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Index
Oswaldo Chinchilla Mazariegos
Description: Art and Myth of the Ancient Maya
Art and Myth of the Ancient Maya
Index
Author
Oswaldo Chinchilla Mazariegos
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2017 by Oswaldo Chinchilla Mazariegos
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00019.017
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-17883
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Index
Page numbers in italic type indicate illustrations.
Achi language, 51
Acuña, René, 43, 44, 46
Adam, 71–72
adultery, 111
African myths, 227
agriculture, 75, 79
Ah Kin Xooc, 93
Ah Mucen Cab, 66, 67
Ajan K’awiil (Corncob K’awiil), 35–36
Ajaw, royal title, 172, 173, 173
Ajaw, day name, 173, 173
ak’ab sign, 151–52, 156–57
Akan group of deities, 201
Akkeren, Ruud van, 42, 51, 170
Alom, K’ajolom, 56
Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, 51, 195
Aluxes, 65
amaq’ (the nations), 71, 72, 199
Amatlán, Veracruz, 97
Andean people, 63
animals, gods as owners of, 179, 182–83
animal sacrifice, 70, 72
Anne, Saint, 105, 106
archaeological sites and ruins, myths about, 64, 65, 66
Arias Sojom, Manuel, 60, 162, 191, 225, 227
Ariel de Vidas, Anath, 65
arm, losing/severing of, 133, 134–37, 135, 142, 144, 145, 148, 152–53, 152,
armadillos, 10, 11
arrows, 97–98
Arroyo de Piedra Stela 1, 173 (detail)
Atiteco people, 99
Axayacatl, 138
Aztec people. See Mexica people
babies, 14–15, 19
Bacab, 106
Bachajón, Chiapas, 182
Báez-Jorge, Félix, 116, 117
Balam Acab, 170
B’alamq’e, 83, 183
Balam Quitze, 170
ball playing, 18, 175, 190, 195, 226
Basseta, Domingo de, 28, 29, 44, 46, 73, 111
Bassie-Sweet, Karen, 153, 164
Bayllo, Alonso, 44
Beliaev, Dmitri, 33–34, 69–70
beliefs. See mythical beliefs
Belize, 9–10, 20, 25, 51, 58, 91
Berlin, Heinrich, 75
Berlo, Janet, 21
Bierhorst, John, 48
Bilbao Monument 21, 197 (detail)
Bird Jaguar IV, 123
birds: biting of breasts by, 91–93, 92, 93;
Hero Twins and, 163
people eaten by, 139
Principal Bird Deity, 151–57
sexuality associated with, 86–93, 142
as sun’s opponents, 131–57. See also hummingbirds; herons; parrots; quails; macaws; vultures
birth. See childbirth
Birth Vase, 118, 119–22, 128
biting creatures. See poisonous, biting creatures
B’itol (creator), 54
Bleeding Conch Vase, xii, 1, 100, 101, 101 (details), 102–3, 102 (detail), 117, 237–38
blemished skin, 102, 161, 167, 173–77, 201, 202
bloated animal, 10, 12, 12, 13, 14–15
Blom Plate, 174, 175 (detail)
bloodletting, 70, 123, 128, 175
blowflies, 95
blowguns, 18–19, 25, 88–89, 134, 136, 143, 143, 148, 149, 160, 161, 163–64, 174, 175, 179, 212–13, 233, 237, 238
Bolon Ti Ku, 58, 66, 79
Bonampak, 36
alabaster bowl from Building 10, 99, 100;
murals, 74
bones, 49, 57, 69, 86, 89, 191, 211, 228–29
Books of Chilam Balam, 41, 66–67, 79, 93
Chumayel, 66, 67
Codex Pérez, 93
Mani, 58, 66
Tizimin, 66
Boone, Elizabeth, 19
bowl from Naranjo area, Petén, 87, 88
Bowl K3115, 215, 215 (detail)
Braakhuis, H. E. M., 10–12, 18, 51, 88–90, 98, 110, 137, 189, 191, 220, 222
breast, biting of, 91–92, 92, 95, 96, 96
Bricker, Harvey, 47, 60
Bricker, Victoria, 47, 60, 136
Bronze King, 190
buboes, 161, 167, 177, 192. See also blemished skin
bundles, 213
buzzards. See vultures
Caal, Juan, 83, 183
cacao, 194
Cacaxtla, 47
Calcehtok Vase, 231, 232, 233
calendar, Maya: Calendar Round, 34–36
Long Count, 32, 34–35, 75, 212
Period Ending dates, 36–37
calendric references, 31–32, 34–37
Calepino Maya de Motul, 28
Campeche, Mexico, 33, 142
Cancuc, Chiapas, 177
cannibals, 61–62, 66
Canul, Virgilio, 65
Carlsen, Robert, 122, 191
Carlson, John B., 11
Carmack, Robert, 44, 169
Carr, Pat, 138
castration, 136
caves, 62, 64–66, 68–69, 231
Ce Acatl, Quetzalcoatl, 49, 110, 138, 226, 229
Centeotl, 84, 93, 185, 229
centipedes, 123, 125, 127, 128, 128
ceramic figurines: from Jaina Island, 90, 90;
from Pacific Coast of Guatemala, 144, 144, 148
from Alta Verapaz, 195, 196
ceramics: hieroglyphs on, 33
makers of, 32–33
mythical subjects on, 32–35, 81
rim bands of, 2
symbolic of woman’s womb, 98–99
ceramic vases. See vases, molded; vases, painted
Chahk, 11–12, 12, 14–15, 14, 16–17, 18, 217, 218, 220–21, 221, 223
Chajul, Guatemala, 88–89
Chak Chel, 80, 106, 107, 128
Chalchiuhtlicue, 128
Chamula people, 55, 58, 62, 63, 68, 136
Chatino people, 108, 110, 116, 117, 139, 140, 141, 165
Chay Ab’äj (Obsidian Stone), 73
Chenalhó, Chiapas, 22, 54, 58, 60, 61, 115, 162
Chiapas, Mexico, 43, 46, 62, 66, 91, 136, 161, 162, 164, 178, 182
Chibirias, 106. See also Ix Chebel Yax
Chichen Itza, Lower Temple of the Jaguars frieze, 93, 93
Chichicastenango, Guatemala, 46, 185
Chichimecs, 73
chickens, 72
Chicomexochitl, 188
Chicontepec, Veracruz, 95
childbirth, 99, 100, 118–29. See also midwives
chili peppers, 110–11, 115
Chimalman, 137–38
Chimalmat, 137–38, 140, 141, 148
Chinantec people, 109, 139, 165
Chinique, Guatemala, 56, 72
Ch’i’pi Kaqulja, 56
chirimoyas, 141
Ch’ol people, 64, 66, 139, 161
