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List of illustrations

  • Lion Gate
  • Parthenon, Athens
  • Temple of Apollo
  • Temple of Artemis, mid-sixth century BC
  • Sanctuary of Olympia, plan: temples of Hera and Zeus, Philippeion, stadium, treasuries
  • Treasuries of Cnidos, Massilia, and Siphnos at Delphi
  • Capital from Throne of Apollo, later sixth century BC
  • Erechtheum
  • Temple of Apollo Epikourios, later fifth century BC
  • Sanctuary of Epidaurus, plans of buildings of the fourth century BC, showing arrangements of orders
  • Philippeion, c. 330 BC
  • Temple of Zeus Olympius
  • Plans of buildings of the second century BC, showing arrangements of orders
  • Sanctuary of Athena, Pergamum: section of stoa, late third century BC
  • Aeolic capitals from: (a) the Treasury of Massilia, Delphi; (b) the Stoa of Athena, Pergamum
  • Basilica, interior
  • Amphitheatre
  • Temple of Fortuna Virilis and round temple by the Tiber
  • Theatre of Marcellus and Temple of Apollo Sosianus
  • Amphitheatre
  • Arch of Titus
  • Atrium Vestae
  • Colosseum
  • Colosseum: capital from upper interior portico
  • Capitolium: rear view of three temples
  • Capitolium: entrance arch
  • Arch into Forum of Augustus with temple of Mars Ultor
  • Porta Maggiore
  • Temple of Divus Claudius: basement
  • Forum of Trajan: Trajan's Column and columns of court
  • Library of Celsus, Ephesus: façade
  • Theatre, Sabratha: scaena
  • Amphitheatre, Thysdrus (El Djem)
  • Basilica, Lepcis Magna: interior of apse
  • Transept of Old St Peter's, c. 320–330 AD
  • Santa Costanza, interior
  • Lateran Baptistery, interior
  • Lateran Baptistery: diagram of orders
  • San Lorenzo fuori le mura: interior
  • San Lorenzo fuori le mura: diagram of orders
  • S. Agnese fuori le mura, interior
  • S. Agnese fuori le mura: diagram of orders
  • Haghia Sophia, 532–537: diagram of orders at gallery level
  • Capital in sanctuary, San Vitale
  • Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, St. Peter's
  • Porticus Deorum Consentium (foreground) with Tabularium (above and behind)
  • Palace Chapel: interior
  • Chapel of the Saviour: interior
  • St. Michael, column in crypt
  • St. Michael: interior
  • St. Wigbert, crypt
  • St. Pantaleon, cloister
  • St. Michael, 1001–1033: entrance façade
  • St. Michael, interior
  • Abbey Church: choir
  • Sainte Chapelle, interior
  • Abbey gatehouse
  • Illustration of capitals and bases
  • S. Prassede, Chapel of S. Zeno, portal
  • S. Prassede, Chapel of S. Zeno: interior
  • SS. Giovanni e Paolo, portico
  • St. Mark's, after 1063: diagram of orders
  • Pisa Cathedral, west door
  • S. Frediano: interior from baptistery
  • S. Frediano: diagram of orders
  • S. Miniato, interior
  • S. Miniato: diagram of orders
  • Baptistery, eleventh century and later: diagram of orders
  • Baptistery: south façade
  • Speyer Cathedral, after 1030 and c. 1100: diagram of orders
  • Speyer Cathedral, aedicule in S. transept
  • Arena Chapel, Injustice
  • Justice
  • Architectural settings, Arena Chapel, c. 1305
  • Expulsion of the Merchants from the Temple
  • Arena Chapel, Pentecost
  • S. Maria Novella, interior
  • S. Maria Novella,diagram of orders, with detail of nave
  • S. Maria Novella, three types of capital
  • SS. Stephen and Lawrence: capital
  • Baptistery: gallery
  • Barbadori Chapel, S. Felicita
  • Orsanmichele: St. Louis niche
  • Trinita, S. Maria Novella
  • Pisa Altarpiece, centre panel
  • Brancacci Tomb, S. Angelo a Nilo
  • S. Marco: sacristy detail
  • S. Marco: library detail
  • Last Supper, S. Marco, small refectory, detail
  • Palazzo Medici: court
  • Palazzo Medici: chapel detail
  • left (a) Cappella del Crocefisso, S. Miniato; right (b) Tempietto, Ss. Annunziata, both c. 1448: diagrams of orders
  • The Annunciation
  • Annunciation
  • The three qualità of columns. From left to right: Doric, Corinthian, Ionic
  • House plans. From left to right: poor man, artisan, merchant, gentleman, bishop, duke
  • Merchant's house
