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Index
Constantine Petridis (Editor)
Description: Speaking of Objects: African Art at the Art Institute of Chicago
Speaking of Objects: African Art at the Art Institute of Chicago
Index
Author
Constantine Petridis (Editor)
PublisherArt Institute of Chicago
Copyright© 2020 by The Art Institute of Chicago
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22890
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Index
A
abaphansi, 170
Abimbola, Wande, 190
Abiodun, Rowland, 188
Abógundé of Ede, 98, 98–99
abrus seeds, 43, 122, 123
accumulative sculptures, 140, 141
Ache (Koro), 122, 123
adé, 97, 112–13, 113, 192–93
adé ilèkè, Yòrùbá; Nigeria (cat. 42), 112–13, 113
Adìgbòloge, 106
Adolo (Oba of Benin), 94
Adumu, 63, 67n2, 67n7
African traditional art, 6, 10–18
African scholars of, 12, 17, 19n28
art history/anthropology disciplines and, 10–13
Art Institute galleries, 11, 13–14, 18
artists, 14–15, 19n17, 19n20, 33, 34, 52, 66, 80
contemporary African art and, 6, 10, 12, 18n8, 19n22
European/ Western interest in, 10, 18n1, 80, 139, 145, 193
geographic regions and regional styles, 9, 13–14, 18, 196, 197
historical context, dating, and provenance, 11, 16–17, 19nn23–24
legal ownership and restitution debate, 17, 94
map of cultures and locations, 196, 197
object-based research into, 11–13
“primitive” art, concept of, 10, 188, 193
scholarly interest in, 10–11
style and ethnicity, 13–16, 15, 16, 19n14
stylized forms of, 188
technical examination of, 12–13, 18–19n9, 47
terms for, 10–11
Agbogho mmuo (Maiden Spirit), Igbo; Nigeria (cat. 47), 120, 121
Agbónbiofé, 100, 101
age-grade societies, 24, 26, 27, 43, 121, 172
agò, 106, 107, 193
Aguda, 62
àjé, 97, 108
ajogun, 101, 190
Akan, 17, 83, 88
akishi/mukishi, 128–34, 146
akrafokonmu, Asante; Ghana (cat. 30), 90–91, 91
akoro, 114, 115
akua’ba/akua’maa, Fante; Ghana (cat. 29), 88, 89
Àkúré dejì, 194
Alany, Koffi, 85
Alàyè, Òbémbé, 100, 101
aloalo stelae, 175
altars: ìborí with ilé-orí, Yòrùbá; Nigeria, 192
Niyu altar, Juny compound, Benin City, 93
Sàngó altar with containers, Yòrùbá; Western Nigeria, 190
amasumpa, 168
amathongo/amadlozi, 170, 173
Amrad African Art Collection, 18n5
ancestral spirits, 159, 170–71, 172–73, 178
Angas, George French, 168
angokh nlo byeri, Fang; Gabon (cat. 53), 136, 137
“Angolan thinker,” 146n4
animal imagery. See specific animals
Anspach, Ernst and Ruth, 139
anteaters. See pangolins
antelope, 11, 19n22, 25–26, 51, 70, 79, 146n5
Apeghele, 67n7
Apoi clan, 63, 65, 65
Appia, Béatrice, 69
Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 17, 19n25
Archinard, Louis, 24
Areogun of Òsì-Ìlorin, 16, 191
Arman (Armand Fernandez), 141
Àsàmú, Fágbìté, 108, 109
Asante, 90–91, 91
àse, 97, 104, 108, 113, 189–90, 192
a-tshol/tshol, Baga/Nalu; Guinea/Guinea-Bissau (cat. 20), 72–73, 73
Attie/Atye/Akye or Adiukru mask, Côte d’Ivoire (cat. 26), 82–83, 83
Àwon-Ìyá-Wa, 97, 108
àwòrán, 188
Azezabife, 62
B
babaláwo, 101, 103, 111, 190–91
babende initiation, 152
Babeyemi, Solomon, 113n1
Baga, 13, 68, 69, 69, 70, 70, 71, 72, 73, 73
Bakwa Mushilu, 148, 149, 149
Bamana, 16, 22–28, 42, 43, 44, 44, 45, 46, 47, 47, 48, 49
Bamileke, 124, 125
banda or kumbaruba, Baga/Nalu; Guinea/Guinea-Bissau (cat. 19), 13, 70, 70, 71, 73
Bankoni-style terracotta figures (cat. 3), 13, 32, 33
Barley, Nigel, 118n2
Bascom, William, 13, 98, 194
Basden, George, 121
Bassani, Ezio, 43
Bastin, Marie-Louise, 128–30, 132, 133, 134n2, 136n24, 146n1
bateba, Lobi; Burkina Faso (cat. 6), 38, 39
Baule, 84, 84, 85, 86,87, 87
beauty, representations of, 25, 62, 69, 77, 79, 84, 115, 121, 132–33, 149, 159, 171, 178
Bédiat, Roger, 83
bembé wood, 26, 28
Benaaghe, 63, 65, 65–66, 67n13