Chontal people, 139
Chontla, Veracruz, 142
Ch’orti’ people, 31, 53, 58, 63, 64, 65, 68, 71–72, 109, 111, 113–15, 139, 163, 185–87, 189, 191, 195, 218, 221, 228, 236
Christenson, Allen J., 43, 44, 54, 70–71, 183
Christianity: in colonial/modern versions of myths, 50, 55–56, 61
concept of creation in, 54
identified with new era, 67
influence of, on Mesoamerican culture, 23–24
Mesoamerican myths compared to, 83–85
and Popol Vuh, 42–43, 45
sunrise equated with, 65. See also Jesus Christ; Mary, mother of Jesus
Chuj people, 71
Ciguanaba, 114, 163, 187
Cihuacoatl, Cihuacoatl-Quilaztli, 109–10
Cipactli, 58, 74
Citlalatonac, 56, 63
Citlalicue, Citlalinicue, 56, 63
Classic period: ball games in, 195
ceramics in, 35
cosmology in, 60, 75
deer in, 230
God S in, 238
gods in, 12, 35, 172
hieroglyphs from, 3, 28, 36–37, 41
Maize God in, 192–93, 199–201
meaning of images from, 9, 18–19, 20, 32, 35, 69–70
monkeys in, 162
myth of the eras in, 79
myths in, 6, 26, 33, 40, 47
old goddesses in, 105
pluvial deities in, 222
Principal Bird Deity in, 151, 157
stellar characters in, 206–7
Water Lily Serpent in, 205
Coatlicue, 109, 118
Codex Borbonicus, 128
Codex Dresden, 80, 104 (detail), 106
(detail), 107 (detail), 108, 148, 151, 173 (detail), 205, 205 (detail)
Codex Florentino, 68, 201 (detail)
Codex Madrid, 107
Codex Magliabechiano, 109, 109, 118
Codex Paris, 192
Codex Pérez. See Books of Chilam Balam
codex-style vessels, 12, 12, 14–16, 14, 16, 16, 33, 207 (detail)
Codex Telleriano-Remensis, 84, 99
Codex Vaticanus 3738, 84
Codex Vaticanus 3773, 103, 197 (detail)
Coe, Michael D., 3, 10–12, 18–19, 32, 86, 106, 134, 160, 162, 170–75, 177, 183, 193, 230, 234, 239
Coggins, Clemency, 123
Collier, Jane, 88
conchs, 99–103, 100, 102
conch shell trumpet, 198, 203 (detail), 230
contract, between gods and humans, 71–72
copal incense, 70
Copán: site, 75, 144
Altar T, 59
ball courts, 134–35, 135, 142, 157, 175, 176;
sculpture, 177
Structure 8N-11 bench, 207, 208 (details)
Structure 9M-146 bench, 203 (detail)
Sky Band Bench, Structure 8N-11, 207, 208 (details)
Temple 22, 59
Cora people, 108, 128, 191, 199
Cordry, Donald and Dorothy, 90
Cosmic Plate, 217–18, 217 (details)
cosmogony. See also Mesoamerican cosmogony
Coto, Thomás de, 43, 54, 113
cotton, 98
Cotzumalhuapa, 233, 236
Covarrubias, Sebastián de, 28, 54
creation myths, 49, 53–55, 69–72, 75–81
creator gods, 54–57, 107
Crique Sarco, Belize, 163
crocodiles, 58–60
Cross Group tablets. See Palenque, Group of the Cross tablets Cuauhnahuac, 97
Cuchumaquic, 85
Cuernavaca, Mexico. See Cuauhnahuac
Cuetzalan, Puebla, 166
Cuicatec people, 139
Cúpanzieeri, 226
cylinder tripod vase, 233, 234
dancing, 195, 196, 197, 198, 198, 199, 210
Davletshin, Albert, 33–34, 69–70
death: of the father, 225–28, 238
feeding of the earth by, 60, 71–72, 117
God S associated with, 238
of Maize God, 211
origin of, 7, 225–28
sexuality associated with, 199–201
Death Vase, 200 (detail), 201
deer, 10–11, 25, 225–27, 229–37, 230, 232, 233, 236, 237, 238
De la Cruz Torres, Mario, 10
De la Torre Chatoch, Miguelito, 158
De León, Anastasio, 189, 191
Delgado, Hilda, 90
devils, 25, 61, 66, 70
Dhipaak, 141, 188
Díaz de Salas, Marcelo, 159, 160, 167
disjunction, principle of, 20
divine punishment, 63
dogs, 14–15, 18–19, 25, 63, 64
Dominicans, 43–46
Donnan, Christopher, 15
Dos Pilas Stela 15, 173 (detail)
dragons, 139
Dresden Codex. See Codex Dresden
Dütting, Dieter, 33
Earle, Duncan M., 65, 72
Early Classic period: birds in, 152
cultural influences in, 47
deer in, 233
Maize God in, 193
Principal Bird Deity in, 157
severed arms in, 148
Early Postclassic period: breast-biting birds in, 91–92
severed arms in, 148
earth, 57–60, 71–72, 74, 90, 110, 117
Ehecatl, 58
Ek’ Balam, mural painting, 230–31, 230 (detail), 234
El Salvador, 109
El Tajín, 148
enclosures (boxes, coffins, vessels, houses), for seclusion of maidens, 84, 95, 97–99
eras, 60–62, 79, 81
eroded vase, Museo Popol Vuh, 12, 13
Escobedo, Héctor, 148
Escuintla, Guatemala, 144
Eve, 84, 85
Exbalanquen, 183, 228. See also Xbalanque
eyes, extraction of monsters’, 25, 136, 139–40
Fash, William and Barbara, 134, 142
father, 7, 225–38
and curse, 228–30
death of, 225–28, 238
deer associated with, 225–27, 229–30, 236–37
God S as, 237–38
as missing, 225–26
Faust, Betty Bernice, 142
Fields, Virginia, 192
fire and burning, 62–66, 105, 108–10, 139, 140, 164, 167, 168
fireflies, 95
fleas, 95, 97
flood stories, 57–58, 60, 62–64, 79, 80
Florentine Codex. See Codex Florentino
Förstemann, Ernst, 79
Foster, George, 22, 188, 189, 190
Fought, John, 53
4 Flint (lunar god), 168
Freidel, David, 38, 47, 178, 222, 227
fruit, 85, 116, 135–36
Frumencio, Don, 226
GI, GII, GIII. See Palenque Triad Gods
Galinier, Jacques, 98, 117, 136
game animals, 89
Gann, Thomas, 9
genitals, women’s, 138, 215
Gingerich, Willard, 138
Girard, Rafael, 72, 115, 186, 189
God CH, 6, 7, 18, 162, 171, 172, 174, 175, 177–79, 179, 180, 181, 182–83, 202, 207, 216, 217, 223, 230–31, 233, 233, 237
