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Index
Clifton Ellis (Editor), Rebecca Ginsburg (Editor)
Description: Cabin, Quarter, Plantation: Architecture and Landscapes of North American Slavery
Cabin, Quarter, Plantation: Architecture and Landscapes of North American Slavery
Index
Author
Clifton Ellis (Editor), Rebecca Ginsburg (Editor)
PublisherYale University Press
Copyright© 2010 by Yale University
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-22225
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Index
abolitionists, 53–54, 67, 77, 81, 90, 99, 112, 120n38, 234–235
absentee landlordism (slave home organization), 21, 22, 23
Adam (slave), 204
Africa, 161. See also specific regions, countries, peoples
Africa House, 181
African Diaspora. See slaves
Africans. See slaves
Alabama, 239, 244, 246, 249
Alexandria, Va., 241
alienation, 200–208, 213, 215. See also built environment (term); racialization; slavery
Allen, Arthur, 72
Allison Farm (plantation), Tenn., 226
Alston, William, 76
alternative territorial system. See built environment (term)
American Colonization Society, 253
American Revolution, 75–77
American studies, 9, 11
Anburey, Thomas, 128, 135
Angolans, 160
Annals of Agriculture (chronicle), 110
Anthony, Carl, 9, 12, 177–191
architectural history, 9, 178
architecture: African traditions of, 178–191, 228–229
as articulation and extension of power, 3, 121–137, 141–155, 179–180
gentry style, 137
historians of, 2, 8
social experience of, 122. See also built environment; mansion houses; masonry; pole-in-ground construction; slave cabins; wattle-and-daub; specific architects and traditions; and specific estates and houses
Atkinson, John, 64
Austin, Stephen, 251
Bacon’s Castle, Va., 72
Bakongo, 33, 167
“balance principle,” 233–262
Ball, George, 71
Ball, Joseph, 123
Barbados, 100
Bassett, Sarah, 68
Beckford, William, 90
Bellevue (house), 73, 79
Bennett, Amber, 33, 170
Bennett, Lerone, 178
Bent, David, 244
Bermuda: economy of, 75, 89
government of, 74, 78
slavery in, 58, 67–99
Bermuda Royal Gazette, 58, 78, 92n13
Bernhard, Va., 68–69, 90
Berry Hill (plantation), Va., 141–145, 146, 147, 150, 153
big houses. See mansion houses
Bight of Biafra, 160, 167
Black Birds (slave-hunting gang), 61
“black codes” (laws), 247
black landscape, 54–55, 58, 62–63. See also built environment (term); slaves black studies (discipline), 11
Black Yankees (Piersen), 193–194, 197, 212
Bolivar, Tenn., 230
bondage. See slavery
bondsmen. See slaves
bounty hunters, 61
Boyd, Augustus, 108
branding, 202
Brazil, 78, 101
Brewton, Miles, 76
Brown, John (Kentucky senator), 244
Brown, John (abolitionist), 256
Brown, Warner, 56
Bruce, Charles, 145
Bruce, Eliza, 3
Bruce, Henry, 200
Bruce, James, 141–145, 145, 147–154
Buchanon, Paul, 183
built environment (term): definition of, 2
as evidence of relation between enslavers and enslaved, 70, 89, 121
manipulation of, as expression of power, 3, 6, 9, 121–139, 193–222
racialization and, 141–155
relationship of, to slavery as institution, 4, 51–66, 157
slave accommodations’ impact on, 109–110, 125–128, 143, 177–191, 226
swept yard as, 35–42
theoretical importance of, 8–9. See also architecture; landscapes; slave cabins; vernacularists; and specific regions, states, and plantations
Bull, Henry, 206
burial (racialized ritual), 206–207, 213
Cable, George, 184