Benin, Kingdom of, 92–95, 93–94, 118n2
Berber (Imazighen), 30, 30–31, 31
Berzock, Kathleen Bickford, 6, 177
Bete, 80, 80–81
Betsi (Fang), 136, 137
Biafran war, 64, 65
Biebuyck, Daniel P., 159
bifwebe/kifwebe mask, prob. Songye; Democratic Republic of the Congo, 155
bilongo, 141
bini oru or biniyou, 62
Binkley, David A., 151n3
bird motifs and symbolism, 39, 97, 113, 130–31. See also specific types of bird
Black Panther (film), 173n12
boli/boliw, Bamana; Mali (cat. 11), 44, 46, 47, 47
Bondé, Yacouba, and Bondé family, 12, 40, 41
Bongo, 175
bongo, 152
Bougouni, 25, 33, 48
Bourgeois, Arthur P., 145
Bouttiaux, Anne-Marie, 80
bouyou or bou oru (forest spirits), 60–62
Bowdich, Thomas, 91
boxes. See containers
bracelets, Ida Ou Nadif, Morocco, 31
Bravmann, René, 13
British Museum, London, 97, 123, 118n3, 162, 169–70, 173, 173n5, 181
buffalo, 48, 51, 145
Bundu. See Sande
Bushoong, 151
busoga, 159
Bwa, 7, 12, 40, 41, 162, 163
Bwami association, 159
bwanga bwa cibola, Luluwa
Democratic Republic of the Congo (cat. 60), 145, 148, 149, 149
bwete/bwiti, 139
bwimpe, 149
bwoom, Kuba; Democratic Republic of the Congo (cat. 61), 150, 151
byeri cult, 136, 137
C
calabash, Yòrùbá; Nigeria, 97, 124, 189, 190, 192
camwood, 66–67, 124, 149, 160
Candomblé, 194
carbon-14 (dating method), 37
caryatid drum. See pinge
caryatid stool, Songye; Democratic Republic of the Congo (cat. 63), 154, 155, 156
cattle, 170–71, 183
Cerqueira, Ivo de, 130
Cetswayo (Zulu king), 166
Chaffin, Alain and Françoise, 139n3
chameleons, 51, 70
chief’s chair (chitwamo or njunga), Chokwe; Angola (cat. 59), 146, 146–47
Chihongo, Chokwe; Angola/Democratic Republic of the Congo (cat. 51), 126–27, 128–34, 129, 130, 135n9, 146
chingelyengelye, 130, 132
Chisaluke, 133
chitwamo, Chokwe; Angola, 146, 146–47
Chokwe, 16, 19n20, 126–27, 128–34, 129, 130, 132, 133, 146, 146–47
Christianity: conversions to, 67n1, 115, 141, 177, 193, 194
Saint Ildephonsus of Toledo, 184, 187
Jesuits in Ethiopia, 187
Kwer’ata Re’esu (Striking of His Head) image, 187
minkisi minkondi, discarding of, 141
The Miracles of Mary (Te’amire Maryam) (cat. 74), 184–85, 185–87
òrìsà venerated as saints, 194
Òrìsà/Baptist movement, 194
triptych icon of Virgin and child (cat. 75), 186–87, 187
Yòrùbá royal crowns and, 115
Christol, Frank, 124, 124n1
Christy, Henry, 170, 181
circumcision, 40, 43, 143
civets, 152
Clark-Bekederemo, J. P., 62
Clarke, J. D., 111n2
clasps, Imazighen; Morocco (cat. 2), 30, 30–31
Clausmeyer, Klaus, 141
clitoridectomies, 77n3
cobra, 22
Colin-Noguès, Renée, 27
Colleyn, Jean-Paul, 43, 44, 47
colors, symbolism of in Yòrùbá culture, 115
containers: altar for Sàngó, Yòrùbá; Western Nigeria, 190
ìborí with ilé-orí, Yòrùbá; Nigeria, 192, 192–93
calabash, Yòrùbá; Nigeria, 189
figural container, Zigua or Mbugu; Tanzania (cat. 70), 176, 177
lidded box with female head in halo coiffure (cat. 66), Mangbetu or Zande; Democratic Republic of the Congo, 160, 160, 161
lidded container, attrib. Unobhadule (cat. 72), 164–65, 169, 170, 180–81, 181
lidded Qur’an box (cat. 16), 56, 56–57
medicine containers, 47, 62–66, 177
opón Igede, attrib. Areogun of Òsì-Ìlorin, 16
Qur’an box pendant, Ida Ou Nadif; Morocco, 31
snuff container (cat. 73), 182, 183
snuff container, Southern Sotho; Lesotho, 183
cosmologies: of Chokwe, 131, 134
of Senufo, 52, 53
of Yòrùbá, 104, 189, 189–90, 191
cowrie shells, 28, 43, 91, 118, 140, 150, 151, 151, 152, 152, 187, 191, 192, 192
crest masks: ngambak, Koro; Nigeria (cat. 48), 122, 123, 123
Niger Delta region, Nigeria (cat. 45), 116, 117
crocodiles, 51, 70, 74, 79, 103
crowns. See adé and royal accoutrements
D
Dada movement, 80
Dan mask, Liberia or Côte d’Ivoire (cat. 21), 74, 74, 75
dance staff, Yòrùbá; Nigeria, 15
Davis, Willis “Bing,” 195n43