goddesses: death of, 110
earth-mother, 110
weaving associated with, 90. See also gods; grandmother; mother goddesses; old goddesses; young goddesses
Goddess I, 107, 108
Goddess O, 107
God L, 33, 34, 80, 206, 241
God N, 14, 195, 196, 220, 241
God R, 172
God S, 6, 7, 18–19, 96, 96, 102–3, 102, 134, 135, 148, 149, 156–57, 156, 162, 164, 165, 171, 172–75, 173, 175, 176, 177, 177, 178, 179, 182–83, 198, 200, 202, 202, 203, 207, 209, 213, 216, 217, 223, 230–31, 232, 233, 237–38
gods: creator, 55–57
mountains and caves associated with, 69
nourishment of, 70–71
offerings to, 70–73
relation of, to earlier peoples, 68. See also goddesses
Golte, Jürgen, 15–16
González Cruz, Genaro, 227
Gossen, Gary, 54–55, 68
grandfather, 81
transformation of, 108, 109, 115, 236
as moon hero, 167
grandmother, 105–29
burning of, 108–10, 140
and childbirth, 118–29
Hero Twins vs., 107–11
lover of, 113–14, 236
as midwife, 105, 129
personalities of, 129
raping of, 110–13
and sweat baths, 108–10
toothed vagina of, 114–17
young sun or maize hero vs., 61. See also old goddesses
Graulich, Michel, 49, 55, 70, 71, 73, 84, 85, 118, 199, 226
Greek and Roman pottery, 1–2, 17–18
Gregorio, Don, 188, 236
Grieder, Terence, 20
Grube, Nikolai, 14
Guatemala, 3, 10, 20, 25, 31, 40–44, 46–47, 55, 57–58, 60, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 71, 83, 98, 105, 113, 166, 178, 228, 237
Guernsey, Julia, 32, 151, 155, 157
Guerrero, Mexico, 25, 116, 139–41, 229, 236
Guiteras Holmes, Calixta, 22, 54, 60, 137
Gulf Coast maize heroes, 189–91, 195, 214, 218, 237
Gutiérrez, Fermín, 188
Gutiérrez Estévez, Manuel, 65
Hales, Donald, 16, 19
Hamann, Byron, 29
Hatsikan, 199
hawks, 142, 161
Headband Gods, 160, 170–74, 171, 177–79, 182, 199, 201, 202, 207, 212–13, 212, 213, 214, 215, 219, 222, 223, 225, 227, 230–31, 230, 232, 234, 237
headbands, 172, 173, 173
headdresses, 21
Hellmuth, Nicholas, 153, 156, 217
Helmke, Christophe, 139, 143–44
Henne, Nathan, 54
Hercules, 18
Hernández, Christine, 33
Hernández, Francisco, 106
Hernández Francisco, Hilario, 95
Hernández Juárez, Raymundo, 97
heroes. See Hero Twins; lunar heroes; maize heroes; solar heroes
heroic subjects, of myth, 24–25, 27–28, 50, 93, 148, 240–41
herons, 19
Hero Twins, 18, 34, 49, 57, 74, 86, 115, 163, 218
activities of, 174–75
Headband Gods and, 171–74
and killing of the grandmother, 107–9
kin of, 160–62, 226–27
as lunar and solar heroes, 182–83
and maize, 189–92
and Seven Macaw, 134–36
and the sun, 159. See also Hunahpu; Xbalanque
Herring, Adam, 28
Heyden, Doris, 98, 142
Hidalgo, Mexico, 95, 117
hieroglyphic texts: on ceramic vessels, 33
images in relation to, 21–22
on monumental art, 35–37, 40
myths in, 40
primeval events in, 35–41
Hischen, 106. See also Ix Chel
Histoire du Mechique, 58, 84, 110, 185
Historia de los Mexicanos por sus Pinturas, 56, 58, 73
Historia Mexicayotl, 97
Holmul dancer, 195
Homshuk, 113, 188–91, 222, 227, 231
Honduras, 186
honeybees, 89
Horcasitas, Fernando, 63–64
Houston, Stephen, 18, 20, 123, 157
Huastec region, 95, 188
Huave people, 115, 117
Huichol people, 58, 116, 143, 164, 177, 191
Huitzilihuitl, 97–98, 102
Hull, Kerry, 187–89
humans, creation of, 69–70, 79
human sacrifice, 15, 58, 68, 70–73
hummingbirds, 14, 86–95, 86, 88, 98
Hunahau, 55, 162
Hunahpu, 18, 46, 83–84, 86, 107, 134–36, 144, 148, 162, 164, 168–69, 171–75, 182, 191–92, 226–27, 238
Hun Batz, 107–8, 166
Huncheven, 55, 162
Hun Chouen, 107–8, 162, 166
Hun Hunahpu, 83–84, 110, 226–27, 230, 238
Hun Nal Ye cave, lid of stone box, 203, 204
Hun Tihax, 83
Hurricane, 190
Hurtado, Elena, 105
Ichon, Alain, 166, 189, 220
iconography and iconology, 10–11
Ik’ Way Nal, 35
Ilamateuctli, 110
images: narratives in relation to, 15–19, 27–28
texts in relation to, 28–29
insects, 12, 12, 13, 14–15, 14, 18, 19, 89, 95–96, 95, 96, 108, 237. See also fireflies; fleas; mosquitos; ticks
interpretive methodology: image-narrative relationships, 15–19
Maya mythical imagery, 3–4, 10–11
Mesoamerican myths, 3–5
role of textual sources, 9, 19–22
Isla Mujeres, Quintana Roo, 106
Isthmus of Tehuantepec, 117
Itzam Cab Ain, 58, 79
Itzamnaaj (Itzamna), 14, 18–19, 86, 87, 96, 96, 102, 106, 156–57, 165, 179, 182, 207, 209
Itzamnaaj Bahlam IV, 123
Itzil Winiq, 136
Itzpapalotl, 49, 84, 109, 138, 142
Ix Chebel Yax, 106, 107
Ix Chel, 106–7
Ixil people, 51, 87–89, 95, 139
Iximche, 44
Ixnextli, 84
Izamal, Yucatán, 62, 128, 131, 165
Izapa: Stela 2, 155
Stela 25, 131, 132, 133, 134–35, 141–42, 151, 152, 157
stelae, 32, 144
Izona, 106. See also Itzamnaaj
jade, 194, 213
Jaguar Paddler God, 212, 212, 214, 220
jaguars, 12, 14–15, 16–17, 67, 72, 107, 118, 122–23, 148, 179, 182. See also tapir jaguar
Jaguar War God, 75
Jakaltek people, 139
Jalapa de Díaz, Oaxaca, 64
Jaltepetongo, Oaxaca, 148
Jesus Christ: and agriculture, 185–86
as creator, 56
death of, 185–86
in marriage petition prayer, 51
in Q’anjob’al narrative, 161
sun identified with, 61, 62, 66, 68
jewelry, 193–94
Jews, 66
Jicaques, 186
Johnson, Richard, 33
