victims of, 90–92, 91–4, 95–7, 99–101

Planche, Captain, 28

Plattel, Henri-Daniel, The Archbishop of Missolonghi giving his Benediction (Fig. 212), 291, 292, 306–7

detail (Fig. 221), 306, 307

Poinsignon (commander of Colonial Regiment), 172

poisoning of plague victims at Jaffa, rumors of, 90–92, 91–4, 95–7, 99–101, 335–71

Police des Noirs, 21

Polignac, Comte Jules de, 173–4, 293

Poncet de la Grave, Guillaume, 59, 363n

porcelain, Napoleon’s Egyptian cabaret (manufacture de Sèvres) (Fig. 69), 116, 117

portrait-académies, 35

portraiture, 5, 8, 9–15, 22–3, 32, 34–42, 46–58, 61, 62, 75, 77

Pouqueville, François-Charles, 132, 249, 268, 293, 366n

Praviel, D’Anglas de, 352n;. . . Naufrage de la frégate La Méduse, 189–92, 223, 229

press, Napoleon’s censorship of, 96

prints see abolitionist imagery

pro-slavery advocates/colonists, 20, 27, 40, 49–50, 52, 56–7, 60, 226, 227, 228, 229, 282, 323n, 327

Quatremère de Quincy, Antoine, 75, 102

Quiberon, Battle of, 69, 102, 350n; see also Hennequin, Philippe-Auguste

La Quotidienne, 277

Raban, Louis-François, 301

Résumé de l’histoire de St. Domingue, 302

race, racism, 1–2, 3, 7, 14, 16–17, 20–23, 25, 45, 49, 50, 56, 58, 59, 61, 108, 144, 149–55, 2–23, 228, 260–79, 276, 284, 304

see also blacks; creoles; gens de couleur.; miscegenation; mulattos; physiogomy

racial binary/opposition, 14, 15, 284, 2–89, 307, 309

“Le Radeau de la Méduse” (anon.: Fig. 131), 190

Raimond, Julien, 321n

Rang, Sander, 189

rape, 4, 107–8, 109, 112, 158, 252, 2–55, 256–9, 277, 285, 289, 295, 298, 309

and cannibalism, 196, 197, 201, 215

Raynal, Abbé Guillaume-Thomas, 293

death of (1796), 38, 325n

Espercieux’s portrait-bust of (Fig. 21), 38, 38, 325n

Girodet’s portrait bust of 9, 10, 14, 19, 23, 37–8, 38, 40–42, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 81

Histoire des Deux Indes, 19, 40, 313, 321n

Launay’s engraving of (Fig. 20), 38, 38; Lettre à l’Assemblée nationale, 325n

portrait-illustration from Lavater’s treatise (“Reynald”), 50–51, 51

rejection of Revolution and abolition of slavery, 40, 325n

Redouté, Henri-Joseph, 344n

Rémusat, Charles de, L’Habitation de Saint-Domingue, 301

The Rescue of the Raft of the Medusa (anon.: Fig. 132), 191

Restoration, Bourbon, 5, 6, 92, 157, 160, 163, 169–70, 176, 179, 241, 252, 278, 282, 291, 293, 298, 301, 311, 315, 348n

“Reveil du Tiers Etat” (anon.: Fig. 7), 18

revolt, 4, 105–63, 338–46nn

Revolutionary Assembly, 20

Riesener, Léon, 273

Rigaud, General André, 62

Rights of Man, 18, 37, 57

Rigo, Michèle, 135, 330n, 344n

Ring the Alarum Bell! (journal), 97

Robespierre, Maximilien, 12, 50, 57, 145, 325n

“Le nouveau Robinson de lTsle Ste Hélène” (anon.: Fig. 117), 166

“Le Robinson de Pile d’Elbe” (anon.: Fig. 118), 167

Roehn, Adolphe, Bivouac of the Emperor on the Battlefield of Wagram . . . (Fig. 73), 119, 120

Roger, Baron, Kélédor, histoire africaine, 313

roi thaumaturge, 73, 99

Rondanini Medusa, 151

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 360n

Confessions, 35, 343n5 Social Contract, 35

Roustam (Napoleon’s Mameluke), 112, 113, 116, 119, 122, 123–4, 153, 155, 156, 161, 317, 349n, 341n

Denon’s drawing of (Fig. 64), 112, 113; Paillot de Montabert’s painting of (Fig. 80), 123

Souvenirs, 344n

Rouvier, Pierre, Body’s engraving after (Fig. 8), 30

Royalists, 49–50, 130, 131, 145, 153, 155, 158, 161, 173, 177, 241, 242, 250, 350n