California, 234, 252, 254–255, 257
Camp, Stephanie M. H., 52
Campbell, Christiana, 133–134
Caribbean, 8, 12–13, 33, 46, 74, 81, 99–120, 178, 185, 188. See also West Indies and specific islands
Carolinas (region), 8, 18, 74, 81. See also specific states
Carstens, J. L., 102
Carter, Harry, 136
Carter, Landon, 123, 128, 136
Carter, Robert “King,” 32–33, 43, 93n19, 128–129
caste system, 11, 184, 201. See also alienation; built environment (term); racialization; slavery
Castle Coakley, St. Croix, 108–109, 109
cellar rooms, 55, 71–73, 76
cemeteries, 206–7, 213
Chained on the Rock (Packwood), 68
Chambers, Douglas, 160
Chapman, William, 99–120, 142
Chappell, Edward A., 67–99, 121, 141, 223
Charleston, S.C., 80, 89
chattel. See slavery
Chesapeake region, 8, 34–35, 73–74, 80, 89, 156–158, 163. See also specific states
Christian, Marcus, 184
Christiansborg Castle, Ghana, 287
Christiansted, St. Croix, 107–108
church services (as racialized ritual), 204–206, 213
Civil War, 53, 256–257
class, 11, 184, 201. See also alienation; built environment; racialization; slavery
Collins, Dr. (first name unknown), 113–114
Collins, Patricia Hill, 62–63
colonoware (pottery), 30, 216
Common Burying Ground (Newport, R.I.), 206
“The Condition, Treatment, Rights and Privileges of the Negro Population” (report), 112
Connecticut, 236
slavery in, 5
Constitutional Convention, 235, 237
corn (crop), 224
Corotoman (plantation), Va., 129
Cosgrove, Denis, 56
cotton (crop), 224
cotton gin, 21
Crane, Elaine Forman, 69–70
Creek Indians, 66, 251
creolization (acculturation process), 33
DAACS (Digital Archaeological Archive of Chesapeake Slavery), 8, 45–46
Dabbs, Josiah, 150
Danish West India and Guinea Company, 101
Davis, David Brion, 234–235
Dean, William Henry, 82
Deetz, James, 32
De Forest, Benjamin, 114
degradation. See alienation
Delaney, David, 234
Delany, Martin, 253
Delaware, 235–237, 249
Detached Group (slave home organization), 21, 23
Dickinson, John, 74, 76
Digital Archaeological Archive of Chesapeake Slavery (DAACS), 8, 45–46
domestic spaces, 27–49, 143, 148–149, 156–174, 193–222. See also cellar rooms; kitchens; yards; specific regions and plantations
domestics (slaves), 69–72, 76, 79–86, 90, 184, 188, 193–222, 226, 229–230. See also slaves
Dominica, 112
Douglass, Frederick, 58, 60, 253
Dred Scott case, 253, 255–256
Drew, Benjamin, 54, 64
Du Bois, W. E. B., 9, 17–25, 28, 142, 181
Dudley (house), 87, 88
Dyssle, Samuel, 182
Eden House (plantation), N.C., 167
Edwards, Brian, 78
Edwards, Jay, 103
Edwards, Ywone, 170
Ellis, Clifton, 11, 68, 121, 141–155, 223
Emancipation Proclamation, 256
enslavers: architectural influences on, 100–120
housing designs of, 74–76
paternalism of, 77–78, 143, 147, 194, 203, 207
political power of, 233–262
responses of, to abolitionist concerns, 112, 114–115, 142–144, 147, 153
sensibilities of, according to standpoint theory, 6, 58. See also alienation; built environment; racialization; and specific slaveholders and plantations
Epperson, Terence, 77
escape (as resistance act): dangers of, 59, 61–62
definition of, 58
destinations of, 61, 233–262
navigation as part of, 60–61
psychology of, 58
statistics of, 59. See also black landscape; slaves
Estate Castle Burke, St. Croix, 108
Estate Clifton Hill, St. Croix, 108
Estate Diamond Ruby, St. Croix, 107
Estate Enfield Green, St. Croix, 108
Estate Grand Princess, St. Croix, 107