Juun Ajaw, 173–74, 238
Juun Ixim, 193
K’ahk’ Tiliw Chan Chahk, 35
Kaminaljuyú: Sculpture 9, 197 (detail), 198
Sculpture 100 (Stela 1), 152–53, 152, 157
Sculpture 110 (Altar 10), 151, 151
sculptures, 195
Kan Mo’ Nal, 151
Kaqchikel language, 43
Kaqchikel people, 51, 87, 89, 108, 112, 166
Kaqulja Huracán, 56
Katun 11 Ajaw myth, 66–67, 79, 93. See also Books of Chilam Balam
Kauyumari, 116
K’awiil, 35–36, 79, 203, 222
K’echuj, 187
Kelley, David, 99
Kerr, Justin, 18
K’iche’ people, 42, 70–71, 111, 185, 189, 199–201, 228, 239
K’inich Janaab’ Pakal, 123
K’inich K’ak’ Mo’, 131, 148
k’in sign, 151–52, 157
Klein, Cecelia, 138
Knowlton, Timothy, 66, 67, 107
Köhler, Ulrich, 71
K’okaib’, 170
K’oqawib’, 170
Kowalski, Jeff, 175
K’ox, 61, 161, 162, 227. See also Xut
Kubler, George, 19–21
Kumix, 31, 114–15, 163, 186–91, 195, 218, 221, 228
K’uxbakme’el, 115, 137
Lacandon people, 61, 65–66, 68, 69, 139
Lacanjá panel, 35–36, 36
La Corona Element 56, 173 (detail)
Ladinos, 68
Lady Chahk Skull, 123
La Esperanza ball-court marker, 175
Lake Atitlán, 99, 105, 108, 112, 166
Landa, Diego de, 41, 106, 238
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 41, 44, 55, 162, 183
Apologética Historia Sumaria, 44, 106, 228
Las Pacayas, 148
Late Classic period: cultural influences in, 47
dancing figures in, 195
deer in, 233
Maize God in, 193, 194, 198, 206–7
monkeys in, 162
Principal Bird Deity in, 157
severed arms in, 148
stylistic characteristics of, 1
Late Postclassic period: cultural influences in, 47
Tenochtitlan’s status in, 40
Late Preclassic period: birds in, 142
Maize God in, 193
pluvial deities in, 222
Principal Bird Deity in, 152, 156, 157
Laughlin, Robert, 54–55, 85
Le Fort, Geneviève, 16, 211, 215
Legend of the Suns, 48–49, 63, 68, 73, 110, 137, 142, 168, 177, 192, 198, 225, 226, 228
lem sign, 151–52
lightning, 221–23
Lizana, Bernardo de, 41, 131
lizards, 114, 227
Long Count. See calendar
looms, 90–91
Looper, Matthew, 203
López Austin, Alfredo, 5, 9, 23–24, 26–27, 48, 50, 71, 85, 172, 174, 227–28
The Myths of the Opossum, 4
López Calixto, Manuel, 58
López de Cogolludo, Diego, 41, 93
López García, Julián, 31, 189, 236
Lord Xulab, 182, 183
lords, enthroned, 18–19, 74
Los Vados, Guatemala, 31
Lothrop, Samuel K., 99
Lowe, Gareth W., 134
Lumholtz, Carl, 164
lunar heroes, 6, 25–26, 116, 138, 141, 157, 159–60, 162, 165–66, 168–70, 177, 183, 189, 192, 194, 202–7
Lunar Maize God, 178, 202–7, 203, 204, 208
Lusibel, 61
macaws, 134, 143, 144, 144, 148, 149, 151, 157. See also Seven Macaw
Magdalene, Mary, 185–86
Mahucutah, 170
maiden, 83–103
conch associated with, 99–103
enclosures for secluding, 84, 95, 97–99
father of, 86–89, 96
as female ideal, 90
pregnancy of, 86, 91–92, 95, 97–98
sexuality of, 83–86, 88, 91–93, 98–100, 102–3
suitors of, 86–103
as weaver, 90–91
maize: as a child, 186
Hero Twins’ identification with, 191
humans created from, 69
Jesus and, 185–86
origin of, 192
in Palenque tablets, 75, 79
in Popol Vuh, 189–92
sowing and, 57
as sustenance, 85
Maize God, 6–7, 16, 32, 79, 84, 94, 156, 160, 162, 171, 183, 185, 193, 208, 209, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217;
ancient Maya Maize God, 192–95
dancing, 196, 197, 198, 210, 221
death of, 201
father of, 229
God S and, 237–38
Headband Gods in relation to, 223
journey of, 207–14, 222
as lunar hero, 178, 202–7, 203, 208
rebirth of, 214–18, 215, 227
sexuality of, 198–201, 199, 200, 202, 211, 237
as stellar being, 206–7, 207
and turtle carapace, 218–23, 219, 220, 221, 222, 227. See also Lunar Maize God
maize heroes, 7, 97, 186–90
Malinaltepec, Guerrero, 116
Mam (god), 85, 99, 136
Mam people, 57–58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 139
Maní, Yucatan, 108
Margil de Jesús, Antonio, 70
marriage, 88
Martin, Simon, 34, 171, 178, 194, 215
Mary, mother of Jesus: as creator, 56
moon identified with, 68
mother goddesses identified with, 51
Xochiquetzal or Xquic compared to, 84
Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo, 117
Matwil, 79, 99
Maudslay, Alfred, photograph of Quiriguá Zoomorph P, 59
Maya mythical imagery: correlation of myth and image, 9, 21–22, 92, 240–41
interpretation of, 1–4, 9–15
myths underlying, 31–35
narrative-image relationships in, 16–19
temporal aspects of, 19
textual sources for, 9, 19–22
Mayan myths. See Mesoamerican myths
Mazahua people, 63, 115
Mazatec people, 64, 163, 169
Memorial de Sololá, 41, 69, 73
Méndez, Lucio, 31, 114, 163, 187, 228
Mendieta, Jerónimo de, 56
menstruation and menstrual blood, 98, 102–3, 111, 117, 118, 128
Mesoamerica, map of, 2
Mesoamerican cosmogony, 53–81
creation of the world in, 53–55, 75–81
creator gods in, 55–57
the earth in, 57–60, 71–72
the eras in, 60–62
flood stories, 63–64
human creation in, 69–70
human-divine relations in, 70–72
origin of warfare, 72–75
in Palenque tablets, 79
peoples of earlier eras, 64–69
sources of knowledge of, 5
sun and moon in, 6
Mesoamerican myths: beliefs underlying, 26
Christianity compared to, 83–85
