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Index
Anne R. Bromberg
Description: The Arts of India, Southeast Asia, and the Himalayas at the Dallas Museum of Art
The Arts of India, Southeast Asia, and the Himalayas at the Dallas Museum of Art
Index
Author
Anne R. Bromberg
PublisherDallas Museum of Art
Copyright© 2013 by the Dallas Museum of Art
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-20058
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Index
Adinatha (1st Jina), 67
Adinath temple, Ranakpur, India, 67
Agni (god of fire) [cat. 20], 15, 23, 50–51, 56, 56
Aihole, India, Durga temple at, 50
Ajanta, India, cave-temples at, 50, 157
mural painting at, 29, 50
Akbar, Mughal emperor (r. 1556–1605), 100, 103, 124
Akbarnama, 103
Akshobhya (one of the Five Buddhas), 193
Alchi monastery, Ladakh, 157
Alexander the Great, 27, 29, 46
Ambika Mata temple, Jagat, India, 83
Amitabha, 155, 159, 170, 193
amrita (elixir of immortality), 217, 220
see also soma
ancestors, veneration of, 244, 245
Anderson, Maxwell, 15
Andhra period, Mathura, 33
see also Satavahana period
Angkor, Cambodia, 207, 212
temple complexes in, 203, 208, 209, 212, 218
Angkor Thom, Cambodia, 204, 207, 208, 220
see also Bayon temple complex
Angkor Wat, Cambodia, 204, 205, 207, 215, 220, 224, 230
as stylistic period, 208, 215 and n.1, 218, 219
Apasmara Purusha (dwarf), 76, 77 (det.)
apsara (celestial being), 62, 114, 135, 224
see also devatas
architecture
fragments of, 25, 60
brackets [cat. 45], 16, 98 (det.), 101, 104, 108, 109
capital
with head in relief [cat. 19], 15, 25, 50, 55, 55
Kushan-period [cat. 17], 25, 37, 50, 53, 53
doorjambs. See doorjamb
overdoor. See overdoor
panel [cat. 47], 110, 112, 112
pillar. See pillar plaque [cat. 115], 154, 194, 200, 200 (det.), 201
tympanum with Maitreya and Shakyamuni [cat. 14], 24, 37, 48, 48
Mughal influence on, 110–15
Ardhanarishvara. See Shiva
arm band, jeweled [cat. 72], 16, 125, 138, 138
see also bazu bands
Ashoka (r. 272–232 BCE), 27, 29, 37, 50, 73, 157, 214, 220
pillars of, 24, 27, 53, 157
Ashvavaktra (horse-faced goddess), 185
Asia. See Central Asia; Southeast Asia
astronomy, observatory for, 103
asura (demon), 84, 195, 220
Bayon-period [cat. 124], 17, 204, 209, 220, 221
Atisha Dipamkara Shrijnana (Tibetan Buddhist teacher, 982–1054), 157, 160
atlant, figure of [cat. 10], 43, 43
attendant of Vishnu with discus [cat. 24], 16, 25, 50, 61, 61
attributes, 25, 39, 42, 61, 84, 88, 91, 92, 173, 235
Aurangzeb, Mughal emperor (r. 1658–1707), 103
aureole crossbar with garuda [cat. 100], 178, 178
Avalokiteshvara (bodhisattva of compassion), 40, 152, 155, 208, 217
see also Mahakaruna Lokeshvara; Padmapani
Ayutthaya kingdom, Thailand (1350–1767), 205, 207, 235, 239
sculptural style of, 239, 242
Babur, Zahir-ud-din Muhammad (1483–1530), 29, 100, 103, 113
Babur Nama (1529), 103
backgammon board [cat. 54], 16, 116, 121, 121
Bakheng style, Cambodia, 207, 212, 212
Bakong temple, Cambodia, 207
Bali, kingdom of, 205, 207, 244
balustrade, naga, at Angkor Thom, Cambodia, 17, 220
Bamiyan Buddhas, Afghanistan, 157
Bangladesh, 68, 84
Banteay Srei temple, 207, 214
relief, 208
bardo (period between death and rebirth), 185, 192
base, Khmer sculpture [cat. 132], 231, 231
Bayon temple complex, Angkor Thom, Cambodia, 204, 207, 208, 218, 220
as artistic style, 226–32
decorative objects from, 226–32
sculpture from, 208, 216, 217, 220–25
bazu bands [cat. 75 and 76], 140, 141, 141
bell, Bayon-period Khmer [cat. 133], 226, 232, 232
Bengal, 32, 71, 84, 86, 103
Bhadrakali. See Durga as
Bhagavad Gita, 25
Bhairava
collar necklace [cat. 112], 194, 195, 195, 197
mask of [cat. 113], 17, 21, 154, 194, 196, 197
bhakti (Hindu religious movement), 26, 29, 103
Bharatanatyam (classical dance form), India, 138–39
Bharhut, India, stupa at, 32, 33, 36, 53
Bhimdev I, king (r. 1021–63), 91
Bhubaneshvar, India, temples at, 50
Bhudevi (earth goddess), 89, 97
Bidri ware (India), 116, 120, 120
Bodhgaya (Vajrasana), India, 50, 73 and n.1, 151
temple in. See Mahabodhi Temple
bodhisattva, 151, 157, 192, 210
attributes of, 42
bust of a [cat. 9], 14, 24, 37, 42, 42, 151
head, Bayon-style, 208
as subject matter, 37, 49, 157, 159, 217–19
Thinking [cat. 15], 15, 22 (det.), 37, 49, 49
see also Avalokiteshvara, Lokeshvara, Maitreya, Manjushri
bodhi tree (Ficus religiosa), 73, 152, 241
Bodhnatha stupa, Kathmandu, Nepal, 194
Bon (indigenous Tibetan religion), 152, 153
bone, 188
Book of Kings (Persian epic), 121
Borobudur, temple complex, Java, 205, 207, 245
Borommaracha II, king of Ayutthaya (r. 1424–48), 239
Bos indicus. See bull, humped
bowl, Turkish [cat. 87], 148, 149
box, for game counters [cat. 55], 116, 122, 122
bracelets, jeweled [cat. 79 and 80], 142, 143
brackets, architectural [cat. 45], 16, 98 (det.), 101, 104, 108, 109
Brahma, 83, 84, 195
Brahmanism, 29, 50, 51, 207
Brenner, Alta, 15, 16
Brenner-McMullen, Andrea Bernice, 15, 16
Britain. See Great Britain
British East India Company, 100, 103
Bromberg, Alfred, 14
Bromberg, Dr. Anne R., 15, 16, 20
Bromberg, Juanita K., 14, 16
bronze. See sculpture Bronze Age, art of, in Southeast Asia, 203
Brown, Mrs. E. R., 14, 17
buckle, jeweled [cat. 77], 142, 142
Buddha, the (Enlightened One), 23, 151
attributes of, 39, 235
crowned, 205, 233, 236, 242, 243
enshrined [cat. 139], 241, 241
head
Gandharan meditating [cat. 7], 16, 24, 37, 38, 39, 151
Maitreya (?) [cat. 116], 17, 208, 210, 210
Myanmar, 248
Thai Chiang Saen–style, 248
Thai crowned [cat. 141], 18, 205, 233, 242, 243
the historical. See Buddha Shakyamuni
iconography of, 235, 242
Islam and, 151
Khmer, Bayon-period
meditating [cat. 125], 202 (det.), 204, 222, 223
in triad [cat. 127], 226, 227, 227
manifestations of, 193, 198
Mara and, 233, 235
of the present. See Buddha Shakyamuni
receiving alms (relief) [cat. 13], 24, 37, 47, 47
seated
Ayutthaya [cat. 137], 14, 233, 238, 239
Lan Na [cat. 135], 18, 21, 205, 233, 234, 235, 257 (det.)