Estate Hogansburg, St. Croix, 106–107
Estate Lower Love, St. Croix, 108
Estate Slob, St. Croix, 105–107
Estate The Williams, St. Croix, 108–109
ethnicity, 30–33, 43, 162. See also racialization
European vernacular traditions (design style), 105
Fairvue (plantation), Tenn., 227, 227
false consciousness (theory), 214
feminism, 6, 178
fences, 29
Ferguson, Leland, 228–229
Fesler, Garrett, 27–49, 156, 164, 168, 193
Finkelman, Paul, 238
Finley, M. I., 201
Fitch, James Marston, 184
Fithian, Philip, 129, 134, 136
Fitts, Robert K., 12, 17, 51, 62, 67, 121, 193– 223, 233
Flatts, Bermuda, 72, 82
Florida, 250–251, 257
France, 75, 89, 101
Franklin, John Hope, 4, 53
Frederiksted, St. Croix, 106
freedom (as legal principle), 233–262. See also escape; slavery
Freeman, Elizabeth, 235
Fugitive Slave Act (1793), 234, 239, 250
Fugitive Slave Law (1850), 53, 234, 250, 252–253, 257
Gallagher, Henrietta, 82
Galle, Jillian, 171
garbage, 37, 39–40
gardens (as creative space), 28, 111, 136, 170–171
Gardner, William, 198
Garnet, Henry Highland, 235
Garrett, Thomas, 235
gender: as analytical lens, 156
as determinant of space use, 169, 171
identity construction and, 11
role of, in escape decisions, 59
Genovese, Eugene, 7, 89, 154n1
gentry (architectural style), 137
Georgia, 22, 78, 81, 237, 251
Ghana, 101, 187
Giddens, Anthony, 202, 213
Giddings, Joshua, 241
Gilbert, John, 71
Ginsburg, Rebecca, 11, 51–66, 121, 233
Gold Coast, 101, 160
Gomez, Michael, 160
Gordon, George, 106
Gradual Emancipation Laws (1780), 236
Grainger, James, 83
graphic information system (GIS), 34
Great Britain, 68, 75, 77–78, 89, 101, 110–111, 115, 250
Great Columbian Federal City. See Washington, D.C.
Great Dismal Swamp, 61
Greek Revival (architectural style), 144, 188
Greendale (house), 72–73, 73
Grimes, Leonard, 242
Grove, William Hugh, 127
Haiti, 181
Hall, Naomi, 129
Hamilton Parish, Bermuda, 79
Handler, Jerome S., 100
Hannibal (slave), 199
Lord Harcourt, Simon, 110
Harpers Ferry, W. Va., 256
Hart, Albert Bushnell, 246
Hazard, Thomas, 203–204
Heath, Barbara, 12, 28, 33, 156–176, 193
Helm, Rowse, 198
Herman, Bernard L., 77
Herskovits, Melville, 178, 188
Hetty (slave), 70
Hicks, Edward, 57–58, 61
Hints to Gentlemen of Landed Property (Kent), 110
historical archaeology (discipline), 9, 158. See also specific scholars
Historic St. Mary’s City, Md., 34
Hog Bay (house), 81
Holy Things and Profane (Upton), 8, 121
Howard’s Neck, Va., 123, 125–127
Hunt, James, 148
Ibibio, 167
identity. See alienation; caste system; ethnicity; gender; racialization
Igbo, 160, 166–167, 171
Illinois, 237, 244, 246, 246, 247, 248, 255, 257
Indiana, 237, 244, 246, 246, 247
Ingham, Samuel, 87
intersectionality (theory), 11
Inwood (house), 74
Iowa, 242, 250–251
Isaac, Rhys, 52, 54, 138n9
Jack (slave), 198
Jackson, Joseph, 185
Jacobs, Harriet, 253
Jamaica, 75, 90, 181, 185
James River, 127, 160, 162
Jamestown, Va., 68
Jarvis, Michael, 68–70, 90
Jeane (slave), 71
Jefferson, Peter, 168
Jefferson, Thomas, 86, 171, 236
Johnny (slave), 123
Jones, Hugh, 184
Jordan’s Journey, Va., 166
Jo (slave), 123
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 234, 254, 254
Kansas, 245, 252, 254–255
Kelso, William, 166
Kendall Grove (plantation), Va., 182
Kent, Nathanial, 110
Kentucky, 61, 76, 81, 239, 244, 245, 249, 257
Keswick (plantation), Va., 183
Kingsmill (plantation), Va., 167