colonial/modern versions of, 3–6, 9, 15–16, 19–20, 22, 26, 31, 50–51 (see also Popol Vuh)
commonalities among, 22, 41, 47–49, 168, 239 (see also persistence and resilience of)
as core of religious tradition, 24
correlation of image and myth, 9, 21–22, 92, 240–41
creation stories in, 49, 53–55
geographic differences in, 51
interpretation of, 3–5
narrative, text, performance, and image in relation to, 26–28
origin stories in, 40–41
persistence and resilience of, 50–51 (see also commonalities among)
political power linked to, 32
recorded by Spanish authors, 41
structure of, 24–25
transformations and variations in, 3–5, 7, 20, 22, 26, 47, 50, 240–41
Mesoamerican religion: common and diverse elements of, 23
components of, 24
myths as core of, 24
origins of, 23
tradition of, 4, 22–26
messages, 162–64
Metz, Brent, 187
Mexica people, 48–49, 58, 59–60, 68, 71, 117, 138, 186, 194
Mexico, 15, 19, 22, 40, 47, 60, 64, 83
mice, 95
Mictlan, 228
midwives, 105, 118, 122, 128–29
Milbrath, Susan, 183, 203
Miller, Mary, 18, 34, 118, 171, 178, 203, 211, 215, 218
Miller, Walter, 140
Mimich, 137–38, 199
Mimixcoa, 73–74
Mitnal, 238
Mixcoatl, 49, 138, 142, 226, 229
Mixe people, 90–91, 165, 225
Mixtec myths, 25–26
Mixtec people, 19, 25–26, 60, 64, 71, 72, 98, 108, 115, 116, 117, 139–40, 140, 165
Miyahuaxihuitl, 97–98, 102, 103
Moche pottery, 15
Mochó people, 113, 161
molded vase, private collection, 233, 235
Molina, Alonso de, 71, 142
Monaghan, John, 29, 72, 98, 115
Mondloch, James, 44, 169
monkey gods, 162
monkeys, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 108, 161, 162
monster-slayer myths, 139
Montoliú Villar, María, 128, 137
monumental art: hieroglyphs on, 21, 35–37, 40
representations of political power in, 32
moon, 6
light of, 164–66
Mary identified with, 68
origin of, 159–61, 192
in Popol Vuh, 168–70
Q’eqchi’ myth about, 9–10, 15, 20, 25–26, 51, 58, 62, 83, 98, 109, 113, 128, 166, 182, 183, 192
rabbits and, 34, 164–65, 167–69, 182, 205–6
stars in relation to, 207
sun in relation to, 164–70
in Título de Totonicapán, 46
womanizing of, 166, 170. See also lunar heroes; Lunar Maize God
Moon Goddess, 34, 86, 86, 203, 205–6, 206, 231
Mopan people, 9, 128, 137
Morley, Sylvanus G., 231
Morning Star, 163
mosquitos, 14, 93–97, 94, 96, 110–11, 114
Mosquito Vase, 96, 96, 102–3, 237–38
Moteuczoma Ilhuicamina, 98
mother goddesses, 51
mountains, 15, 16–17, 68, 74, 122, 195, 222–23
Münch Galindo, Guido, 190
Muñoz Camargo, Diego, 84, 86
music, 195, 226
Muut Itzamnaaj, 157
mythical beliefs, 26, 27
myths. See Mesoamerican myths
Nacxit, 170
Nahm, Werner, 14
Nahua culture and texts: Chimalman in, 137–38
Christian concepts in, 84
conchs in, 99
creation story in, 54
creator gods in, 56
deer in, 236
earlier peoples in, 68
the earth in, 58
the eras in, 60
the father in, 225–27, 229
fire in, 109
flood story in, 63
goddesses, mothers, and grandmothers in, 108, 112–13
gods in, 93, 212
headbands, 172
maidens and suitors in, 95, 97
maize hero in, 108, 190, 223
menstruation in, 117
modes of writing in, 45
offerings to the gods in, 71
Popol Vuh compared to, 47–49, 84
sacrifice in, 71
serpents in, 140
sexuality in, 114
sun and moon in, 159, 166, 168, 177
Thunders in, 223
turtles in, 218, 220
warfare in, 73–74
young boys in, 187–89. See also Legend of the Suns
Najochan, 212
Naj Tunich cave: Drawing 21, 175, 175;
Drawing 87, 171
Nanahuatl, 167–68, 177, 192
nances, 112–13, 134–36
Naranjo, 35, 75
narrative: images as source for, 15–19, 27–28
length of, 19
texts as source of, 19–22
Navarrete, Carlos, 91–92
Nawayomo (evil water woman), 116
Nebaj, Guatemala, 88–89, 95
Neff, Hector, 92
Nicholson, Henry B., 109
Nielsen, Jesper, 139, 143–44
Nim Ch’okoj, 42
Nito, Don, 185
nixcomel, 142
nodal subjects, of myth, 4, 20–21, 24–26, 47–48, 81, 83, 90, 141, 172, 240–41
Noén, 63
nomological subjects, of myth, 24
Nuyoo, Oaxaca, 72, 115–16
Oaxaca, 60, 64, 90, 96, 109, 116, 139, 140, 163, 165, 236
Ochpaniztli, 110
ojer tzij (ancient word), 43
Ojoroxtotil, 115
old goddesses, 6
antagonism of, 103
as midwives, 118, 122;
young and, 106–7. See also grandmother
Old Thunder, 226
Olivier, Guilhem, 70, 71, 117, 229
Olmec: writing, 172
maize god, 192–93
One Death, 190, 228
One Hunahpu, 85, 107, 171, 174, 189–90, 226
opossums, 109
oral narratives, 26–27
original debt, 72, 90
original sin, 71, 72
Otomí people, 95, 97, 98, 108, 112, 115, 136, 166, 177
Oxlahun Ti Ku, 66–67
Ozomatzin Teuctli, 97, 103
Pacific Coast, 91, 144. See also Cotzumalhuapa, Escuintla, Izapa
Paddler Gods, 212–13, 213
Padre Eterno, 56
painting, words used to denote writing and, 28–29
Pajapan, Veracruz, 227
Palenque, 59, 60, 75–81
Hieroglyphic Stairway, 173 (detail)
Sarcophagus lid, 123
Tablet of the 96
Glyphs, 173 (detail)
Group of the Cross tablets, 40, 75, 76–78, 79, 81, 99, 239
tablets, 5, 40–41, 193, 203, 204
Palenque Triad Gods: GI, 75, 79
GII, 79, 99
GIII, 75
Palestina de Los Altos, Guatemala, 58
Palomino, Aquiles, 88
Panofsky, Erwin, 10–11, 15, 20
Papáztac, 168