de Grunne, Bernard, 33
Derain, André, 193
Dinka, 168
Dinneen, Brittany Dolph, 19n10
Dirimobou, 62, 63, 64, 67
Diteka, 178, 179
divination: Chihongo masks and, 135n15
Ifá as Yòrùbá deity of, 103, 115, 189, 190–91, 191
modern consultation of, 194
opón Ifá divination tray, 16, 103, 115, 190–91, 191
Òrúnmìlà (divination deity), 108n1
snuff used in, 183
women as diviners, 55, 63. See also babaláwo
ìróké Ifá Do association, 56, 83
Dogon figure (cat. 5), Mali, 36,37, 37
door, by Nyaamadyo Koné (cat. 14), 14, 21–22, 52, 53
Douglas, Aaron, 145
dreams and the ancestral realm, 170–71, 172–73
Dreyfus, Camille, 83
drinking horn, Kuba; Democratic Republic of the Congo (cat. 58), 144, 145
Dubernet, Joseph, 24, 24, 47
duein fubara, Ijo; Nigeria (cat. 46), 118, 119
dyo/dyow, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28
Dyula. See Jula
E
earrings, Imazighen; Morocco, 30, 30–31
eagle feathers, 152
eben, 92, 93–94, 94
Edisibowei, 63–64, 64, 67n9
Edo, 92–95, 93–94, 117
Edun, Fálolá, 108, 109
Egebesibeowei, 62
egrets, 113
Ègúngún masquerade: headdress/mask, attrib. Adìgbòloge (cat. 39), 106–7, 107, 193
South Carolina, revival in, 194
Ekine masquerade society, 118
Èkìtì Yòrùbá, 97, 111
Eleke, 65, 67
elephant tusk, 93–94, 94, 95, 152, 152
elephants, 44, 152
Eleye, 97
Elisofon, Eliot, 93, 143, 194
Elsner, Jaś, 19n14
encrusted surfaces, 13, 37, 39, 44, 45, 46,47, 73, 88, 123, 149
ènìyàn, 189
Epa headdress, Yòrùbá; Nigeria (cat. 41), 110, 111, 193
ère ojúbo, by Abógundé of Ede (cat. 34), 98, 98–99, 101, 103
Esigie (Oba of Benin), 93
Èsù, 103, 104, 111, 189, 190, 191
Eurocentrism, 14, 188
èwù ilèkè, 58–59, 114–15, 115, 193
Ewuare (Oba of Benin), 93, 94
eyema byeri, Fang; Gabon, 136, 137
F
Fagg, William Buller, 19n27, 97, 97, 123, 123, 190
Fakeye, Lamidi, 108n3
Faletti, Richard, 60
Fang, 136, 137
Fante, 88, 89
Fatma ben Houssein ben Ali, 31
female deities. See specific deities by name female
figures. See under figures
female genital mutilation, 77n3
Fernandez, A. R., 177
Fernandez, Armand (Arman), 141
Field Museum, Chicago, 11, 14
figural container, Zigua or Mbugu; Tanzania (cat. 70), 176, 177
figural plaque, Edo; Nigeria (cat. 31), 92–93, 93
figural posts: òpó ògògá, by Olówè of Ìsè (cat. 33), 96–97, 97, 113, 193
two figure posts, Kwere; Tanzania (cat. 69), 174–75, 175
for Yòrùbá palaces, 193
figural staffs: Baule; Côte d’Ivoire (cat. 28), 86–87, 87
Kwere figure posts, compared to, 175
ògó, attrib. unidentified Kétu master (cat. 38), 104, 105
òshe Sàngó, 15
Yòrùbá use of, 190–91
figure screen (duein fubara), Ijo; Nigeria (cat. 46), 118, 119
figures: akua’ba/akua’maa, 88, 89
angokh nlo byeri, 136, 137
a-tshol/ tshol, 72–73, 73
Bankoni-style terracotta, 13, 32, 33
bateba phuwe, 38, 39
boli/boliw, 44, 46–47, 47
Dogon or Tellem, 37
encrusted surfaces, 13, 37, 39, 44, 47, 73, 88, 123, 149
eyema byeri, 136, 137
Kantana, 122, 123
forest spirits, 60–67, 61
lumbr, 38, 39
mbëlëkët, 72–73, 73
mbulu ngulu, 2, 138–39, 139
nkisi nkondi/minkisi minkondi, 140–41, 141
portrait figures of Metang (10th king of Batufam) and Queen Nana, by Mbeudjang (cat. 50), 124, 124–25
singiti, 156, 156–67. See also kneeling figures; maternal/ mother-and-child figures
First Gondarine style, 187
Fischer, Eberhard, 74
forest and water spirits, Ijo; Nigeria, 60–67, 61, 64–66, 117
Forni, Silvia, 19n24
Fortier, François-Edmond, 24, 24
funerary ceremonies, objects, and associations, 51, 55, 56, 66, 79, 118, 137, 139, 151, 152, 156, 159, 175, 193
furniture: chief’s chair (chitwamo or njunga), Chokwe; Angola (cat. 59), 146, 146–47
male caryatid stool, Songye; Democratic Republic of the Congo (cat. 63), 154, 155, 156
title stool, Igbo; Nigeria, 121. See also headrests
G
Ga girl, Addah, 88