modern Thai, 235
see also Five Buddhas
Buddha Shakyamuni (the historical Buddha, 566–486 BCE), 29, 45, 47, 48, 73, 151, 157, 164, 173, 176, 214, 223
images of, 37, 46, 48, 151, 152, 157, 160, 205
Cambodian, 205
in Thailand, 205, 235, 235, 248
Tibetan 15–16th cent., 248
standing [cat. 136], 11 (det.), 18, 205, 233, 236, 237
thangka [cat. 104], 180, 186, 187, 188
Buddhism, 68
in Cambodia, 203, 204, 207, 208, 211, 223, 224
cyclicality of history for, 42, 45
decline of, 99, 151, 157
Hinduism and, 68, 152, 154
in Indonesia, 207, 244
Islam and, 151
law in. See Dharma
literature (texts) of, 37, 45, 151, 154, 157, 160, 176, 217
Mahayana (Great Vehicle), 151, 205, 207, 210, 217, 223, 227
in Nepal, 154, 194, 195
origins of, 23, 24, 29, 151, 157
ritual objects for, 17, 18, 191, 229, 232
spread of, 50, 151, 157
Tantric. See Vajrayana
in Thailand, 205, 210, 233, 236
Theravada, 151, 205, 207, 210, 223, 233
in Tibet. See Tibet
see also Vajrayana
timeline for (6th cent. BCE–20th cent.), 157
Buddhist triad, 217
Bayon-period Khmer [cat. 127], 226, 227, 227
buffalo demon. See Mahisha
bull, humped (zebu; Bos indicus), 79
Indus Valley civilization [cat. 1], 23, 27, 30, 30
Bunker, Emma C., 210
Burma, invasion of Thailand by, 207, 235
see also Myanmar
Bywaters, Jerry, 13, 14
Cambodia, 207
art in, 203–204, 205
pre-Angkor Khmer, 207, 208, 210, 212
see also Khmer, art of
Camp, Mrs. Alex, 14
capital (on column)
Indo-Corinthian, 46, 46
Ionic-style, 53, 53
Kushan-period [cat. 17], 25, 37, 50, 53, 53
lion, of Ashoka, 24
lion (British Museum), 53
see also pillar
celestial female. See figure, female celestial
Central Asia, trade with, as influence on South Asian art, 100, 151
ceramics, 27, 29
Mughal-dynasty, 101, 148–49
Tang-dynasty lokapalas, 13, 13, 14
see also terracotta
Chakrasamvara (Tantric deity), 179
Cham, 205
capture of Angkor by, 204, 220
chamfron, 128
Chandaka, 46, 46
Chandella dynasty, India (10th–13th cent.), 50, 57, 61, 80
Chandragupta I, 25
Chandragupta II, 50
Chandragupta Maurya, 27
Chandraketugarh, India, terracotta sculpture from, 32, 36
Chandrashekhara Shiva [cat. 32], 74, 78, 78
Charlton, Margaret J. and George V., 14
Chemchok Heruka. See Mahottara Heruka
chess piece [cat. 56], 16, 116, 122, 123, 147
Chettinad, the, 108, 135
Chiang Mai kingdom, Thailand (1802–84), 233
Chiang Saen style, Thailand, 248
Chidambaram, India, temple in, 75
China
as cultural influence, 24, 151, 152, 157, 162–63, 207
Cultural Revolution in, and destruction of Tibetan monasteries, 157, 162–63
chintamani (wish-fulfilling jewel), 40, 42, 45, 186
Chola dynasty (9th–13th cent.), 26, 29, 74, 97, 104
bronze sculpture during, 74, 75, 78
Christianity, influence of, in India, 103, 118
cire perdue, 76
Clark, James and Lillian, 14
classicism, in Khmer sculpture, 208
conch shell. See shell
copper alloy. See sculpture
crown
with five jewels, 176
initiation (crown of the Five Buddhas), 170
Tibetan [cat. 111], 17, 188, 193, 193
see also Buddha, crowned, diadem
dagger, ritual
purba, Tibetan, 153
Dzokchen [cat. 109], 17, 154, 188, 191, 191
qatar
Deccan [cat. 85], 16, 144, 147, 147
Mughal
inscribed [cat. 83], 16, 144, 146, 146
with sheath (khanjar) [cat. 84], 16, 144, 146, 146
dakini (Tibetan goddesses), 17, 154, 155, 174, 181
Dalai Lama, 157, 170, 174
Dallas Museum of Art
David T. Owsley Galleries of South Asian Art, 14–15, 17, 18, 21
holdings of, in South Asian art (overview), 13–22
damascene ware (watered steel), 144, 145, 146
dancers
divine, on Tibetan bronze relief, 162–63, 162, 163 (det.)
Indian temple, 26, 101, 134, 138
Tibetan monastic, 153, 154, 188, 189, 192
dancing figure [cat. 26], 20, 24, 26, 64, 65, 65, 155
dating, 62, 65, 212, 228, 236, 247
Deccan, India, art from, 103, 117, 118, 124, 129, 147
deity
directional (dikpala), 56, 68
see also guardian kings
female, Prambanan, Java, 244
fertility, 23, 26
gandharva, 62
head of, Khmer [cat. 118], 17, 204, 208, 212, 212, 213 (det.)