Royer (pharmacist), 91, 336n

Rubens, Sir Peter Paul, 361n

Fall of the Damned, 182

rumors of poisoning of plague victims, 90–92, 91–4, 95–7, 99–101, 335–7n

Ruotte, engraving after Le Barbier: “L’Afrique” (Fig. 32), 61

engraving after Lemire: “L’Afrique . . .” (Fig. 31), 60, 61

Ryan, Maureen, 170

“S. M. Charles x, le bien-aimé . . .” (anon.: Fig. 220), 301, 301

Said, Edward, 4

Orientalism, 65–6, 83, 88, 90

Saint-Germain, Gault de, 219

Saint-Domingue (now Haiti), 5, 7, 89, 90, 161, 168, 259, 264, 283, 303, 304, 305, 306, 314, 320n, 347n, 348n

abolition of slavery in, 22

black revolution, 9–64 passim, 301–03

Independence, and Republic of Haiti proclaimed (1804), 63, 169, 298, 302, 305, 368n

population of, 321n

slave uprisings in, 18, 19, 20, 26, 42, 62, 63, 145, 302

Saint Helena, 92

Saint Jean d’Acre, 66

Salon, Paris, 1798: 12, 16, 34, 40, 41, 56, 57, 58, 70, 324n

1800: 42, 57, 58, 58

1802: 100

1804: 66–7, 97, 100, 101, 102, 328n

1810: 105

1812: 162

1819: 163, 189

1826: 292

sang-mêlés (mixed bloods) see mulattos; see also gens de couleur; miscegenation

Savary, Claude-Etienne, 248

Savigny, Jean-Baptiste, Observations sur les effets de la faim et de la soif, 232, 356–7n

Alexandre Corréard and, 181, 182, 229, 232

Narrative of a Voyage to Senegal (Naufrage de la frégate Méduse), 169, 170–71, 172–3, 174–5, 176–7, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 189, 190, 193, 195, 209, 218, 223, 224, 232, 347–8n, 350n, 351n, 352n, 353n, 355n, 356n

frontispiece (Fig. 121), 176, 177

Schmaltz, Julien-Désiré (governor of Senegal), 171, 172, 176, 349n, 352n, 353n

Schmaltz, Mile, 189–90

La Semaine, 276

Senegal, 4, 5, 6, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174, 185, 187, 191, 232, 347n, 348n

Serangeli, Gioachino, 115, 132

Napoleon receives the Deputies of the Army . . . (Fig. 68), 115, 116

sexual contest, 289

sexuality, 149–55, 308, 333n, 339n, 343n, 345–6n

black, 55, 59

and cannibalism, 196, 202

Delacroix’s heterosexual studio practice, 252–9, 266, 277–8

Girodet’s homosexuality, 124–9, 131

Mameluke’s sterile, illicit, 107–8, 119

politics of, 6

and race, 149–55, 2–63–71; see also miscegenation; mulattos; sodomy

Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 151, 359n

shipwrecks, cannibalism during, 186–7, 227–8, 356n; see also Medusa

Sibalis, Michael David, 129

Sidonie (model), 253

skin color, skin, 15–16, 21, 44–6, 59, 143, 153, 154, 223, 224, 275, 276; see also race

slave labor, 58, 169

slave trade, 169, 170–71, 186, 224, 295–6, 312, 313

slaves, slavery, 4, 5, 7, 12, 16, 17–23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 53–4, 57, 58, 60, 63, 144, 145, 172, 174, 224, 231, 282, 296, 304–5, 317, 348n, 366n

abolition of (emancipation: 1794), 14, 15, 17, 18, 19–20, 22, 23, 26, 28–33, 40, 41, 49, 57, 58, 59, 170–71, 173, 224, 225, 226, 281, 282, 302, 303, 310, 312, 313

as amputation, 225–6

and cannibalism, 224–6, 227, 229, 355n

fugitive, 25

reinstated by Napoleon (1802), 83, 145, 156

uprisings, 18, 19, 20, 62, 63

white, 281–314, 365–71n; see also Mamelukes; Saint-Domingue

Smith, Sir Sidney, 293, 294–5, 366n, 367n

social status/hierarchy, 176–8, 232

Société Coloniale et Philanthropique du Cap-Vert, 170

Société de la morale chrétienne de Marseille, 309, 312

Société des Amis des Noirs see Amis des Noirs

sodomy/homosexuality, 4, 79–80, 84, 89, 107–8, 124–30, 132, 149–50, 196, 197, 204, 333n, 341n, 343n, 345n, 353n, 354n

and Cambacérès, 156–8, 198–9

and cannibalism, 196, 197, 201

and Girodet, 124–9, 131, 132, 158

legislation and trials, 129–30

Napoleon accused of, 156, 157–9

and Orient, 79–80, 89, 107–8, 132; see also sexuality

Sollors, Werner, 272, 363–4n

Sonnini, Nicolas, 79–80

Sonthonax, Commissioner, 22, 24, 26, 41, 50, 62, 323n

South African, in Lavater, 50, 51

Staël, Auguste de, 312, 371n

Stedman, John Gabriel, 269, 270, 271

“Joanna,” illustration from Narrative of a Five Years Expedition . . . (Fig. 181), 260, 262