Paris Codex. See Codex Paris
Parker, Joy, 38, 47, 222, 227
parrots, 143
Pascual, Benjamín, 227
Paul, Benjamin, 99, 161
Paul, Lois, 99, 111
Pax God, 19, 230
Paxil, Cayala, 192
Pearlman Trumpet, 106a (detail), 203, 207
Pedro Urdemales, Pedro Arimal, 56
penis/testicles, eating of, as punishment, 111, 113–14, 164, 169, 236
peoples, of previous eras, 61–62, 64–69, 69
Pérez, Braulio, 57–58, 62
Pérez, Jesús, 91–92
Pérez, Leandro, 188, 190
Pérez Suárez, Tomás, 192–93
Perseus, 18
Peru, 15
Petén, Guatemala, 33, 51, 58, 65, 66, 148, 195
phallic symbolism, 98, 114–16
Piedras Negras: Altar 2, Support 3, 173 (detail)
Panel 2, 173 (detail)
Piltzinteuctli, 84, 93, 229
Pipil people, 109
Pisaflores, Veracruz, 190
pit vipers, 67
Pizlimtec, 93
plates, painted: from Las Pacayas, 148, 149, 157
from lowland Maya area (unknown provenance), 93, 94, 175, 176. See also Blom Plate, Cosmic Plate
Plate K1892, 179 (detail), 218, 219, 223
Plate K4565, 207 (detail)
Plate K7185, 216, 217
Pleiades, 116–17
Po, 83
Pohl, Mary, 231
poisonous, biting creatures, 89, 97, 98, 103, 128, 137, 237
political power, 32, 42, 46, 170, 239
Popoluca people, 63, 109, 113, 141, 187–88, 220, 222, 223, 226, 227
Popol Vuh: authorial conceptions underlying, 28
ball playing in, 195
Chimalmat in, 137–38
circulation of, 44–46
comparative approach to, 19, 22, 48–49, 240
creation account in, 49, 54, 56–57
death gods in, 228
the earth in, 57
the eras in, 62
extant copy of, 45–46
the father in, 225, 229
flood story in, 63
gods in, 68
gourd tree in, 97
Hero Twins in, 34, 107–11, 159–63, 173, 175, 182–83, 189–92, 214, 218, 226–27, 239
historical context of, 41–48
human creation in, 70
in K’iche’ language, 3, 5, 25–26, 28, 42, 45
local nature of, 40, 41
maize in, 189–92
modern texts compared to, 19, 22
Nahua texts compared to, 48–49, 84
offerings to the gods in, 70–71
political motivation behind, 42, 46–47
Seven Macaw in, 134, 144, 153
severed arms in, 148
significance of, 41
as source of interpretation, 3, 4, 5, 10, 18, 240
sun and moon in, 168–70
warfare in, 72–74, 199
writing of, 42–44
Poqomam people, 139
Poqomchi’ people, 51, 90, 192
Postclassic period: codices in, 19
cosmology in, 60
gods and goddesses in, 128, 172, 179
human sacrifice in, 15
Maize God in, 192
meaning of images from, 20
merging of mythic elements in, 93
modes of writing in, 45
myth of the eras in, 79
old goddesses in, 105
Water Lily Serpent in, 205
Postectli, mountain, 223
Prechtel, Martin, 61, 85, 99, 122, 191
Preclassic period: dancing figures in, 195
Maize God in, 192
meaning of images from, 32
Principal Bird Deity in, 151, 153, 157
pregnancy, 57, 86, 89–92, 95, 97–98, 225–26, 237
pre-iconographic description, 10–11
Preuss, Mary, 111
Principal Bird Deity, 151–57, 155, 156, 164, 182
Puebla, Mexico, 95, 108, 117, 141, 166, 236
puma, 10, 67
Purépecha people, 49, 63, 226, 228
Qachu Kilaj Qapoj, 51
Q’ana Xib’alb’ay, 73
Q’anjob’al people, 64, 161
Q’eqchi’ people, 66, 69, 87, 89, 91, 111, 113–15, 137, 163–66, 237
Q’eqchi’ sun and moon myth, 9–10, 15, 25–26, 51, 58, 62, 83, 98, 109, 113, 128, 136, 166, 182, 183, 192
Q’o’l (nurturer), 70
quails, 228
Quenon, Michel, 16, 211, 215
Quetzalcoatl, 49, 170, 177, 228. See also Ce Acatl
quetzal feathers, 194
Quilter, Jeffrey, 15–16
Quintana Roo, Mexico, 9
Quiriguá: acropolis, 59
Stela C, 36–37, 37, 40, 41, 212
Structure 1B-1
sculpture, 193 (detail)
Zoomorph O, 59, 59;
Zoomorph P, 59, 59
Quiroa, Néstor, 45
Q’ukumatz, 56
Q’umarkaj, 42, 44
rabbits, 33–35, 34, 162–65, 167–69, 182, 205–6, 206
Rabinal, Guatemala 51
rainmaking, 189
rape, of the grandmother, 110–13, 116–17
rattlesnakes, 67
Raxa Kaqulja, 56
Raxa Xib’alb’ay, 73
Redfield, Robert, 112
Reents-Budet, Dorie, 35
Regal Rabbit Vase, 33–34, 34
Relación de Michoacán, 49, 226
religion. See Mesoamerican religion
Reynoso, Diego, 42
Río Azul Tomb 12 mural paintings, 207
Río Hondo Vase, 9–10, 10, 19, 21
Ríos, Pedro de los, 84
Ritual of the Bacabs, 137
Robicsek, Francis, 16, 19
Roys, Ralph, 67
Rubel, Arthur, 160
Ruiz de Alarcón, Hernando, 167, 229
sacrifice. See animal sacrifice; human sacrifice; self-sacrifice
Sáenz de Tejada, Eugenia, 105
Sahagún, Bernardino de, 109, 110, 167–68, 201
San Andrés Larraínzar, Chiapas, 62
San Antonio, Belize, 9–10, 20, 58, 91, 163, 166
San Antonio Palopó, Guatemala, 112
San Bartolo, 32, 152, 157, 193
Las Pinturas Sub-1 mural, 32, 130 (detail), 156, 156 (detail), 175, 193 (detail), 198, 198 (detail), 221–22, 221
San Bartolomé de los Llanos, Chiapas, 159, 160, 167
Sánchez Brito, Domingo, 95
Sandstrom, Alan, 97
San Juan Chamula, Chiapas, 55
San Juan Quiahije, Oaxaca, 140
San Lucas Camotlán, Oaxaca, 140
San Luis Potosí, Mexico, 95, 109
San Miguel Acatán, Guatemala, 64
San Miguel Acuexcomac, Puebla, 108
San Pedro Chenalhó, Chiapas. See Chenalhó
San Pedro la Laguna, Guatemala, 111, 112, 161
Santa Clara La Laguna, Guatemala, 105
Santa Cruz del Quiché, Guatemala, 41–42, 46
Santa Eulalia, Guatemala, 64, 66, 161
Santa Rita Corozal, sherd from, 203 (detail)