male, relief of [cat. 21], 51, 57, 57
shrines for, 114
see also Tibet
Delhi, 29, 99, 100
Delwara temples, Mount Abu, India, 65
Densatil monastery, Tibet, 157, 162
bronze relief from, 162–63
Deogarh, temple at, India, 91
deva (god), 220
devatas, sculptures of, 204, 208, 209, 224
relief [cat. 126], 17, 204, 209, 224, 225
see also apsara
Devi (Shri Devi), the Great Goddess, 25, 36, 215
cults of, 80, 87
as Durga, 27, 36, 80, 84
Dhanga, king (r. c. 950–1008), 61
Dharma (Buddhist law), 153, 155, 164, 235 and n.1
dharmachakra (Dharma wheel), 164, 169
diadem, five-skull [cat. 110], 17, 153–54, 188, 192, 192, 193
see also crown
Didarganj, India, female figure from, 62
Digambara sect, Jainism, 67
dikpala (directional deity), 56, 68
see also guardian kings
Dong Son period, Vietnam (500 BCE–300), 203, 207
donors, representations of, in artworks, 91
see also patronage
doorjamb [cat. 22], 15, 21, 25, 50, 58, 59
dragon. See naga
Drepung monastery, Tibet, 157
drum, Vietnamese Bronze Age, 203
Dudsolma, as form of Palden Lhamo, 174
Duladeo temple, Khajuraho, India, 57, 80
Durga, 76
as Bhadrakali [cat. 35], 16, 25, 36, 80, 82, 83, 84
in Cambodia, 203
cult of, 80
Devi (Shri Devi) as, 27, 36, 80, 84
on her lion mount [cat. 43], 13, 104, 105
as Kali. See Durga, as Bhadrakali
temple of, Aihole, India, 50
see also Parvati
Durga Mahishasuramardini
Himachal Pradesh [cat. 37], 26, 80, 86, 86
Pala-dynasty [cat. 36], 8 (det.), 15, 36, 80, 84, 85, 86
dvarapala (door guardian), 58, 60
Dvaravati sculpture, Thailand. See Mon peoples
dwarf, sacred (gana), 25, 58
Dzokchen (Tantric ritual), 191
earth goddess. See Bhudevi
elephant
ceremonial, 114
as motif, 114, 145, 147
see also chess piece, shrine
Ellora, India, cave-temples at, 29, 50, 157
enamel work, 142–43, 144, 145, 164
Europe
contact with, 29, 157
influence of, and art in India, 100, 103, 112, 116, 141
exhibitions, of Asian art at the DMA, 13–14
The Arts of Man (1962–63), 13, 14
Chinese Ancestral Portraits and Japanese Landscape Prints (1938), 13
Chinese Export Porcelain from the Reeves Collection at Washington and Lee University (traveling, 1973–76), 13
Domains of Wonder: Selected Masterpieces of Indian Painting (2007–2008), 14
East Meets West: Selections from the David T. Owsley Collection (1993–94), 14, 20
Hiroshige: Fifty-Three Stages of the Tokaido (1986), 14
Indian and Southeast Asian Stone Sculptures from the Avery Brundage Collection (1970), 13
Indian Miniature Paintings from the David T. Owsley Collection (2007–2008), 14
Life at Court: Art for India’s Rulers, 16th–19th Centuries (1986), 13–14
Masterpieces of Japanese Art (1969), 13
Objects of Elegance and Whimsy (1990), 14
Oriental Art in Dallas Private Collections (1976), 13
The Sculpture of Thailand (1973), 13
The Sensuous and the Sacred: Chola Bronzes from South India (2003), 14
Views of Japan: Modern Woodblock Prints by Hiroshi Yoshida (1987), 14
When Gold Blossoms: Indian Jewelry from the Susan L. Beningson Collection (2007–2008), 14
eye, third (golden), 164, 167, 197
Fatehpur Sikri, India, 100, 110
fertility
deities of, 23, 26, 76
emblems of, 23–24, 31
see also linga
festival, religious, 154, 197
figure
ancestor [cat. 142], 18, 205, 244, 245, 245
female
celestial [cat. 25], 15, 26, 51, 62, 63, 155
dancing, 64
goddess [cat. 3], 27, 32, 32
Jain temple [cat. 26], 20, 24, 26, 64, 65, 65, 155
from Didarganj, India, 62
fertility emblem [cat. 2], 23–24, 31, 31
Khmer [cat. 120], 17, 208, 215, 215
pillar
Kushan-period deity [cat. 5], 15, 24, 27, 34, 35, 35 (det.)
Sanchi [cat. 4], 27, 33, 33
see also yakshi
male
atlant [cat. 10], 43, 43
attendant of Vishnu [cat. 24], 16, 25, 50, 61, 61
lama [cat. 93], 152, 155, 166, 166
torso (Vishnu?) [cat. 16], 15, 50, 52, 52
finial
for bed or throne [cat. 51], 116, 118–19, 118
for candelabra (?) [cat. 140], 17, 241, 241
on palanquin [cat. 138], 240, 240
Tibetan pair [cat. 108], 188, 190, 190
fire, ritual, 56
Five Buddhas, 186, 192, 193
see also crown, initiation
Francis Xavier, Saint, 103
Funan kingdom, Cambodia (1st–6th cent.), 203, 207
furniture, Indian, 118–19, 121
gaja-shardula, 80
see also shardula
gana (Shiva’s attendants), 25, 58
Ganapati, Ganesha as, 247
Gandan monastery, Tibet, 157
Gandharan empire (1st–6th cent.), art of, 16, 24, 29, 37–49, 99, 134, 151, 157
gandharva (minor Hindu deity), 62
Gandhi, Mohandas K. (Mahatma), 100, 103
Ganesha (son of Shiva), 54, 71, 80, 136, 247
dancing [cat. 29], 24, 68, 70, 71
iconography of, 244
Javanese Majapahit-period [cat. 143], 18, 205, 244, 246, 247
with Manjushri and Mahakala [cat. 115], 154, 194, 200, 200 (det.), 201
as pendant on necklace [cat. 70], 16, 101, 134, 136, 137
with Shiva and Parvati [cat. 34], 15, 80, 81
with Uma-Maheshvara [cat. 18], 54, 54
Ganga (goddess), 25
garbagriha (inner sanctum of Hindu temple), 114
Garbhadhatu mandala (Mahakarunagarbhadhatu mandala), 217
garuda (eagle-lion), 178, 178, 198, 226
on palanquin finial [cat. 138], 240, 240
as Vishnu’s vehicle, 228, 240
Gates, Jay, 14, 20
Gauri. See Parvati
Geluk (Gelukpa) order of Tibetan Buddhism, 157, 186
gemstones
in Mughal jewelry, 134–43
on ritual objects, 188
on sculpture
Nepalese, 194, 197, 200
Thai, 239
Tibetan, 162, 164, 176, 179, 189
Gendun Gyatso (2nd Dalai Lama, 1475–1524), 174
gesture (mudra)
abhaya (of reassurance), 78, 170, 205, 236 n.1
bhumisparsha (touching the earth), 205, 233, 235
dana (bestowing excellence), 159
dharmachakra (teaching or wheel-turning), 164, 167, 176
dhyana (meditation), 67, 164, 223
ham samut (forbidding the ocean), 236
varada (boon-bestowing), 78, 91, 170
vitarka (teaching), 210, 236, 241
gilding, 122, 123, 144, 145, 178
see also sculpture, gilded
Gita Govinda, 127
goddess
the Great. See Devi
panchachuda, 36
pillar fragment with [cat. 4], 27, 33, 33
on plaque [cat. 3], 27, 32, 32
standing mother [cat. 2], 31, 31
see also individual goddesses
gold
enameled, 144, 145
on Indian paintings, 125, 126
inlay. See inlay
in jewelry, 134–43
on Nepalese plaque, 200
sculpture of, 233, 239, 248
on Tibetan thangka paintings, 186
on weapons, 144–46
see also sculpture, gilded
Golden Temple (Sikh), Amritsar, India, 103
Gopala (750–780), 29
gopis (cow-herding girls), 26, 62
gouache, as medium
for Indian painting, 125, 126
for Tibetan thangka painting, 180, 181, 185, 186
Great Britain, influence of, in India, 100, 103
Great Goddess. See Devi
see also Durga, Lakshmi, Parvati
Great Stupa, Amaravati, India, 29
see also Sanchi
Greco-Roman art, as influence
in India, 24, 26, 27, 37, 42, 46, 49, 53, 134, 151, 157
Green Tara [cat. 96], 5 (det.), 153, 155, 170, 171
guardian kings (directional deities), 152
Guhyagarbha Tantra, 185
Gujarat, India, sculpture from, 91, 105, 111
Gupta empire (319–550), 25, 28 (map), 29, 151, 157
Gupta period, as sculptural style, 25, 50–55, 68
see also post-Gupta, as style
Gyalwa Gendun Drubpa (1st Dalai Lama, 1391–1474), 170
hair braid ornament [cat. 71], 16, 101, 134, 138–39, 138
halo, 159, 178
see also aureole
Hamon, Nancy, 21
Harappa, India, 23, 29, 30
Hari-Hara, 203
Rajasthan [cat. 40], 92, 93
Hayam Wuruk (Majapahit king, r. 1350–89), 245
Hazrat Ghans al-Azam, portrait of, 129, 129
head
as architectural motif, 55
Bayon-style, Cambodia, 208
of the Buddha. See Buddha, the (Enlightened One), head
in relief on capital [cat. 19], 15, 25, 50, 55, 55
of Vishnu [cat. 118], 17, 204, 208, 212, 212, 213 (det.)