Gagliardi, Susan Elizabeth, 19n10, 19n23, 19n28
Gbagba performance, 85
Gèlèdé headdress, 108, 109
Gèlèdé society, 108
Gell, Alfred, 173
Glaze, Anita J., 19n22, 52, 55, 123
Goemai, 123
goldwork, 31, 90,91
Griaule, Marcel, 19n27, 37
Gu, Guro; Côte d’Ivoire, 79
Guillaume, Paul, 24
guinea fowl, 130–31
Gunsch, Kathryn, 94n1
Guro, 78–81, 79–80
Gwomba, 27, 27
H
hair and hairdressing: halo coiffure, 160, 160–61
isicoco, 166, 171–72, 181
in Zulu culture, 171, 171–72, 172
Ham people, 123, 123
Harley, George W., 74
Harwood, Mitchell A., 139
Hawkins, Louisa Leila, 170, 170, 172
head, in Yòrùbá art and culture, 191–93, 192
head figure (angokh nlo byeri), Fang; Gabon (cat. 53), 136, 137
headband, Imazighen; Morocco (cat. 2), 30, 30–31
headdresses: Ègúngún masquerade, 106–7, 107, 193
Epa headdress, 110, 111, 193
igi Gèlèdé, 108, 109, 193
ngambak crest mask, 122
nimba, d’mba, or yamban, 68–69, 69
töngköngba headdress, 73
Tyi Wara kunw, 22–28, 23, 24, 26, 27, 43. See also masks and under royal accoutrements
headrests: isicamelo or isigqiki, Zulu; South Africa, 166–73, 167, 168, 169, 170
musawa or musau, Yaka; Democratic Republic of the Congo (cat. 57), 144, 145
headring. See isicoco head-shaving, 83, 178, 192
helmet (Sigi kun), Bamana; Mali (cat. 12), 48, 49
helmet masks: banda or kumbaruba, 13, 70, 70–71, 73
bongo, 152
bwoom, 150, 151
kholuka or mbala, 4, 142–43, 143, 145
Kono kunw, 13, 44, 44–45, 47
kponyungo, 50–51, 51
lipiko, by Diteka (cat. 71), 178, 178–79
mukenga, 151, 152, 152–53
ndoli jowei, 76–77, 77. See also specific masks
Hemba, 156, 156–57
Henry, Joseph, 24, 44, 47
Herskovits, Melville, 19n27
Himmelheber, Hans, 19n27, 74
“historical African art,” as term, 10–11
hornbills, 25–26, 74
Horton, Robin, 66, 66, 67
Huet, Michel, 40, 51
hyena, 51
I
Ibibio puppets, 118
ìborí, 192, 192
Ida Ou Nadif, 30, 30–31, 31
Saint Ildephonsus of Toledo, 184, 187
idimu, Lega; Democratic Republic of the Congo (cat. 65), 158–59, 159
Ifá, 103, 115, 189, 190–91, 191
Igbo, 17, 120, 121
Ìgbómìnà Yòrùbá, 111
igi Gèlèdé headdress/mask, by Fágbìté Àsàmú or Fálolá Edun, Yòrùbá; Benin (cat. 40), 108, 109, 193
Ìjèsà Yòrùbá, 111
Ijo, 64–66, 60–67, 61, 117, 118, 119
ikúnlè, 98, 101
ilé-orí, 192
The Illustrated London News, 172, 173n13
Imazighen (Berber), 30, 30–31, 31
impelo/yimpelo, 131
initiation ceremonies: babende initiation, 152
in Baga/Nalu cultures, 70, 73
Bamana N’Tomo society, 43
in Bwa culture, 40, 162
Bwami association, 159
bwanga bwa cibola fertility initiation ritual, 149
circumcision or clitoridectomy, 40, 43, 77n3, 143
helmet masks used in, 44, 51, 77, 143, 145, 152, 178
Kono initiation society, 44, 47
in Kuba kingdom, 151
mukanda initiation of boys, 128, 130, 131, 133, 134nn6–7, 135n9, 135n14, 135n20
nkaan initiation, 151
n-khanda initiation, 143
Poro association and, 51, 55
scarification and, 130
Tyekpa/Sandogo associations and, 55
Tyi Wara as, 24, 27
inkomo yamadlozi, 171
inner head, 191–92, 192
International Exhibition (1862; London), 170, 171, 172, 181
ìróké Ifá: divination session with, 103, 191
with maternity figure (cat. 37), 102, 103
with supplicant and hunter (cat. 36), 102, 103
iroko, 121, 156
ishyeen imaalu, 152
isicamelo or isigqiki, Zulu; South Africa (cat. 68), 166–73, 167, 168, 169, 170
isicoco, 166, 171–72, 181
isigodo, 171
isithunzi, 172
isiZulu-speakers, 166–73, 181, 183
Islam: conversions to, 43, 69, 115, 177, 178, 193, 194
culture and influence of, 56, 178
Sarakolé adherence to, 43
Tyi Wara and decline of, 28
Yòrùbá royal crowns and, 115. See also Jula; Qur’an boxes
Islamic Revolution (1954–57), 69
Isobowei, 64
Isoko, 65
Israel, Paolo, 178n1
ivory, 93–94, 95, 102, 139, 139, 152
Ìyá Nlá, 108
iyá oba, 97, 192, 195n28
J
Jaba, 123
jagúnjagún, 97, 110, 111
Janis, Fran, 139