Santiago Atitlán, Guatemala, 61, 85, 113, 136
Santiaguito, 108
Santo Domingo Zinacantán, Chiapas, 28
Sautari, 128, 199
Schele, Linda, 38, 47, 178, 203, 211, 222, 227
Schellhas, Paul, 192–93
Seler, Eduard, 74, 93, 106
self-sacrifice, 70, 156, 175, 176, 177
Senahú, Guatemala, 91, 98, 111, 114
Sentiopil, 94
serpents, 10, 11, 233
and feminine genitals, 102, 103, 115–18, 118, 122–23, 119–22, 124–27, 132, 133, 134–35, 135, 142
and Nahua goddesses, 128, 128;
aquatic serpents, 172, 211, 214–15, 215, 216, 217
and wild places, 230, 230, 232. See also poisonous, biting creatures; sun’s opponents; Water Lily Serpent
Seven Death, 190, 228
Seven Hunahpu, 85, 107, 189–90, 226–27
Seven Macaw, 25, 49, 134–41, 144, 148, 153, 155, 164, 169, 174
sexuality: birds and, 86–93, 142
conch as metaphor for, 100, 102
deer associated with, 229
fruit associated with, 86, 116, 135–36
of the grandmother, 113–14
of the maiden, 83–86, 88, 91–93, 98–100, 102–3
of Maize God, 198–201, 200, 202, 211, 237
menstruation in relation to, 111
Mesoamerican notions about, 128, 198–99
moon’s womanizing, 166, 170
mosquitos and, 93–97
punishments connected to, 111, 113–14, 198–99
serpents associated with, 103
Seven Macaw and, 135–37
toothache associated with, 91, 136–37
and toothed vaginas, 114–17
water associated with, 99, 111
sickness and curing, 89, 105
Sierra de Zongolica, Veracruz, 140
Sierra Popoluca people, 22
sin, 84, 85. See also original sin
Sintiopiltsin, 188
Sirátatápezi, 226
skeletons, 110
skin. See blemished skin
Slocum, Marianna, 182
snakes. See serpents
Soben, Antonia, 105
Soconusco, Chiapas, 91–92, 96
solar heroes, 6, 62, 103, 138, 157, 159–62, 164, 166, 177, 183, 189, 192, 237
Soteapan, Veracruz, 188
sowing, 57, 79
Sparks, Garry, 43
Spinden, Herbert, 192–93
Starry Deer Crocodile, 59, 59
stars and stellar beings, 74–75, 74, 177, 206–7
Stephens, John L., 108
stirring rods, 141–42
Stone, Andrea, 230, 231
stone disk, 193 (detail)
stones, assault with heated, 139–41
Stuart, David, 33, 36, 40, 75, 79, 99, 123, 128, 151, 157, 172, 174, 193, 203, 213
Stuart, George, 75, 79, 123
suitors: and conch shells, 99–103
as hummingbirds, 86–93
as mosquitos, 93–97
sun, 6, 159–83
aversion of earlier peoples to, 64–68
dawning and, 57
fire and burning associated with, 64–66, 140, 164, 167, 168
Jesus identified with, 61, 62, 66, 68
messages and, 162–64
moon in relation to, 164–70
origin of, 159–61, 192
in Palenque tablets, 75
in Popol Vuh, 168–70
Q’eqchi’ myth about, 9–10, 15, 20, 25–26, 51, 58, 62, 83, 98, 109, 113, 128, 136, 166, 182, 183, 192
in Título de Totonicapán, 46
young boys in relation to, 159–61, 166. See also solar heroes; sun’s opponents
Sun God, 33, 34, 143
sun’s opponents, 131–57
sweat baths, 105, 108–10, 109
syphilis, 167
Tablet of the Cross, Palenque, 76
Tablet of the Foliated Cross, Palenque, 75, 78, 79, 99, 100
Tablet of the Sun, Palenque, 77
Tahuactle Tehuintle, Lorenzo, 140
Tak’alik Ab’aj, stelae of, 32
Altar 13, 154, 155–56, 155
Altar 30, 152, 153
Tamakastsiin, 188
Tamoanchan, 84–85, 97
Tantoyuca, Veracruz, 65
tapir jaguar, 14–15, 14, 18, 19
tapirs, 14, 113
tapir-serpent, 69
Tarn, Nathaniel, 61, 85, 99
Taube, Karl, 20, 32, 75, 94, 100, 102, 106, 107, 118, 122–23, 128, 134, 143, 156, 157, 171, 172, 173, 177, 179, 182, 192–94, 198, 201, 203, 205, 218, 220, 221, 230, 238
Taurus, 117
Tecciztecatl, 99, 167–68
Tedlock, Dennis, 28, 42–44, 54, 57, 70–71, 227
Teenek people, 63, 65, 95, 109, 141–42, 167, 187–88, 223, 225
teeth and toothache, 25, 91, 136–37. See also vagina, toothed
Temazcalteci, 109
Temple of the Cross, Palenque, 59, 75
Temple of the Foliated Cross, Palenque, 75
Temple of the Sun, Palenque, 75
temples, 68–69
temple-shaped lids of censers, 144, 145, 146, 147, 157
Temple XIX, Palenque, 60, 79
Templo Mayor precinct, Mexico, 118
Tena, Rafael, 48
Ten Gods Vase, 10–12, 11, 14–15, 18–19
Tenochtitlan, 40
Teotihuacan, 47, 142–44, 167
Atetelco mural paintings, 143–44, 143, 157
Conjunto del Sol mural paintings, 142–43, 143
Tepehua people, 63, 108, 112, 187, 189, 190, 195, 218, 226, 229
Tepenixtlahuaca, Oaxaca, 110
Tepew, 56
Terminal Classic period, 91
testicles. See penis/testicles Teteoinnan, 109
texts: conjoined, 21
discrete, 21, 22
embedded, 21
textual sources: images in relation to, 28–29
for Maya mythical imagery, 9, 19–22
myths in, 33
oral vs., 26–27
Tezcatlipoca, 58, 63, 84, 97
Thompson, Eric, 9–11, 19–23, 25, 62, 91, 93, 113, 114, 148, 165, 166, 182, 192
Three Gods Enthroned Vase, 82 (detail), 86–90, 86
Thunder (in Q’eqchi’ myths), 163
thunder, 221–23
Thunders (in Nahua and Popoluca myths), 188, 189, 223
ticks, 95
Tikal dancer, 195
Tikal, bone from Burial 116, 211, 211;
ceramic vase from Burial 196, 87;
Structure 5d-Sub 3a graffito, 198, 199;
plate from Burial 195, 173 (detail)
Tititl, 110
Título de Totonicapán, 42–43, 46–47, 72, 169, 170, 183, 199
Tlahuizcalpanteuctli, 68
Tlalli Iyollo, 109
Tlaloc, 84, 86, 186
Tlalteuctli, 58, 60, 73, 110
tlamachilliztlatolçaçanilli (wisdom tales), 48