heruka (Tibetan deity), 185
Hevajra (tutelary deity), 229
Hinduism
art of, 25
and Buddhism, 68, 152, 154
Brahmanic. See Brahmanism
in Cambodia, 203, 204, 211, 212, 224
evolution of, 23, 25, 26, 29, 50
in Indonesia, 205, 207, 244
and Islam, 99–100, 103, 104, 134
legal system, 29
literature of, 23, 50, 56, 103
in Nepal, 194, 195
ritual objects for, 229
in Southeast Asia, 207
symbols of, as motifs, 116
temples of, 29, 50, 114
Vedanta movement in, 29
Vedic, 23, 25, 29, 151
Hiranyaksha (demon), 88
Hittite, Proto-, sculpture, 30
hookah, base for [cat. 53], 116, 120, 120
Hudson, Sarah Dorsey, 16
Humayun, Mughal emperor (r. 1530–40, 1555–56), 100, 100, 103
Huns, invasion by, 29, 50
India
art from, in the Dallas Museum of Art, 15–16
art in
development, 23–27
as influence in Southeast Asia, 203, 205, 207, 244, 245
as influence in Tibet, 157
influences on, 24
schools of painting in, 103, 124–27, 131, 132
timelines for, 29, 103
Indian Mutiny, 1857 (1st War of Independence), 100, 103
Indonesia
art in, 18, 205, 244–49
Islam in, 207
see also Bali; Java
Indra, 48, 197
Indus Valley civilization (2500–1500 BCE), 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, 118, 121
initiation crown. See crown, initiation
inlay
enamel, 164
gemstones, 200
gold, 120, 120, 144
ivory, 118, 121
in jade, 144, 146
in steel, 147
turquoise, 194
inscription, 228
on dagger, 146
dating and, 53, 75, 88, 97, 195, 198
dedication, on Ta Prohm temple, 218
Gujarati, 114
on overdoor, 110, 111, 111
Sanskrit, in Cambodia, 203
Intoxicated ascetics [cat. 65], 131, 131
Ishvara, 197
Islam, 99, 207
in India, 29, 50, 73, 99–100, 103, 104, 151
influence of, on art, 29, 99, 104, 110, 134, 152
see also Mughal empire
overdoor, for mosque [cat. 46], endsheets (det.), 101, 110, 111, 111
in South Asia, 29, 107, 157, 207
see also Shiite sect; Sufism; Sunni sect
ivory, as medium, 116, 118–19, 121, 122, 123, 200
Iznik ware, 148–49
jade, 144, 146
Jahangir, Mughal emperor (r. 1605–27), 100, 103, 112
Jainism, 23, 24, 29, 67
Islam and, 100, 103, 104
precepts of, 64, 65
sculpture and, 52, 64–67
temples of, 50
Jain tirthankara [cat. 27], 16, 24, 27, 64, 66, 67
Jaipur
astronomical observatory at, 103
jewelry from, 142
Jambhala [cat. 28], 24, 68, 69
see also Kubera
Jambupati (mythological king), 242
Jambupatisutta, 242
Jamuna (goddess), 25
Jamuna River, 31, 58
personified, relief [cat. 23], 15, 25, 50, 60, 60
Japan
artworks from, 14, 15
Buddhist text in, 217
jataka (accounts of the Buddha’s lives), 35, 46
Java, 207
ancestor figure from [cat. 142], 18, 205, 244, 245, 245
art in, 205
art of, in the Dallas Museum of Art, 18
Buddhism in, 207, 245
Hinduism in, 205, 207, 244, 245
influences on, 207
Islam in, 207
kingdoms in, 207, 244
sculpture from, 244, 245–47
temples in, 205, 207, 254
Jayavarman II, Khmer emperor (c. 770–850), 204
Jayavarman VII, Khmer emperor (1181–c. 1218), 204, 207, 208, 218, 220, 223, 224
jewelry
Bengali-style, 32
Greco-Roman influence on, 24, 37, 134, 151
for images of the Buddha, 170, 236, 242
Mughal, 101, 134–43
sculpture and, 245
see also individual pieces; weapons
Jina, seated [cat. 27], 16, 24, 27, 64, 66, 67
see also tirthankara
Jokhang temple, Lhasa, Tibet, 152
Jonang order of Tibetan Buddhism, 186
Jones, Mrs. John Leddy, 13
Jones, Sir William, 103
Kadam (Kadampa) order (lineage), Tibetan Buddhism, 157, 160
see also Geluk order
Kadampa stupa [cat. 90], 17, 21, 154, 160, 161
Kagyu (Kagyupa) order (lineage), of Tibetan Buddhism, 157, 162, 166, 180, 186
Kahn, Mr. and Mrs. Stephen, 14
Kali, Great Goddess as, 76, 155
Kandariya Mahadeo temple, Khajuraho, India, 27, 62
Karma Kagyu school. See Kagyu order
Karmapa, the, 166, 166
Karnataka, India, sculpture from, 104, 105, 107
Karttikeya, as son of Shiva, 54
see also Skanda
Kashmir, influence of, on Tibetan art, 157
Kathakali dance drama, India, 103, 107
Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, 154, 156 (map), 194
Kerala, India, 104, 107, 136
Khajuraho, India
dancers in, 26
sculpture in, 26, 51, 62, 80
temples at, 27, 29, 50, 51 (det.), 57, 61, 62, 80, 83, 88, 88
khanjar (dagger with sheath) [cat. 84], 16, 144, 146, 146
Khmer empire (8–13th cent.), 203, 205, 207, 236
art of, 17, 203–204, 208–32
as influence, 17, 233, 239, 244
sculpture, 208–25, 215 n.1
temple complexes in. See Angkor, Cambodia; Bayon temple complex
kinnara (mythological bird-man), Nepalese, 249
Koh Ker period, Khmer empire, 214
Konarak, India, temples at, 29, 50, 91
Krishna, 62
as baby, 139, 249
Bhagavad Gita and, 25
bhakti movement and, 29
Radha and, 26, 124, 127
Vishnu as, 52, 127, 139
Krishna spies Radha bathing in a garden [cat. 59], 124, 127, 127
Kuan Yin, 40, 159
Kubera, 24
see also Jambhala
Kumari (living goddess), 197
kundika (vase/bottle of purification), 45, 164, 247
kundun (gilding technique), 144
Kushan empire (1st–3rd cent.), 16, 37, 157
Kushan period, as sculptural style, 23, 40, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 53
bust of a bodhisattva from, 42
capital (from pillar), 25, 37, 50, 53
figure of Padmapani from, 40
head of Buddha from, 17, 24, 37, 38, 39
pillar figure from [cat. 5], 15, 24, 27, 34, 35, 35 (det.)
reliefs from, 46–48
tympanum from, 46, 48
Lady enticing a peacock with a strand of pearls [cat. 57], 19, 124, 125, 125
Lady on a terrace with a hookah [cat. 58], 120, 124, 125, 126, 126
Lady playing the vina with her attendants [cat. 67], 133, 133
Lakshmana temple, Khajuraho, India, 83
Lakshmi, 108, 135, 215
Chola-dynasty [cat. 42], 87, 96, 97, 97 (det.)