Jenné-Jeno, 33, 34, 35
Jesuits, 187
jewelry: bracelets, Ida Ou Nadif, Morocco (cat. 2), 31
clasps, Imazighen; Morocco, 30, 31 (cat. 2)
earrings, Imazighen; Morocco, 30, 31 (cat. 2)
headband, Imazighen, Morocco (cat. 2), 30, 31. See also pectoral disks
Jones, G. I., 117, 117n1
Jones-Henderson, Napoleon, 195n43
Jorissen, Tony, 133
Jula, 56, 56, 57
K
kacenefolo, 52
Kagoro, 123
Kalabari, 118, 119
kalamba kuku wa lunga and kalamba kuku wa pwo, 146
Kamantan, 123
Kamer, Henri, 43
kangongo, 132
Kantana, 122, 123
Karamojong, 168
Kasembele, 55
Kasfir, Sidney Littlefield, 13
Kemepara, 62
Kétu (kingdom), 108
Kétu (master sculptor), 104,
kholuka or mbala, Yaka; Democratic Republic of the Congo (cat. 56), 4, 142, 143, 143, 145
kifwebe/bifwebe mask, prob. Songye; Democratic Republic of the Congo, 155
Kindi or Yananio grade of Bwami association, 159
Kjersmeier, Carl, 13
Klee, Paul, 139
kneeling figures: ère ojúbo, by Abógundé of Ede (cat. 34), 98, 98–99, 101, 103
fragment of, Jenné-Jeno; Mali (cat. 4), 34, 35
olúmèye, attrib. Òbémbé Alàyè or Agbónbiofé (cat. 35), 100, 101, 103
kodal or kpeli-yehe mask, 52, 53, 56, 56
kodoliye’e (kodal) type mask, Senufo; Poundia, Côte d’Ivoire, 19n22
kola nuts, 101
Komtin men’s association, 123
Kondu-bara-owei, 66, 67
Koné, Nyaamadyo, 21–22, 52, 53
Kong Empire, 56
Kono initiation society, 44, 47
Kono kunw, Bamana; Mali (cat. 10), 13, 44, 44–45, 47
Konomba, Ouattara, 11
Konso, 175
Koro, 122, 123
korugo, Senufo; Côte d’Ivoire (cat. 14), 21–22, 52, 53
Kota, 139
kpeli-yehe or kodal mask, 52, 53, 56
kpongadomba mask, possibly Bwa; Democratic Republic of the Congo (cat. 67), 162, 163
kponyungo, Senufo; Côte d’Ivoire (cat. 13), 50, 51, 51
Kuba, 144, 145, 150, 151, 151
kukuwa sticks, 131
Kulango, 56
kulebele/kuleo, 52, 55
Kulere, 123
kulo, 52, 53
kum aphoong, 152
kumbaruba or banda, Baga/Nalu; Guinea/Guinea-Bissau (cat. 19), 13, 70, 70–71, 73
Kwer’ata Re’esu, 187
Kwere, 174–75, 175
Kwompten men’s association, 123
L
Lagoons people (Attie/Atye/Akye or Adiukru) mask; Côte d’Ivoire (cat. 26), 82–83, 83
Lamp, Frederick John, 73
Lang, Herbert, 160
Laudisoit, Anne, 162n1
left side and left-handedness, 67, 101, 190
Lega, 16, 158, 159, 159
leopard, 124, 130
lidded containers and boxes. See containers
lipiko, by Diteka (cat. 71), 178, 178, 179
Lisk-Carew, Alphonso, 77
Lobi, 38, 39
Lorhon, 56, 56–57
Luba, 155, 156
Luguru, 175
Luluwa, 18n8, 19n20, 145, 148–49, 149
lumbr, Lobi; Burkina Faso (cat. 7), 38, 39
Lunda, 134n8
luruya, Boni; Burkina Faso (cat. 8), 7, 12, 40, 41
lusingiti/singiti, Hemba; Democratic Republic of the Congo, 156, 156, 157
Lwena, 134n2, 134n8
M
Macron, Emmanuel, 17
Macumba, 194
Maesen, Albert, 13
Mahafaly, 175
Maiden Spirit mask (Agbogho mmuo), Igbo; Nigeria, 120, 121
Makonde, 178, 178–79
male figures. See under figures
Malinké, 22, 25, 26, 28
Mande peoples, 34
mangaaka, 14
Mangbetu, 160, 160, 161
mangele, 51
manillas, 93
mankishi/nkishi power figures, Songye, 155
Mann, Robert, 170, 171, 180, 181
map of cultures and locations, 196–97
masks, masquerades, and masqueraders: Agbogho mmuo, 120, 121
Attie/ Atye/Akye or Adiukru mask (cat. 26), 82–83, 83
Chihongo, 126–27, 128–34, 129, 130, 135n9, 146
contemporary African art and, 10, 10, 18n8
Dan (cat. 21), 73, 73–74
encrusted surfaces, 13, 37, 39, 44, 47, 73, 88, 123, 149
Gu, 79
idimu, 158–59, 159
Guro or Bete (cat. 25), 80, 80–81
ishyeen imaalu, 152
kifwebe, 155
kpeli-yehe or kodal mask, 52, 53, 56
kpongadomba mask, 162, 163
luruya, 7, 12, 40, 41
mwaash ambooy, 151
Mwana Pwo, 132, 132–34, 146
ndoma, 84, 84–85
ngady mwaash, 151
N’Tomo, 42, 43
sagbwe-type Dan face masks, 74
saif malik masks, 177
Segou-substyle masks, 43
yimpelo/impelo, 131
in Yòrùbá culture, 193
Zamble, 78, 79