King’s Reach (archaeological site), Md., 34
Kirk, William, 52
Kirtland, Isaac, 231
kitchens, 71–72, 73, 75–76, 79–80, 81, 82–83, 86–87, See also cellar rooms; domestic spaces
Knight, Sarah, 204
Kongo, 160
Lake Michigan, 246–247
“landscape eye,” 56
landscapes: “apartheid,” 51
articulated processional, 121, 129–131, 133–134, 137
black, 54–66, 127–128, 131, 133, 135–137, 154, 209–210
psychological, 153
role of, in shaping human relations, 29, 186, 193–222
white, 62–63, 127–128. See also alienation; built environment; domestic spaces; escape; standpoint theory
Lange, Frederick, 100
LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer, 11, 141, 233–262
Latrobe, Benjamin Henry, 135
Lawrence, A. W., 185
Leone, Mark, 214
Lincoln, Abraham, 235, 256
Lincolnshire, England, 106
Little, John, 57
Lloyd, Suzette, 83, 85
Louisiana, 21–22, 78, 181, 244, 246
Mabry (plantation), Tenn., 230
Macaulay, Alexander, 133–134
MacSparran, James, 199, 205–206, 209
Madison, James, 235, 237
Magnolia Grange (plantation), Va., 169
Maine, 244, 249, 257
Mallory-Neely House, 231
Manassas, Va., 35
mansion houses: African influence on, 182
architectural changes to, 67
relation of, to slave cabins, 20, 22
slaves living within, 196–199. 225, 229–231
Markoe, Peter, 108
Marxism, 6, 154n1, 215
Maryland, 5, 59, 78, 160, 237, 240, 249
masonry, 100, 104–107, 111, 113
Massachusetts, 5, 32, 239
McBurney, William, 195
McKelway, Henry, 230
McNeal Place (plantation), Tenn., 227–228, 230
meals (as racialized ritual), 203–204, 213
Meillassoux, Claude, 201
Mendi, 179
Metoyer (freeman), 181
Michigan, 237, 244, 246
Middle Works (estate), St. Croix, 114
Milford (house), 81
Miller, John, 110
Minnesota, 237, 254–256
Mintz, Sidney, 33, 45
Mississippi River, 246–247, 249, 255
Mississippi, 22, 239, 246
Missouri Compromise, 234, 245, 249–250, 252, 254–256
Missouri, 244, 257
Monroe Farm (plantation), Va., 169
Monticello, Va., 86, 135, 170–171
Moore, Robert, 149
Morell, George, 240
Morgan, Philip, 88–89
Morotock (plantation), Va., 142, 144, 150–151, 151–152
Motte, Mary Brewton, 76
Mount Airy (plantation), Va., 130, 131–132, 133–134
Mount Vernon, Va., 32, 170, 183, 187
Mulberry (plantation), S.C., 182, 183
Musson, Robert Spencer, 82
Muter, George, 244
Myers, Moses, 86
The Myth of the Negro Past (Herskovits), 188–189
Natchitoches, La., 181, 189
Nan (slave), 198
Narragansett area (R.I.), 193–222
Native Americans, 18–19, 68, 71, 90, 250
Nebraska, 254
Negro elections, 210
Neiman, Fraser, 168
New Herrnhut (plantation), St. Thomas, 103
New Jersey, 5, 12, 236–237
New Mexico, 252
New Orleans, 184, 241
Newport, R.I., 196, 209, 212
New York, 5, 236, 245, 245, 249
Niger Valley, 253
Nomini Hall (plantation), Va., 134
the North, 12, 236–237. See also specific states
North Carolina, 54, 57, 61, 167, 237, 239–240
North Kingston, R.I., 194, 196–197, 210
North Quarter (archaeological site), Va., 35
Northwest Ordinance, 234, 237–239, 246, 246, 247, 254–255, 257
Northwest Territory. See specific states
Norwood (house), 74
Ohio River, 238–239, 246–247, 249
Ohio, 237, 241, 244–246, 246, 247
Oldendorp, C. G. A., 102–103, 103, 104–105
Oleander Circle (house), 71
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 136, 181–182
Ontario, 54, 64
oppression. See alienation; built environment; racialization; slavery
Oregon, 254–256
othering. See racialization
overseers, 21