cult of, 87
Great Goddess, as, 87
Khmer-empire [cat. 134], 226, 232, 232
Lakshmi-Narayana [cat. 41], 87, 94, 95
Lakshmi-Vasudeva, 95
lama, 163
figure of [cat. 93], 152, 155, 166, 166
Lane, John R., 15, 20
Langdarma, king of Tibet, 157
Lan Na kingdom, Thailand (1292–1775), 205, 207, 235
as sculptural style, 205, 233, 235
Layla visits Majnun [cat. 68], 133, 133
Lhasa, Tibet, 153, 154, 156 (map)
linga
base for, 231
cult of royal, in Cambodia, 204
Khmer [cat. 117], 17, 204, 208, 211, 211
Shiva and, 76, 211
lion
as motif, 53, 154, 214, 235
on pillar capital, 24, 53
rearing [cat. 119], 17, 204, 208, 214, 214
snow [cat. 114], 154, 194, 198, 198, 199 (det.)
as vehicle, 104
see also garuda; makara; shardula; Simhavaktra
Lobsang Gyatso (5th Dalai Lama, 1617–1682), 157
lokapalas (heavenly guardians), Tang-dynasty, 13, 14
Lokeshvara (bodhisattva), 218
Angkor Wat–style [cat. 122], 17, 155, 209, 218–19, 218
see also Mahakaruna Lokeshvara
Lopburi style, Thailand, 207, 233, 236
lotus flower, as motif, 33, 40, 53, 58, 97, 159, 160, 228
lotus throne, symbolism of, 159, 164, 170, 176
Luna Vasahi temple, Mount Abu, India, 65
Madhya Pradesh, India, 55, 56, 80, 88
sculpture from, 55, 58
Magzor, Glorious Queen. See Palden Lhamo
Mahabharata, 25, 29, 132
Mahabodhi Temple, Bodhgaya, India, 33, 53, 72, 73
model of [cat. 30], 73, 73, 151
Mahakala (Tibetan deity), 186, 189, 192, 194, 195, 197, 200
Mahakarunagarbhadhatu mandala. See Garbhadhatu mandala
Mahakaruna Lokeshvara, 227, 227
Angkor Wat–period [cat. 123], 155, 208–209, 217, 219, 219
Bayon-period [cat. 121], 155, 208–209, 216, 217, 220
see also Lokeshvara
Maharana Sarup Singh in procession, dressed for battle [cat. 60], 128, 128
mahasiddha (Tantric master), 73, 160, 167, 186
seated [cat. 94], 152, 155, 167, 167
Mahavairochana sutra, 217
Mahavira (c. 540–468 BCE), Jainism and, 23, 24, 29
Maheshvara (the Great Lord). See Shiva Mahisha (buffalo demon), 80, 84, 86
see also Durga Mahishasuramardini
Mahmud of Ghazni, 29, 50, 99
Mahottara Heruka [cat. 103], 17, 150 (det.), 152, 180, 184, 185, 188
Maitreya (the Buddha of the future), 48, 152, 155, 164, 210, 242
as bodhisattva
Gandharan [cat. 11], 24, 37, 44, 45
Tibetan [cat. 92], 164, 165
pre-Khmer Thai [cat. 116], 18, 208, 210, 210
Majapahit kingdom, Java, 205, 206 (map), 207, 245, 247
makara (crocodile-lion), 57, 58, 117, 117, 198
Makaravaktra (seamonster-headed goddess), 174, 180, 181, 185
male torso (Vishnu?) [cat. 16], 15, 50, 52, 52
Malla period, Nepal (12th–18th cent.), sculpture from, 95
Malraux, André, 20, 208
Mamallapuram, India, temples at, 29
mandala, 157, 180, 193, 217
temples embodying, 25, 154
Manjushri (bodhisattva of wisdom), 153, 155, 173, 194, 200
Tibetan [cat. 99], 14, 16, 155, 176, 177
manuscripts, 112, 124, 125
maps
Gupta Empire, 28
Mughal Empire, 102
Southeast Asia, 206
Tibet and Tibetan cultural sphere, 156
Mara, Buddha subduing, 233, 235
marble, 20, 64, 65, 112, 113
Marcus, Stanley, 14
mask
Bhairava [cat. 113], 17, 21, 154, 194, 196, 197
Nepalese Hindu, 197
Tibetan monastic dance, 153, 154, 189, 192
Mataram dynasty, Java (8th–10th cent.), 207
Mathura, India, 24, 27, 28 (map), 29, 37, 100, 157
artworks from, 33, 35, 50, 52–53
Mauryan empire, India (321–185 BCE), 27, 29, 31, 36, 51, 157
McDermott, Margaret (Mrs. Eugene McDermott), 13, 15, 17, 21
meditation, 164
Mediterranean, trade with, 23, 36, 37, 151, 157, 203
and influence of, on Indian art, 16, 24, 25, 29, 37, 50–51, 151, 157
Meenakshi temple, Madurai, India, 74, 103
Mengrai, king of Lan Na, Thailand (1238–1317), 235
merit, Buddhism and, 47, 49, 223, 233
merit field (tshogs zhing), 186
Mesopotamia, trade with India and, 23, 29, 30
metalwork, 186, 188
see also sculpture, bronze
Mewar kingdom, India (14th–20th cent.), 128
Mikyo Dorje (8th Karmapa; 1507–1554), 166
Mohenjo Daro, India, 23, 29, 30
monastery, Buddhist
in India, 24, 29, 37, 50, 68, 71, 125, 151, 157, 160, 188
in Tibet, 80, 152, 155, 156 (map), 157, 162–63, 194
artworks for, 173, 188–90
monasticism, Buddhist, 37, 160
in Tibet, 17, 151–53, 157, 160, 180, 186
Mon peoples, Thailand, 207, 235
Dvaravati kingdom (6th–11th cent.), 233, 236
moon, symbolism of, 74, 78, 160
Mother Goddess, standing [cat. 2], 31, 31
Mount Abu, India, Jain temples at, 50, 64
sculpture from [cat. 26], 20, 26, 64, 65, 65, 155
Mount Mandara, as axis mundi, 220
Mount Meru, as abode of the gods, 204
Muchalinda (naga king), 223
Mughal empire (1526–1857), 99, 102 (map), 103
art during, 99–101, 103–104, 110–16, 134
see also painting, Indian miniature
art of, at the Dallas Museum of Art, 16
Muhammad, Prophet (c. 570–632), 99, 111
Muhammad of Ghori, 99
Multan, India, temple at, 91, 102 (map)
mural. See painting
Muslim. See Islam
Myanmar, sculpture from, 248
see also Burma
naga (snake, dragon), 40, 42, 45, 178, 217, 226, 228, 236, 247
balustrade, at Angkor Thom, Cambodia, 220
cult of, in Cambodia, 204, 223
finial with, 241
Nagarakertagama, 245 and n.2
Nalanda, India, monastery and university at, 29, 50, 68, 160, 186
Nandi (bull; Shiva’s vehicle), 25, 79, 92
South Indian [cat. 33], 15, 25, 27, 74, 79, 79
Narayana. See Lakshmi-Narayana
Nayak period, India, 105
Near East, trade with India and, 23, 24
necklace [cat. 73], 125, 138, 139
see also Bhairava collar necklace
Nepal
art in, 154, 194–201
influence of, on Tibetan art, 157
sculpture from, 95, 249
stupa in, 160, 194
Newari people, Nepal, as craftsmen, 178, 194, 197, 200
Nyingma (Nyingmapa) order (lineage), Tibetan Buddhism, 157, 185, 186, 191
offering, votive, 30, 31
Onassis, Jacqueline Kennedy, 125
Orissa, India, sculpture from, 118
Osian, India, temple at, 92
Ottoman Empire, cultural influences and, 148–49
overdoor, for mosque [cat. 46], endsheets (det.), 101, 110, 111, 111
Owsley, Alvin, 20
Owsley, Colonel Alvin M., 15, 20
Owsley, David T., 14–15, 20–21, 20
exhibitions of works from the collection of, 14, 20
gifts from, 15–18
intended bequests by, 248–49
Owsley, Lucy Ball, 20
Padmapani, 176
Gandharan [cat. 8], 37, 40, 41, 42
Tibetan [cat. 89], 17, 155, 158, 159
see also Avalokiteshvara
Padmasambhava (Buddhist teacher), 152, 157, 185, 186
Pagmo Druba (1110–1170), 162, 186
Paharpur, Bangladesh, monastery at, 68
painting
Indian miniature, 19, 20, 26, 50, 101, 103, 120, 124–35, 147
on ivory, 122, 122
mural, 29, 50, 125, 157
Tibetan. See thangka
Wodeyar-dynasty, 107
Pala dynasty, India (8th–13th cent.), 24, 27, 29, 50, 80, 152, 157, 160, 205, 235
sculpture from, 68–73, 84
palanquin
Bayon-period Khmer
fitting [cat. 131], 226, 226 (det.), 231, 231
hook [cat. 128], 226, 228, 228
ring [cat. 130], 17, 226, 230, 230, 230 (det.)