Tlapanec people, 116, 117, 139, 165
Tlatelolco, 138
Tlazolteotl, Tlazolteotl-Ixcuina, 84, 109, 109
tobacco, 91, 97
Toci, 109
Tohil Plumbate ceramic figurines, 92, 92
Tokovinine, Alexandre, 35
Tollan, 177
Tolupan people, 186
Tonacacihuatl, 84
Tonacatepetl, 192
Tonantsij, 97
Toniná, stucco frieze, 148, 150, 157
toothache. See teeth and toothache
Totonac people, 63, 64, 95, 108, 112, 117, 166–67, 187, 189, 191, 218, 226, 229
Totonicapán, Guatemala, 44
Tozzer, Alfred M., 65
trees, 19, 84–85, 96–97, 230–31, 234
treponemal diseases, 167
Triad Gods. See Palenque Triad Gods
trickster tales, 34, 116
Trik, Aubrey, 211
Trique people, 109, 116, 139, 140, 165–66
Trumpets: playing of, 195. See also conch shell trumpets; Pearlman Trumpet
Tulan, 67
Tunucó Abajo, Guatemala, 185
turtles and turtle shells, 90, 102, 103, 188, 207, 211, 215, 218–23, 219, 227
Tz’aqol (creator), 54
Tzeltal people, 61, 64, 111, 115, 161, 177, 182, 183
Tzinacapan, Puebla, 94
tzitzimime (female monsters), 118
Tzotzil dictionary, 28
Tzotzil people, 60, 61, 62, 69, 111, 159, 161, 191, 227
Tzultaq’a, 83
Tzuqul (provider), 70
Tz’utujil people, 61, 62, 108, 112, 113, 166
Uaxactun, Structure B-XIII mural,
Usila, Oaxaca, 139, 141
Uuc Zip, 179
vagina, toothed, 25, 103, 114–18, 135, 137–38, 141, 142
Vahxaquicat, 83
Vail, Gabrielle, 33
Valdeavellano, Alberto, photograph of Quiriguá Stela C, 37
vase from Buena Vista, Belize, 194 (detail)
vase from Calakmul, Mexico, 194 (detail)
vase from Finca Esquipulitas, Escuintla, 224 (detail), 233, 233
Vase K521, 14–15, 16–17
Vase K731, 220–21, 220
Vase K1004, 172 (detail), 173, 173 (detail), 179 (detail), 213, 215, 216
Vase K1183, 173 (detail), 194 (detail), 207, 209
Vase K1202, 173 (detail), 200, 201, 213
Vase K1222, 96, 173 (detail), 179 (detail) Vase K1223, 14, 14
Vase K1226, 164, 165
Vase K1253, 14, 14
Vase K1605, 233, 236
Vase K1607, 96
Vase K2993, 10, 11
Vase K2994, 162
Vase K3413, 179, 180 (detail), 181 (detail), 182
Vase K3450, 12, 12
Vase K4358, 212, 212
Vase K4479, 202, 202, 213
Vase K4599, 233, 237
Vase K4681, 222 (detail), 223
Vase K5001, 182
Vase K5166, 206, 206
Vase K5608, 96
Vase K5628, 205 (detail) Vase K6298, 213, 213
Vase K6979, 199–201, 199, 213
Vase K6997, 197 (detail)
Vase K7268, 158 (detail), 170 (detail), 201, 202
Vase K7433, 95–97, 95
Vase K7821, 173 (detail), 179 (detail)
Vase K8177, 14
Vase K8457, 69, 162
Vase K8829, 233, 238
Vase of the Eleven Gods, 38–39
Vase of the Paddlers, 194 (detail), 207, 209, 210 (detail), 211, 212, 214, 215 (detail), 217
Vase of the Small Canoes, 213, 214
Vase of the Stars, 74–75, 74, 177, 178 (detail), 203 (detail), 207
vases, molded, 233, 234–38
vases, painted, from Alta Verapaz, 195, 196
from lowland Maya area (unknown provenance), 179, 213, 214, 231, 232
from Tikal Burial 196, 87. See also Birth Vase
Bleeding Conch Vase; Calcehtok Vase; Death Vase; eroded vase; molded vase; Mosquito Vase; Regal Rabbit Vase; Río Hondo Vase; Ten Gods Vase; Three Gods Enthroned Vase
Velásquez, Erik, 67, 79, 212
Venustiano Carranza, Chiapas, 159
Veracruz, Mexico, 22, 65, 95, 97, 113, 139, 148, 166, 188, 220, 223, 226, 227
Verapaz, Guatemala, 44, 66
Vico, Domingo de, Theologia Indorum, 42–44
Virgen Trinitaria, 56
Vucub Hunahpu, 110
vultures, 9–10, 18–19, 25, 111, 161
warfare, 72–75, 79
water: maize gods associated with, 186, 190–91, 201, 202, 214–15, 217–18, 221–22
sexuality associated with, 99, 111
water lily rhizomes, 215, 216, 217–18, 217
Water Lily Serpent, 203, 205–6, 205, 221–22, 221
Waxaklahuun Ubah K’awiil, 175
weavers, 90–91, 90, 107
Weitzmann, Kurt, 17–18
wilderness, 231
Williams Garcia, Roberto, 226, 229
winaqir (creation), 54
wombs, 75, 91, 97–99
women, ideal qualities of, 90. See also maiden
women of Huitznahuac, 49
Woodford, Susan, 18
writing, words used to denote painting and, 28–29
Xacona, 226
Xbalanque, 18, 86, 107, 168–69, 171–72, 182–83, 191–92, 226–27
Xbalanquej, 46
Xchel, 55, 106. See also Ix Chel
Xibalba, 85, 107, 111, 163, 168, 169, 175, 189–91, 195, 214, 226, 228
Xiloj, Andrés, 227
Ximénez, Francisco, 45–46, 83–84, 111, 192
Xiuhnel, 137–38, 198–99
Xmucane, 56, 107–8, 110, 114
X’ob, 191
Xocbitum, 93
Xochiatipan, Hidalgo, 188
Xochicalco, 47
Xochiquetzal, 83–86, 93, 102, 103, 109, 128, 211, 229
Xpiyacoc, 56, 107
Xpuch, 199
Xquic, 51, 83–86, 91, 97, 107, 112, 191, 226
Xtaj, 199
Xtcamna, 55, 106. See also Itzamnaaj
Xuchin Quetzali, 83. See also
Xochiquetzal Xut, Xutil, 161, 177, 182. See also K’ox
Yacahuiztli, 212
Yaxchilán, 59, 75
Hieroglyphic Stairway 3, 173 (detail)
Lintel 13, 123, 124, 125;
Lintel 14, 123, 126, 127
Yaxhá, 59
yax sign, 151, 156
Yohualli, 97
Yohualteuctli, 212
Yolotlicue, 118
young goddesses, 106–7
Young Lords, 170, 170, 193
Yucatán, Mexico, 19, 41, 91, 93, 106, 107, 117
Yucatec people, 22, 58, 61, 62, 65, 66, 112, 137, 142
Zapotec people, 140, 165, 172
Zaqui Coxol, 67
Zender, Marc, 148, 164, 178, 220–21
Zinacantán, Chiapas, 85, 88
Zinacantec people, 54–55, 72
Zingg, Robert, 143
Zipacna, 73–74
Zoque people, 115, 116, 117