Oxholm, P. L., 102, 106–107, 117n9
Packwood, Cyril Outerbridge, 68, 90
Paget Parish, Bermuda, 72, 79, 81, 87
Palladio, Andrea, 113
palmetto (as building material), 181
Pamplin, Ellick, 146, 149–150
Park, Robert, 201
Parting Ways (archaeological site), Mass., 32
Patriarchal Group (slave organization type), 19, 21, 23
Patterson, Orlando, 201
Pearce, Cato, 210
Pearl (ship), 241
Pembroke Parish, Bermuda, 74, 82, 87
Peniston, Miriam, 82
Pennington, James, 59–60
Pennsylvania, 235, 237
Peterson, Charles, 185
Philadelphia, 113, 242
Picher, Samuel, 71
Piersen, William, 193–194, 196–197, 200, 208, 212
place, 5, 28, 159, 249. See also built environment; domestic spaces; landscapes; yards
plantations, 11, 127–130, 194. See also specific plantations
Platform Cemetery, 206
plowzone sampling, 35–37, 46
Pogue, Dennis, 34
pole-in-ground construction, 103–104
Polk, James K., 252
Pollard, Levi, 145
Pope, Nathaniel, 247
Poplar Forest (plantation), Va., 35, 169–171
porch (architectural antecedents of), 184–185
Potomac River, 160, 240
power. See alienation; built environment; racialization; slavery
Practical Rules for the Management and Medical Treatment of Negro Slaves in the Sugar Colonies (Collins), 113
Prince, Lucy, 203
Prince, Mary, 68, 70, 87, 90
probate inventories, 70–71, 196–197
propaganda. See abolitionists; enslavers
Purvis, Robert, 255
Quarles, Benjamin, 53
“quarters.” See slave cabins
racialization, 5, 11, 121–155, 155n9, 157, 200, 202. See also built environment; racism
racism, 1, 28, 201, 208, 237. See also alienation; slavery
rape. See sexual exploitation; slavery; women
Reeve Court (house), 82
refuse, 37, 39–40
Renaissance (era), 56, 75, 178
Rhode Island, 193–222, 195, 236
Rich Neck (plantation), Va., 35, 170
Robinson House (archaeological site), Va., 35
Rogiers, William, 106
Rome, George, 196
Rosebank (house), 72–73, 73, 82
Rowland Robinson (house), 196
runaways. See escape (as resistance act)
Sabine Hall (plantation), Va., 136
Saffin, John, 204
Saint Augustine, Fla., 251
Saint George, Bermuda, 74, 82
Sainton, Jean-Pierre, 103
Samford, Patricia, 160, 166–168, 171
Schimmelman, Heinrich von, 107
School Lands Cottage (house), 87, 93n21
Schweninger, Loren, 53
Scott, Dred, 255
Scott, James, 54, 208
Seagrove, James, 251
Sea Venture (ship), 68
Seaward (house), 73
segregation, 200, 203–208, 213
Senegambia, 160
A Series of Plans for Cottages or Habitations of the Labourer either in Husbandry or the Mechanical Arts (Wood), 110
Serlio, Sebastiano, 110, 113
Seven Gables (house), 74
sexual exploitation, 23–24
Shadwell (plantation), Va., 168
Shepard, Thomas, 204
Shirley (plantation), Va., 183
Sierra Leone, 160
Singleton, William, 55–56
Singleton (plantation), N.C., 54
Slade, William, 242, 244
slave cabins: African influences on, 182
barracks as one type of, 115
in Bermuda, 74
conditions of, 24
construction materials of, 99
design of, 67, 100, 113, 115
dimensions of, 19, 107–108, 114
distinctive features of, 30
domestic spaces of, 157
European design antecedents of, 106, 110
historical development of, 162, 164–168
material influences on, 110
paternalism and, 78
proximity of, to one another, 102
relation of, to moral conditions, 20–23
row houses as one type of, 108–109, 114. See also domestic spaces; subfloor pits; yards
slave catchers, 62
slaveholders. See enslavers
slave markets. See slavery; Washington, D.C.