finial [cat. 138], 240, 240
Palden Lhamo (Palden Remati; Glorious Queen Magzor), 152, 155, 169
18th–19th cent. [cat. 98], 16, 153, 155, 174–75, 174, 175 (det.), 180
imagery of, 153, 175, 181–82
thangka [cat. 102], 17, 180, 181–84, 181 (det.), 182 (det.), 183 (det.)
Palden Remati. See Palden Lhamo
palm frond, as motif, 53
panchachuda (five-weapon goddess), 36
Pandya dynasty (South India; c. 300 BCE–14th cent.), 29
Parker, Ellen, 14
Parker, Harry S., III, 13, 14
parrot, symbolism of, in Indian art, 126
Parshvanatha (23rd Jina), 67
Parvati, 62, 74, 134, 155
as Ardhanarishvara, 95
as Durga, 76, 80, 84
as Gauri, 215
as the Great Goddess, 25, 82
Shiva and, 25, 54, 74, 76, 80
as Uma (the Shining One)
India [cat. 18], 50, 54, 54, 76
Khmer [cat. 120], 17, 208, 215, 215
wedding of, 74
see also Uma-Maheshvara
Pataliputra (modern Patna), India, 27, 28 (map), 31, 50
patronage, in Tibetan art, 152, 162, 186, 188, 195
see also donors
peacock, symbolism and, 125
pedestal, lion motif for, 214
pendant
with head of Ganesha [cat. 70], 16, 101, 134, 136, 137
thali [cat. 69], 16, 135, 135
whistle [cat. 78], 142, 142
Persia
influence of, 23, 27, 37, 49, 50, 99, 100, 124, 129, 133, 146, 148–49, 203, 214
invasion from, 37
Phimai temple, Thailand, 236
Phnom Bok temple, Angkor, Cambodia, 212
pillar
Ashokan, 24, 27, 29, 157
figure [cat. 5], 15, 24, 27, 34, 35, 35 (det.)
fragment with female figure [cat. 4], 27, 33, 33
symbolism of, 46
see also capital
pipe, for smoking. See hookah
Pitman, Bonnie, 15
plaque
of a goddess [cat. 3], 27, 32, 32
bone [cat. 106], 188, 189, 189
jeweled [cat. 115], 154, 194, 200, 200 (det.), 201
plate, from Turkey [cat. 88], 149, 149
Pollock, Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence, 14
Pompeii, ivory Indian figurine from, 118
Portrait of a nobleman holding a pink rose [cat. 63], 130, 130
Portrait of a noblewoman [cat. 62], 130, 130
Portugal, as influence in India, 116, 120
post-Gupta, as style, 54
posture
abhanga, 97
contrapposto curving, 15, 26, 37, 50, 155
tribhanga, 155, 159
Prajnaparamita (goddess of wisdom), 217, 218, 227, 227
Prasat Hin Khao Plai Bat II (temple), Thailand, 210
Pratihara (rulers, central India), 80
pratiharas (guardians), 91
Preah Khan temple, Angkor, Cambodia, 207, 218
Pre Rup style, Cambodia, 207
Prince holding a falcon, A [cat. 64], 131, 131
Procession, probably of princes going to Damayanti’s svayamvara, A [cat. 66], 132, 132
procession
religious, 25, 75, 78, 79, 97, 104
royal, 116, 128, 132
Puranas (“Ancient Stories”), 25, 50
pushpa (flower figurine), 245
qatar (two-handled dagger), 144, 146–47
Qianlong emperor, China, 157
Quran, 99, 111
Qutub Minar, Delhi, 29
Radha, and Krishna, 26
watercolor [cat. 59], 124, 127, 127
Ragamala painting, 133
Raja Man Singh, 142
Rajasthan, 103
Hinduism in, 103
painting from, 124, 127, 131
sculpture from, 15, 26, 36, 50, 54, 55, 58, 65, 67, 83, 92, 122
temples in, 83
Rajput kingdom, 29, 100, 103
Ramayana, 25, 108, 204
Rana Pratap Singh, 128
rat, as Ganesha’s vehicle, 71, 241
relief, sculptural
Angkor Wat, 230
Banteay Srei temple, 208
Buddha
Gandharan 2nd–3rd cent. [cat. 12], 24, 37, 46, 46
Gandharan 3rd–4th cent. [cat. 14], 24, 37, 48, 48
with devatas
at Angkor Wat, 208, 209
Bayon-period [cat. 126], 17, 204, 209, 224, 225
doorjamb [cat. 22], 15, 21, 25, 50, 58, 59
doorway molding [cat. 23], 15, 25, 50, 60, 60
Durga [cat. 35], 16, 25, 36, 80, 82, 83, 84
Durga Mahishasuramardini
Himachal Pradesh, [cat. 37], 26, 80, 86, 86
Pala-dynasty [cat. 36], 8 (det.), 15, 36, 80, 84, 85, 86
with four goddesses [cat. 91], 155, 162–63, 162, 163 (det.)
Gandharan [cat. 13], 24, 37, 47, 47
Ganesha [cat. 29], 24, 68, 70, 71
Jambhala [cat. 28], 24, 68, 69
of male deity [cat. 21], 51, 57, 57
Pala dynasty, 26, 68–71, 80, 86
tympanum, 46, 48
Uma-Maheshvara, 50, 54
Madhya Pradesh [cat. 34], 15, 80, 81
Rajasthan [cat. 18], 21, 50, 54, 54, 76
Vishnu and attendants [cat. 39], 12 (det.), 13, 14, 25, 87, 90, 91
repoussé, 197, 239
Reves, Wendy and Emery, 20
Rig Veda, 23, 29
ritual, objects for, 157
conch shell, 17, 153, 188, 226, 229
dagger, 16, 17, 144, 146, 147, 153, 188, 191
skull cup, 166, 182, 188
vajra, 166, 169, 181, 186, 232
vessel, 27, 36, 50
Rome, art of classical, as influence. See Greco-Roman art
Rudra (storm god), 23, 76
sacrifice, animal, 194, 197
saddle
Edo period, Japan, 14
Tibetan, 249
Sakya (Sakyapa) order, of Tibetan Buddhism, 157, 186
Samantabhadra (primordial Buddha), 185
samsara (cycles of birth and death), 42, 139, 175, 176, 182, 185, 186
Sanchi, India, Great Stupa at, 25 (det.), 29, 33, 36, 53, 157
Sano, Emily, 14
Sanskrit
as influence, 245
literature, 26, 29, 176, 203, 207
origins of, 23
Sarnath, India, 50, 151, 156 (map)
architecture of, 53
museum, 24
Sassanid caliphate, Persia, 49
Satavahana period, Mathura (230 BCE–220), 33
scepter [cat. 50], 16, 116, 117, 117, 117 (det.)