Zauli, 78, 79. See also crest masks
Ègúngún masquerade; headdresses; helmet masks; specific objects masoji, 130, 132
maternal/mother-and-child figures: bwanga bwa cibola, 145, 148–49, 149
on chief’s chair (cat. 59), 146, 146–47
ère ojúbo, by Abógundé of Ede (cat. 34), 98, 98–99, 101, 103
ìróké Ifá with maternity figure (cat. 37), 102, 103. See also Virgin Mary
mbala or kholuka, Yaka; Democratic Republic of the Congo (cat. 56), 4, 142, 143, 143, 145
Mbeudjang, 124, 125
mblo performance, 85
mbulu ngulu figures, Kota; Gabon (cat. 54), 2, 138, 139, 139
Mbunda, 134n8
McMaster, Mary, 162
medicine containers, 47, 62–66, 177
Mende, 76, 77
Merton Simpson Gallery, 74n2
Metang (10th king of Batufam), portrait figure of, by Mbeudjang (cat. 50), 124, 124–25
Mijikenda, 175
Minianka, 25, 45
minkisi minkondi/nkisi nkondi, Vili; Republic of the Congo, 140, 141, 141
The Miracles of Mary (Te’amire Maryam), Gondar, Ethiopia (cat. 74), 184–85, 185–87
Miré, Georges de, 137
Misi kun, 48
Mobutu Sese Seko, 156
Modernism in Europe and African traditional art, 80, 139, 193
Monroe, John Warne, 19n24
Montol, 123
Morelli, Giovanni, and Morellian method, 14
mother-and-child figures. See maternal/ mother-and-child figures
Mouso Koroni, 22
Mpanda (Umpanda; Zulu king), 168
Mphepo Mzuku, 177
mukanda initiation of boys, 128, 130, 131, 133, 134nn6–7, 135n9, 135n14, 135n20
mukenga, Kuba; Democratic Republic of the Congo (cat. 62), cover, 151, 152, 152, 153
mukishi/akishi, 128–34, 146
Müller, Aegidius, 171
Muller, Émile, 130, 133
musawa or musau, Yaka; Democratic Republic of the Congo (cat. 57), 144, 145
Musée du quai Branly–Jacques Chirac, Paris, 47n7, 80, 83
Muslims. See Islam mwaash ambooy, 151
mwana hiti, 175
Mwana Pwo, Chokwe; Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, 132, 132–34, 146
myondo, 143
Mzilikazi (Zulu leader), 166
N
Nalu, 13, 70, 71, 72, 73
Nana (queen of Metang, 10th king of Batufam), portrait figure, 124, 124
Nana Kwasi Akuffo, attendant to the Akroponghene (King of Akropong), 91
nature spirit figures and shrines: a-tshol/tshol or mbëlëkët, Baga/ Nalu; Guinea/Guinea-Bissau (cat. 20), 72, 73, 73
forest and water spirits, Ijo; Nigeria, 60–67, 61, 64–66, 117
thila and thildu, Lobi; Burkina Faso, 38–39, 39
ndeemba, 143
ndoli jowei, Mende or Sherbro; Sierra Leone or Liberia (cat. 22), 76–77, 77
ndoma, Baule; Côte d’Ivoire (cat. 27), 84, 84–85
N’duleri, 37
neckrests. See headrests
The Negro in Art Week (Chicago, 1927), 145
Neville, George, 94
Neyt, François, 155n2
ngady mwaash, Kuba; Democratic Republic of the Congo, 151
ngambak, Koro; Nigeria (cat. 28), 122, 123, 123
back cover Ngoni, 169
Ngubane, Harriet, 172, 173n15
Nguni, 166, 170, 180, 181, 182, 183
nimba, d’mba, or yamban, Baga; Guinea (cat. 18), 68–69, 69
Niyu altar, Juny compound, Benin City, 93
nkaan initiation, 151
n-khanda initiation, 143
nkishi/mankishi power figures, Songye, 155
nkisi nkondi/minkisi minkondi, Vili; Republic of the Congo (cat. 55), 140, 141, 141
Noumoussoba hunters’ association, 11
N’Tomo mask, Bamana; Mali (cat. 9), 42, 43
Nuer, 168
nyama, 37, 47
O
Obàlùfòn II (king of Ifè), 113n5
Obamba, 139
Obàtálá, 98n1, 115, 189, 191
obebe, 63, 67n12
object-based research, 11–13
ochre, 123, 130
Odewei/Edewei, 63–65, 64, 67nn10–11
Odù, 97
Odùduwà, 104, 108n1, 113, 189
ògó, attrib. unidentified Kétu master (cat. 38), 104, 105
Ogoni puppets, 118
Oguaran, 62, 63
Ògún, 103, 111
Ojo, G. J. Afolabi, 101
ojúbo, 190
Olbrechts, Frans M., 13, 14, 15, 16, 19n16, 19n27, 155n1
Olodiama clan, 62–65, 64, 65, 67
Olódùmarè, 97, 189, 190, 191, 195n8
Olókun, 94, 108, 115, 189
olorì, 97, 108
Olówè of Ìsè, 96–97, 97
olúmèye, attrib. Òbémbé Alàyè or Agbónbiofé (cat. 35), 100, 101, 103
Oma, Kouame, 85