Stendhal, 369n

Life of Napoleon, 336n

studio practice, 6

Delacroix’s heterosexual, 252–9, 266, 277–8

Géricault’s, 184–5, 202–3, 205, 207–9

Girodet’s, 130–32, 135–6, 146–8

Suicidal Gaul and his Wife (antique sculpture: Fig. 93), 140, 140

“Suite de la promenade au Palais Royal” (anon.: Fig. 141), 198

Syria, 4, 5, 65, 71, 90

T[alma] giving a Lesson of Grace and Imperial Dignity (anon.: Fig. 47), 82, 82

Talleyrand, Prince Charles-Maurice de, 34, 96, 131, 169, 347n, 366n

Tanty, E. Louis, lithograph of Girodet’s Self-portrait with fuite Candeille (Fig. 84), 128, 128

Taunay, Nicolas-Antoine, 115

terror/horror/atrocities, 87, 88–97

Thévenin, Charles, 115

Augereau on the Arcole Bridge, 57

Surrender of Ulm, October 20, 1805, 115

Thomany, Pierre, 37

tobacco box celebrating abolition of slavery (Fig. 4), 30

travel, 2–3, 242–3, 248, 358n

tricolor flag (Fig. 6), 15

colonial battalion’s, 14–15, 15, 16, 21, 23

Turks, 3, 6, 107, 240, 243, 248, 255, 277, 303

Delacroix’s studies of, 248, 249, 257–9, 287, 288

Greeks confused with, 245–6, 249, 250, 251; see also Ottoman Empire

ugliness, 1–2, 42, 44, 59, 246, 248–51, 252, 274–5, 277

ulama (Egyptian low-ranking officials), 133, 134

uniformed men/officers, 76, 77, 102, 137–9, 140

Van Eyck, Jan, 47

Venancourt, François-Marie Cornette de, 349n

La Vérité au Muséum, 59

Vernet, Horace, 253, 256

The Atelier (Fig. 185), 253

Combat of Corsairs at Sunrise (Fig. 213), 293–4, 294, 367n

Massacre of the Mamelukes (Fig. 113), 160, 161, 161, 162, 305

Odalisque with Hourglass, 308

Versailles, Château de, 115, 317

Viaud, Pierre, 231, 317

Naufrage et aventures . . ., 227, 228

illustrations from (Figs, 11 and 169), 31, 227

Vignon, Victor, Lettre écrite des Champs-Elysées . . ., 302–3

Vigo-Rousillon, Colonel, 92

Villeneuve, Geoffroy de, L’Afrique . . . : Le Sénégal, illustration from (Fig. 129), 185, 185–6

Vincennes, Château de, 119

Virey, Julien Joseph, 52, 264, 269, 271, 274, 364n

illustration to Histoire naturelle du genre humain (Fig. 24), 42, 44, 44, 223, 269

Vivant Denon, Dominique, 66, 83, 101, 108, 112, 116, 131, 132, 133, 330n, 332n, 338n

Voyage dans la basse et la haute Egypte, 132, 135–6: “Bain Egyptien” (Fig. 85), 132

“Inhabitants from Rosette including Mamelukes” (Fig. 60), 108, 109, “Mamelouk en habit de guerre” (Fig. 86), 133, 133

“Roustam” (Fig. 64), 112, 113

“Vue du désert, et d’un camp de Bedouins” (Fig. 87), 134, 134

Volney, C.-F, 135, 293, 357n

Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte, 107

Voltaire, 158, 298

Candide, 293

and illustrations from (Figs. 168 and 214), 225, 223, 295, 295

Philosophical Dictionary, 346n

Voutier, Colonel, 248, 277, 360n

Wairy, Constant (Napoleon’s valet), 341n

wallpaper designs, 365n

West Indies, West Indians, 4, 19, 89, 169, 171, 173, 174, 259, 306

white slavery, 281–314, 365–71n

White Terror, 156

Whitworth, Lord, 96

Wilson, Sir Robert Thomas, History of the British Expedition to Egypt, 91, 96, 97, 335n, 336n

Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 17, 242, 321n

yellow fever, 62, 63, 89

Zaïde, Marie, 230

Zélie (model), 253, 256

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