screen
The Eight Immortals of the Wine Cup, 14, 14
jali [cat. 48], 16, 101, 110, 113, 113
Kano School, Japan, with story from Tales of Ise, 20
script
Indus Valley, 23
Pallava, 207
sculpture
bone, 188
bronze, 26, 74, 75, 78, 86, 152, 155, 157, 160, 166, 167, 169, 190, 198, 200, 223, 226, 227–29, 231–32, 249
casting, 75–76, 170, 173, 175
gilded, 18, 145, 155, 159, 162, 164, 173, 176, 179, 189, 205, 217, 226, 231, 233, 235, 236, 240, 241–43, 248, 248
copper alloy, 170, 176, 178, 191, 197, 200, 210
gold, 233, 239, 248
ivory, 116, 118–19, 121, 122–23, 200
marble, 20, 64, 65, 112, 113
metal, 178
polychrome, 25, 105, 111, 170, 173, 179
stone, 25–26, 107, 211, 212, 215
andesite, 205, 245, 247
colored, 54, 67, 92, 95
gilded, 73
granite, 79
phyllite, 68, 71, 84
sandstone, 57, 58
buff, 62, 80
Cambodian, 211, 212, 214, 218, 219, 220, 224
Central Indian, 56, 61
Gujarati, 91
pink, 33, 88
Rajasthani, 83
red, 35, 52, 55, 60, 110, 112, 113
Sikri, 35
spotted, 33, 88
schist, 39, 40, 42, 45, 46, 47
volcanic. See sculpture, stone, andesite
terracotta. See terracotta
wood
polychrome, 105, 111
rosewood, 108
with silver, 114, 117
seal
Indus Valley culture, 23, 27, 29, 30
Tibetan, 188
sensuality
in Indian art, 24, 26, 62, 64
as metaphor, 26
Sera monastery, Tibet, 157
Shah Jahan, Mughal emperor (r. 1627–58), 100, 103, 113
Shailendra dynasty, Java, 207
shakti (female counterpart of a deity), 87, 152, 155
shakti (female nature or energy), 80, 215
Shakyamuni (566–468 BCE). See Buddha Shakyamuni
Shakyasimha (“lion of the Shakya clan”), 49
shardula (antelope-lion), 53, 118, 186, 198
see also gaja-shardula
shell, conch, 17, 153, 188, 229, 229
and stand, Bayon-period Khmer [cat. 129], 17, 226, 229, 229
Shesha (coiled snake protecting baby Krishna), 139
Shiite sect, 99, 110, 111
Shiva, 25, 50, 54, 62, 80, 136, 155
as Ardhanarishvara, 95
Aryan association of, 23
attendants of (ganas), 25, 58
attributes of, 25
as Bhairvara, 194, 195, 197
in Cambodia, 203, 204, 207, 208, 211, 224
as Chandrashekhara. See Chandrashekhara Shiva
cults of, 74, 80, 103, 152
dancing, 24
and Durga, 83
in Indonesia, 205
as Lord of Destruction, 74
as Maheshvara (the Great Lord) [cat. 18], 50, 54, 54, 76
as Nataraja (Lord of the Dance), 26, 74, 155
see also Shiva Nataraja
sons of. See Ganesha; Karttikeya; Skanda
symbolism and, 74, 76, 139
in Tibetan art, 152
vehicle of. See Nandi
as Virabhadra [cat. 44], 15, 26, 101, 104, 106, 107
and Vishnu, as Hari-Hara, 92
wedding of, 77
wife of. See Durga; Parvati; Uma
Shiva Nataraja [cat. 31], 15, 21, 25, 27, 74, 75–77, 75, 76 (det.), 77 (det.), 87
Shri Devi. See Devi
shrine, silver [cat. 49], 16, 18, 20, 104, 110, 114, 115, 147, 155
Shunga dynasty, North India (2nd–1st cent. BCE), 27, 32, 36
Siddhartha Gautama, prince, 23, 46, 49, 151
see also Buddha, the (Enlightened One)
sihing (lion type), images of Buddha as, 235
Sikhism, 103, 122
Silk Road, the, 24, 29, 37, 151, 152, 157, 203
silver, for sculpture, 114, 114, 117, 117, 188, 190, 195, 200
see also shrine, silver
Simhavaktra (lion-headed goddess), 155, 174, 180, 181, 185
Tibetan [cat. 95], 16, 155, 168, 169
Skanda, as son of Shiva, 80
see also Karttikeya
skull cup, 166, 182, 188
snow lions [cat. 114], 154, 194, 198, 198, 199 (det.)
Sodasa, Satrap, inscription dating to reign of, 53
Solanki dynasty, Central India (942–1244), 91
soma (hallucinogen; “elixir of immortality”), 23, 74, 78
see also amrita
Songtsen Gyampo, king of Tibet (r. 618–50), 152
Southeast Asia, 206 (map)
art from, in the Dallas Museum of Art, 17–18
Buddhism in, 217
cultural influences in, 24, 151, 203, 207
religion in, 207
timeline for (500 BCE–1900), 207
Sri Lanka, influence of, in Thailand, 205, 207, 210, 235
Srivijaya kingdom, Thailand, 206 (map), 207
statues
clothed, 78, 97, 114, 134
jewelry for, 134, 136, 236
steatite, seals of, 23
steel, watered. See damascene ware
stele, 80
see also pillar
stone. See sculpture
stones, precious/semiprecious. See gemstones
stupa (memorial mound), 29, 157, 160, 160, 210
Bharhut, India, 32, 33, 36, 53
Kadampa [cat. 90], 17, 21, 154, 160, 161
Nepalese, 160, 194
Sanchi, India, 25 (det.), 29, 33, 36, 53, 157
sculpture on, 24, 25, 29
Tibetan votive [cat. 105], 17, 189, 189
see also Kadampa stupa
as votive object, 153, 154, 154, 160, 189
The Sufi saint Hazrat Ghans al-Azam [cat. 61], 129, 129, 131
Sufism in India, 29, 99, 129, 133
Sukhothai kingdom, Thailand (1238–1583), 205, 207, 233, 235, 239
Sunni sect, 99, 111
Sun Temple, Modhera, India, 91
Surya (sun god), 25, 58, 91
Suryavarman I, Khmer emperor (r. 1010–50), 204
Suryavarman II, Khmer emperor (r. 1113–45), 215
svayamvara (presentation of grooms), 132
Svetambara sect, Jainism, 67
Swayambhu stupa, Kathmandu, Nepal, 160
Swet Bharab temple, Kathmandu, Nepal, 197
sword hilt [cat. 81], 144, 145, 145
sword or dagger hilt [cat. 82], 144, 145, 145
Tagore, Rabindranath, 103
Taj Mahal, 65, 100, 101, 103, 112
Takenouchi no Sukune Meets the Dragon King of the Sea (1875–79), 14, 15
Tamerlane. See Timur
Tamil Nadu, India
jewelry from, 135, 138–39
sculpture from, 75, 78, 97
Tanjore, Tamil Nadu, temple in, 29
Tantra, cycle of, 179, 185
see also Vajrayana
Ta Prohm temple, Angkor, Cambodia, 207, 218
Tara. See Green Tara
Tashilunpo monastery, Tibet, 156 (map), 157
teacup stand and lid [cat. 107], 188, 190, 190