Oníjàgbo Obásorò Alówólódù (king of Ìkéré), 97, 113
òpó ògògá, by Olówè of Ìsè (cat. 33), 96–97, 97, 113, 193
opón Ifá divination tray, 16, 103, 115, 190–91, 191
opón Igede container, attrib. Areogun of Òsì-Ìlorin, 16
oríkògbófo, 115
òrìsà, 98, 101, 103, 189–91, 194
Òrìsà (religion) and Òrìsà/Baptist movement, 194
orumo, 60
Òrúnmìlà, 108n1
oryx, 25
osain, 62
Òsanyìn, 190
Osemwende (Oba of Benin), 94
oshe Sàngó, Yòrùbá; Nigeria, 15
Ositola, Babaláwo Kolawole, 103
Òsóòsì, 103
Òsùmàrè, 104, 115
Òsùn, 115
Osuo-owei, 63
Ouaku, 65, 67n12
Ovonramwen (Oba of Benin), 94
Òyó Yòrùbá, 107
Ozidi epic, 62
P
pangolins, 24–25, 25, 67n11, 108
Pare, 177, 177n6
parrots, 152
Parsons, Sarah Watson, 104
Partridge, Charles, 113
pectoral disks: akrafokonmu, Asante; Ghana (cat. 30), 90–91, 91
on attendant to Akroponghene Nana Kwasi Akuffo, 91
Rao pectoral, Senegal, 91
Pende masking traditions, 18n8
peri warrior status, 65–66, 67, 118
Pereira, Duarte Pacheco, 118n1
Perrois, Louis, 139n2
Petridis, Constantine, 134n2
Peul, 27
Picasso, Pablo, 139, 193
pinge, Senufo; Côte d’Ivoire (cat. 15), 52, 54, 55, 55
plank masks (luruya), Bwa; Burkina Faso, 7, 12, 40, 41
poker work, 123, 168, 172
pongdudu, 162
porcupines, 108
Poro association, 51, 55
portrait figures of Metang (10th king of Batufam), by Mbeudjang (cat. 50), and Queen Nana, 124, 124, 125
posts. See figural posts
“primitive” art, concept of, 10, 188, 193
Prempeh I (asantehene), 91
Prouteaux, M., 48
Punch, Cyril, 93
Pwo mask, Chokwe; Angola or Democratic Republic of the Congo, 132, 132–34, 145
Pygmies, 151
Q
Qur’an boxes: lidded box, Senufo, Jula, or Lorhon, Côte d’Ivoire (cat. 16), 56, 56–57
pendant, Ida Ou Nadif, Morocco, 31
R
Ramadan, 56
rams, 51
Rao pectoral, 91
Ratton, Charles, 83
Rattray, Robert, 91
Redinha, José, 132
Reilly, John, 121
reincarnation, 107, 113, 193, 195n34
reliquary guardians, 136, 137, 138, 139, 139
roan antelope, 11, 19n22, 25–26
Roberts, Mary Nooter, 15
Roy, Christopher D., 40n1
royal accoutrements: adé ilèkè (cat. 42), 112, 113, 113
akoro, 114, 115
Àkúré king in full regalia, 194
ìborí with ilé-orí, 192, 192–93
chief’s chair (chitwamo or njunga), 146, 146–47
èwù ilèkè, 58–59, 114–15, 115, 193
royal godmothers, in Yòrùbá culture, 97, 192, 195n28
Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium, 149n1, 162, 162n2
Rubin, Arnold, 13
S
sagbwe-type Dan face masks, 74
saif malik masks, 177, 177
Sampoko, Chitofu, 135n13
Samori Ture (Samory Touré), 56
Samukinji, Bernard Mukuta, 135n13, 135n16
San, 47
Sande (Bundu) association, 77, 77
Sandogo association, 55
Sanga’an, Ouattara Souleymane, 11
Sangaré, Satigui, 48
Sàngó, 103, 115, 190
Santeria, 194
Sarakolé, 43
Sarr, Felwine, 17
Savoy, Bénédicte, 17, 19n25
scarification, 74, 79, 80, 84, 130, 132, 155
Scheinberg, Alfred, 123
Schepens, Mr. and Mrs., 155
Schweinfürth, Georg, 160
Segou-substyle masks, 43
Sékou Touré, Ahmed, 69
Senufo, 11, 19n22, 19n28, 25, 28, 44, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 56–57
sexuality and sexual references, 55, 104, 128, 143
shagar, 123
Shaka Senzangakhona (Zulu king), 166
Shamaye, 139
Sherbro, 76, 77
shrines. See altars; nature
spirit figures and shrines Sieber, Roy, 12, 13, 18n6, 19n27, 123
Sigi kun, Bamana; Mali (cat. 12), 48, 49
singiti/lusingiti, Hemba; Democratic Republic of the Congo (cat. 64), 156, 156–67
siSwati-speakers, 166
slaves and slavery, 33, 62, 64, 65, 118n1, 177, 194
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 83, 123
snakes and snake cults, 22, 34, 70
snuff containers: Northern Nguni; South Africa (cat. 73), 182–83, 183
Southern Sotho; Lesotho, 183
sogo performances, 43, 48
Sogoni kunw, 27, 27–28, 29n17
Songhai empire, 34
Songye, 154, 155, 155
Sotho-Tswana peoples, 170
Southern Sotho, 183
sowei, 77
