The Pont de l'Europe

Writing from Paris in her diary on the last day of 1868, the young American Frances Willard noted her admiration for “the brilliant shop-windows and the almost equally dazzling costumes...

~~After playing a role in visualizing the French Revolution, color was subject to its own upheaval in the nineteenth century, first in materials, then in making. By the time of the Industrial Revolution, chemistry had replaced alchemy. Building on the classification of the elements and using modern experimental scientific methods,...

~I WANT to begin this chapter with the case study of Gustave Caillebotte, both patron of, and participant in, the Impressionist collective. He was the youngest (born 1848) and most well off of the group, and the most conservative in style and content. His major works attest to a thorough assimilation of the rhetoric of...

Gustave Caillebotte first presented his Decorative Triptych at the fourth exhibition of “independent artists” in the spring of 1879 (figs....

~The Garden was not a Salon painting. The only white dress to show up in Manet’s next Salon was worn by a child, in The Railway (fig. 95). In the Salon of 1874, Manet showed this painting and a little watercolor of Punchinello with a poem...

When Henry Tuckerman came to Paris in 1867, one of the thousands of Americans attracted there by the huge international exposition, he was bowled over by the extraordinary changes since his previous visit twenty years before...