slave patrols, 4
slavers. See enslavers
slavery: American “progress” and, 142
Christianity and, 4, 18
escapes from, 51–66, 234–262
historical overview of, 5–6, 17–18, 159–160
legal aspects
of, 12, 233–262
Northern, 193–222
psychological impact of (see Du Bois, W. E. B.)
racialization as component of, 5–6, 11, 121–155, 157, 200, 202
rhetoric of, 17
sexual exploitation and, 20, 23–24
slaves’ responses to, 28, 45
stereotypes associated with, 2, 13
trade of, 12–13, 240–241, 252
urban, 11–12
variation of, from place to place, 68
violence and, 2, 90
in the West Indies, 76–120. See also built environment; cellar rooms; domestics (slaves); escape; kitchens; landscapes; and specific states and regions
slaves: artistic legacy of, 28
cuisine of, 31
in the Danish West Indies, 100–120
demographics of, 74
domestic, 69–86, 90, 184, 188, 193–222, 226, 229–230
family relationships of, 158–159
free enterprise of, 170–171
fugitive, 11, 51–66
housing of, 3, 17–25, 19, 72–73, 77, 79–80, 82–83, 112, 121–142, 224
monitoring of, 197–201, 208–215, 227–228
Native Americans as, 18–19, 68, 71, 90, 195
occupations of, 76, 83–85
proxemic codes of, 32
resistance of, to institutional slavery, 45, 54–56, 199–200, 212, 216
rituals of, 52, 54
spaces devoted to, in mansion houses, 71, 197–199
spatial sensibilities of, 35–41
spiritual practices of, 166–167, 169, 172, 199, 208
value of, following outlawing of Atlantic slave trade, 81–82
visibility of, 86–87
white, 18–19, 195. See also black landscape; escape; kitchens; yards; specific regions, plantations, people
slave ships, 12
Smith, Thomas, 74
Smith’s Parish, Bermuda, 72, 82
Sobel, Mechal, 228–229
Sobotker, Adam, 106
soil-chemical analysis, 170
Somers Islands Company, 68
Somerville (house), 86, 87
The Souls of Black Folks (Du Bois), 17
the South: architectural traditions of, 178
economy of, 11, 90. See also specific plantations and estates; specific states and regions
South Africa, 187
Southall’s Quarter (plantation), Va., 170
South Carolina, 30, 78, 180–182
Southern Cultivator, 142
Southern Planter, 142
South Kingston, R.I., 195–197, 209–210
space, 28, 157–159, 194, 196. See also built environment; kitchens; landscapes; yards
Spain (colonies of), 12, 89, 250. See also Florida
Spanish Town, Jamaica, 80
spatial control, 213–215. See also built environment; slaves
spatiality. See built environment
Spear, Chloe, 205
Sprat Hall (estate), St. Croix, 106
St. Christopher, 113
St. Clair, William, 12
St. Croix, 100–102, 104, 104, 105–108, 110–112, 114–115
St. John, 100–101, 104
St. Kitts, 83
St. Paul’s Church (Narragansett, R.I.), 204–206
St. Thomas, 100–101, 103, 104, 107
standpoint theory, 6, 11, 51–66, 178. See also specific scholars and studies
Stanley House, 72
Staunton Hill (plantation), Va., 142, 144–145, 150
Stephens, Alexander, 1
stereotypes. See racialization
Stevens, John, 206
Stewart Hall (house), 74
Stilwell (house), 72, 86
stone (building material), 99, 104
Stowes, Joseph, 79
Strutt, Michael, 121, 223–232
subfloor pits, 164–169, 172, 199
Sufferage Convention of the Colored Citizens of New York, 255–256
sugar (crop), 111–113