staffs. See figural staffs; ìróké Ifá statues. See figures
stools: male caryatid stool, Songye; Democratic Republic of the Congo (cat. 63), 154, 155, 156
title stool, Igbo; Nigeria, 121
storks, 130, 146
Sukuma, 175
Swazi Kingdom, 166
Sydow, Eckart von, 13
T
Tadjalté, Sib, 39
Tagbanbele, 55
Talbot, P. A., 118n2, 118n3
Tanner, Henry Ossawa, 145
tappers. See ìróké Ifá Tauxier, Louis, 44
Te’amire Maryam (The Miracles of Mary), Gondar, Ethiopia (cat. 74), 184–85, 185–87
Tebesonoma, 62
teeth, pointed/filed, 130
Tellem, 37
Tellem or Dogon female figure, Bandiagara region, Mali, 37
thil/thila and thildu, Lobi; Burkina Faso, 38–39, 39
Tishman, Paul and Ruth, 83
title stool, Igbo; Nigeria, 121
ton/tonw (youth associations), 24, 27, 28, 43, 48
töngköngba headdress, 73
traditional African art. See African
traditional art triptych icon of Virgin and child, central Ethiopia (cat. 75), 186–87, 187
tsekedi, 143
tshol/a-tshol, Baga/Nalu; Guinea/Guinea-Bissau, 72–73, 73
tunic. See èwùilèkè turacos, 130–31
turtles, 108
Tyekpa association, 55
Tyi Wara kunw, Bamana; Mali (cat. 1), 22–28, 23, 24, 26, 27, 43
Tzara, Tristan, 80
U
ubunkuzi, 183
Unobhadule, 170, 180–81, 181
Urhobo, 65
V
Vandenbergen, Hannelore, 162n1
Vandenhoute, Pieter Jan, 13, 74
Vérité Collection, 139
vigango markers, 175
Vili, 140, 141, 141
Virgin Mary: The Miracles of Mary (Te’amire Maryam), Gondar, Ethiopia (cat. 74), 184–85, 185–87
triptych icon of Virgin and child, central Ethiopia (cat. 75), 186–87, 187
Visonà, Monica Blackmun, 83
visual culture, concept of, 11
vitumbo, 146n5
Vlaminck, Maurice de, 193
Vodou, 194
Vogel, Susan Mullin, 12, 15, 18n8, 19n15, 19n26
W
waga grave figures, 175
Wa(m)bele, 51n2
war canoe houses, 118
wara performances, 27, 43, 48
Wardwell, Allen, 43
warthog, 51
Wasalunké, 27, 28
water and forest spirits, Ijo; Nigeria, 60–67, 61, 64–66, 117
Wilke, Ulfert, 141
Wingert, Paul, 13
women: àjé in Yòrùbá culture, 97, 108
akua’ba figures used by, 88, 89
in battle, 65
Baule ndoma, 84, 84–85
bird motif associated with female power, 97, 113
chief’s chair (chitwamo or njunga), female roles depicted on, 146, 146–47
as diviners, 55, 63
as drummers, 55
exogamous marriage and spread of headrest styles, 168
clitoridectomy/female genital mutilation, 77n3
forest spirits, wives of, 63–65, 67n7
halo coiffure, 160, 160, 161
jewelry and consolidation of wealth by, 31
maternity figures, 98, 98–99, 102, 103, 146, 146–49, 149, 186, 187
Mende/Sherbro female helmet masks of Sande (Bundu) association, 76–77, 77
olúmèye, 98–100, 98–103, 102
olorì in Yòrùbá culture, 97, 108
pottery figures produced by, 33, 34
Pwo masks at mukanda initiation of boys as emissaries of, 133, 135n20
royal godmothers, in Yòrùbá culture, 97, 192, 195n28
saif malik masks worn by, 177
in Tyekpa and Sandogo associations, 55
hair and hairdressing in Zulu culture, 171–72, 173n12. See also Virgin Mary; specific female deities and spirits
Woot, 151
Wooten, Stephen R., 29n6
word and image in Yòrùbá art, 188–94, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194
Y
Yabefa, Jeremiah, 67n16
Yaka, 142–44, 143, 145
Yananio or Kindi grade of Bwami association, 159
Yemoja, 103, 108, 115, 189
yimpelo/impelo, 131
yo domolo, 37
Yòrùbá, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 96–100, 97–115, 102, 103, 105–7, 109, 110, 112, 114–16, 117, 188–94, 189–92, 194
Yoruba Art and Language, by Rowland Abiodun, 188
Z
Zahan, Dominique, 24, 25, 28, 29n6, 44
Zamble, Guro; Côte d’Ivoire (cat. 24), 78, 79
Zande, 160, 161
Zara Yaqob (emperor of Ethiopia), 185
Zaramo, 175
Zauli, Guro; Côte d’Ivoire (cat. 23), 78, 79
zebu, 44, 46–47, 47
Zuesse, Evan, 193
Zulu, 166–73, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172
Zwagendaba (Zulu leader), 166, 169