Teli-ka Mandir (temple), Gwalior, India, 60
temple
in Cambodia, 203, 205
cave, 29, 50, 87, 157
in Java, 205, 254
model of [cat. 30], 73, 73, 151
sculpture of Indian, 50–73
see also individual temples
Tengger peoples, Java, 245 n.1
Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama, 1935–), 157
terracotta, 29
sculpture, 23, 30, 31, 32, 49
vessel, 36
texts
Bengali, 103
Buddhist, 37, 45, 151, 154, 157, 160, 176, 217
Tantric, 173, 176, 179, 185
Hindu, 23, 50, 56, 103, 207
Sanskrit, 26, 29, 176, 203, 207
Thailand
art in, 17–18, 204, 205, 207, 233–43
dancers in, 204
religion in, 205
sculpture from, 210, 223
see also Khmer empire
thangka painting, in Tibet, 17, 152, 153, 157, 176, 180–87, 188
Thinking Bodhisattva [cat. 15], 15, 22 (det.), 37, 49, 49
throne
finial for [cat. 51], 116, 118–19, 118
leg [cat. 52], 116, 118, 119
Tibet, 156 (map)
art of, 16–17, 21, 152–54, 157, 188, 190
imagery in, as symbolic, 152, 190, 191
Buddhism in, 29, 152, 157, 180
deities of, 181–82, 185, 186
orders of, 157
and ritual, 17, 191
cultural sphere of, 156 (map)
influence of China on, 152, 157
monasteries in, 156 (map), 157, 162
destruction of, during Chinese Cultural Revolution, 162–63
sculpture in, 153–55, 158–79, 164, 166, 167, 190, 248, 249
Tibetan Book of the Dead, 185
time as cyclical, 25, 26, 29, 45, 74, 139, 182, 186
timelines
Buddhism (6th cent. BCE–20th cent.), 157
India (4000 BCE–1526), 29
India (1526–1950), 103
Southeast Asia (500 BCE–1900), 207
Timur (Tamerlane) (1336–1405), 29, 99
Tipu Sultan, king of Mysore, India (1750–1799), 103
tomb of, 101
tirthankara (or Jina; Jain holy teacher/liberator), 24, 27
seated [cat. 27], 16, 24, 27, 64, 66, 67
trade
Indus Valley civilization and, 23
with the Mediterranean, 23, 36, 37, 151, 157, 203
South Asian, as influence, 203, 207
Tibet and, 152
trans-Asian, 24, 29, 151, 244
see also Silk Road
triad. See Buddhist triad
turban ornament [cat. 74], 134, 140, 141
turquoise, in sculpture, 155, 170, 194, 249
Tushita heaven, 45, 49, 164
Tuti Nama (Book of the Parrot), 126
tympanum with Maitreya and Shakyamuni [cat. 14], 24, 37, 48, 48
Udaipur, India, art from, 128
Udayagiri caves, Orissa, India, sculpture in, 87
Uma (the Shining One). See Parvati
Uma-Maheshvara
c. 8th cent. [cat. 18], 21, 50, 54, 54, 76
c. 11th–12th cent. [cat. 34], 15, 80, 81
umbrella, as symbol, 108, 122
Upanishads, 23, 24, 25, 29
urna (mark of wisdom), 39, 42
ushnisha (“crown of wisdom”), 39, 46, 160, 164
Vairochana (one of the Five Buddhas), 193
vajra (ritual object), 166, 169, 181, 186, 232
image of, as symbol, 170
Vajrabhairava (Tibetan deity), 153, 155
gilt bronze [cat. 97], 16, 152, 155, 172, 173, 250 (det.)
Vajrabhairava Tantra, 173
Vajradhara (Buddha), 180, 181
Vajrakila (Tibetan deity), 185, 188, 191
Vajrasana. See Bodhgaya Vajravarahi [cat. 101], 17, 154, 155, 179, 179
Vajravetali (Vajrabhairava’s consort), 173
Vajrayana (Tantric; Thunderbolt Path) Buddhism, 29, 50, 155, 157, 229, 232
art of, 24
literature, 173, 176, 179, 185
in Thailand, 236
in Tibet, 152, 155, 163, 166, 167, 181, 191
Varaha, Vishnu as, 87, 88
10th-cent. [cat. 38], frontispiece (det.), 15, 21, 26, 87, 88, 89
Varaha Temple, Khajuraho, India, 88
Varahivaktra (sow-faced goddess), 185
Varanasi, India, jewelry from, 142, 143
vase, Iranian [cat. 86], 148, 149
see also vessel, ritual
Vasudeva. See Lakshmi-Vasudeva
Vedas, the, 56
see also Rig Veda
vessel, ritual [cat. 6], 27, 36, 36, 50
vidyadharas (knowledge bearers), 36, 62, 200
Vietnam
Bronze Age drums from, 203, 207
Cham rulers of, 204, 205, 222
Vijayanagara kingdom (South India; 1336–1646), 29, 103, 104
sculpture from, 107, 249
Vikramashila, India, monastery/university at, 68, 160, 186
Vimala Vasahi temple, Mount Abu, India, 65
Virabhadra, Shiva as, 103
standing [cat. 44], 15, 26, 101, 104, 106, 107
Vishnu, 26, 29, 71, 74
attendant of [cat. 24], 16, 25, 50, 61, 61
and attendants [cat. 39], 12 (det.), 13, 14, 25, 87, 90, 91
attributes of, 61, 88, 91
avatars of, 197
Krishna, 26, 52, 127, 139
Varaha, 87, 88
10th-cent. [cat. 38], frontispiece (det.), 15, 21, 26, 87, 88, 89
in Cambodia, 203, 207
consorts of. See Bhudevi; Lakshmi
cult of, 87
festival sculptures of, 13
head of [cat. 118], 17, 204, 208, 212, 212, 213 (det.)
in Indonesia, 205
and Shiva, as Hari-Hara, 92
as Shri Rama, 146
torso of [cat. 16], 15, 50, 52, 52
vehicle of. See garuda
Vishvanatha temple, Khajuraho, India, 61
Vishveshvara Mahadeva temple, Bajaura, India, 86
Vishwanath temple, Varanasi, India, 103
War of Independence (1st, 1857). See Indian Mutiny
watercolor, in Indian painting, 127–33
Wat Ratchaburana, Thailand, 239
weapons, Mughal-dynasty, 101, 144–47
see also dagger; sword
Wodeyar dynasty, India (1399–1947), 107
wood. See sculpture
writing. See script
yab-yum, representation of, 153, 172, 249
yaksha or yakshi (nature divinity; power spirit), 23, 24, 27, 35, 42, 62, 68, 112
Yama (Lord of Death), 198
Yama Dharmaraja, 192
Yashodharapura kingdom, Cambodia, 212
Yashovarman, Khmer king (r. 889–early 900s), 212
yidam (chief deity), 180, 185
yidam (Tantric goddess), 169, 179
yoga, Tantric, 175, 182
yogi, 155, 167, 169
Young, John R., 14
Yuan dynasty, China, and Tibetan Buddhism, 157
zebu. See bull, humped
Zhenla kingdom, Cambodia (5th–8th cent.), 203, 207
zinc alloy, 120
Zoroastrianism, 99