swept yard, 27–49. See also yards
Tallmadge, Nathaniel, 249
Taney, Roger, 255–256
Tanglewood (house), 86
Tankfield (house), 74
Tattersall (estate), England, 106
tattoos, 202
Tayloe, John, 128, 130
Tennessee, 81, 223–232, 224, 239, 244, 246
Texas, 234, 251–252, 254–255, 257
theft (act of resistance), 57
theory of false consciousness, 214
tobacco (crop), 224
Torrey, Jesse, 241
town group (slave housing organization), 23, 23
Treaty of New York, 251
Tredegar Iron Works, 11
Trimmingham, Francis, 82
Tuan, Yi-Fu, 28
Tubman, Harriet, 235
Tuckahoe (site), Va., 122–123, 124–125, 136
Tucker, Frances, 74
Tucker, Henry, 74, 80
Tucker, John Harvey, 86
Uncle Sam Plantation, La., 187
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 2, 24, 91n1
underground railroad, 52, 54, 247, 251
United States: growth of, in relation to slavery, 233–262
maps of, 238, 245–246, 254. See also specific states and regions
Updike, Wilkins, 196, 210–211
Upton, Dell: on black landscapes, 121–139
on slaves’ perceptions of their worlds, 30–31
standpoint theory and, 6, 51–52, 56, 58, 141, 177
works of, 8
Utah, 252
Utopia Quarter (archaeological site), Va., 35–37, 36, 38, 38–39, 39, 40, 40, 41, 41, 42, 42, 43, 43, 44, 44, 45, 167, 169–170
veranda (architectural antecedents to), 184, 188
Verdmont (house), 74, 76
Vermont, 239, 244–245, 257
vernacularists: definition of, 8
methods of, 8–10, 121, 141. See also specific academics
Villa Montclair (house), 79
Villa Monticello (house), 82
“Virginia House” (architectural style), 143, 148–149, 149, 150–152
Virginia: built environment of, 121–123, 125–129, 133–135
churches of, 133–134
as exporter of slaves, 153
geography of, 61, 237, 239, 245;
land grants of, 237
plantations of, 3, 35, 128–130, 134–135, 142–145, 162, 164, 182
slave housing of, 23, 35, 76, 80, 122–123, 125–128, 136, 141–155, 156–176
slavery in, 5, 11, 18, 23, 54, 57, 61, 127
white landscape of, 127–129. See also Chesapeake (region); Upton, Dell; specific estates and cities
Virgin Islands. See West Indies
Vlach, John Michael, 7, 52, 229
Von Meley, F. C, 102
Walker, David, 239
Walker, Quok, 236
Walsh, Lorena, 7, 162
Walsingham (house), 74
Washington, Booker T., 126
Washington, D.C., 240–242, 252, 257
Washington, George, 32, 128, 237–238, 251
Watkins, William J, 256
wattle-and-daub construction, 99, 102, 105, 114, 181
Weld, Isaac, 136
West Central Africa, 160, 162
West Indies, 75, 80, 85, 99–120, 188
West Virginia, 245, 256–257
Whitney, Mary, 74
Wickford, R.I., 209
Wilkins, John, 154
Wilkins, William, 153
Williams, Mary, 80–81
Williamsburg, Va., 35, 133, 183–184
William (slave), 136
Wilson, Henry, 240
Wilson, Jeremiah, 198
Wilton (plantation), Va., 170
Winterhaven (house), 73, 79, 82, 86
Winthrop (plantation), N.C., 55
Wisconsin, 237, 242, 246, 247, 252, 255, 257
Wise, Henry, 250
women: in Bermuda, 69, 83–84
sexual exploitation of, 20, 23–24
slavery and, 18, 32. See also cellar rooms; domestics (slaves); kitchens
Wood, John, 110–111, 114–115
Wood, Peter, 181
Works Progress Administration, 53
yards (as creative space), 28, 31, 156, 169–172. See also landscapes; swept yard
York River, 127, 160, 162