  • Gentleman's house
  • Bishop's palace
  • Duke's palace
  • House plans
  • Church plans
  • Column types, details
  • San Francesco
  • Palazzo Rucellai
  • Rucellai Chapel, S. Pancrazio, c. 1467
  • Piazza
  • Piazza: diagram of orders
  • Palazzo Piccolomini
  • Three orders
  • Villa Medici
  • S. Maria delle Carceri, exterior
  • S. Maria delle Carceri: interior
  • Plan and elevation of S. Maria del Calcinaio, superimposed on his drawings of the church-man assimilation
  • St. Peter's, Project of Nicholas V
  • Pienza, section of cathedral and piazza
  • S. Agostino, interior
  • Ospedale di S. Spirito
  • Charge to Peter, Sistine Chapel
  • Temptation of Christ, Sistine Chapel
  • Adoration, detail with Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere
  • Palazzo della Cancelleria: courtyard
  • S. Lorenzo in Damaso, detail
  • Duomo
  • Palazzo della Rovere: detail of façade
  • Adoration of the Magi
  • Hypnerotomachia Poliphili: gateway
  • Quadratura of gateway
  • Hypnerotomachia Poliphili: Temple of Venus
  • Hypnerotomachia Poliphili: left (a) map of Insula cytherea; right (b) plan of shrine of Venus at its centre
  • Hypnerotomachia Poliphili: colonnade on island
  • Luca Pacioli
  • De divina proportione: Beautiful Gate of the Temple at Jerusalem
  • Three orders from S. Maria delle Grazie
  • Angelicum ac divinum opus musicae: frontispiece
  • S. Maria della Pace, cloister
  • S. Maria della Pace: diagram of four orders—Doric (A), Ionic (B), Corinthian (C), Composite (D)
  • Cortile di S. Damaso
  • Left (a) Four voices of Verdelot's motet Sancta Maria, succure nobis; right (b) spiral stair, Vatican
  • Last Supper
  • (a) S. Maria della Pace, 1499, cloister, diagrams of plan and elevation; (b) Quadratura
  • Tempietto, S. Pietro in Montorio
  • Santa Casa, Basilica della Santa Casa, exterior
  • Window of Sala Regia
  • Palazzo Caprini
  • Raphael, School of Athens, Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican, diagrams
  • Palazzo di Giustizia, incomplete basement
  • Annunciation, organ shutters, Basilica della Santa Casa
  • St. Peter's, Rome, interior with remains of old basilica, 320s (foreground) and Bramante's crossing and altar house
  • Diagram of Vatican Stanze
  • Liberation of St. Peter
  • The School of Athens
  • Mass of Bolsena, Stanza d'Eliodoro
  • The Giving of the Pandects and Decretals, Stanza della Segnatura
  • Expulsion of Heliodorus, Stanza d'Eliodoro
  • Coronation of Charlemagne, Stanza dell'Incendio
  • The Fire in the Borgo
  • View of St. Peter's, recto
  • View of Forum, Rome
  • Nativity (upper half)
  • Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple
  • Arch of Titus, details
  • Discussion and definition of some architectural terms applied to Doric
  • Discussion and definition of some architectural terms applied to Corinthian
  • The five orders
  • Types of rustication
  • Rustic Tuscan portal
  • Composite capitals and bases
  • Porta Decumana
  • Roman bridge at frontier of empire, with gates towards barbarians (left) and towards Italy (right)
  • Rustic portal XXVIII
  • Rustic portal XXIX
  • Rustic portal VI
  • Remodelling a house, Proposition Eight
  • Satiric Scene
  • Tragic Scene
  • Comic Scene
  • Mint and Library Building, Piazzetta
  • Library building and Loggetta, Piazzetta
  • Mint, detail
  • Library building, detail
  • Library building, doorway to Mint
  • Library building, Venice, doorway to Library, detail
  • Loggetta
  • View of Piazzetta, Venice
  • Scene based on the Piazzetta
  • Andrea Udone
  • Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple
  • Frontispiece
  • Crowning with Thorns
  • Ecce Homo
  • Charles V
  • S. Francesco della Vigna
  • S. Maria degli Angeli
  • Palazzo Baldassini: portal
  • Palazzo Farnese: court
  • Palazzo Farnese: detail of façade
  • Palazzo Doria Pamfili (Pamphilj): portal
  • Palazzo Spinola (now Banco di Chiávari), portal
  • Destruction of the Giants
  • Palazzo del Te, exterior
  • Loggia Benavides
  • Benavides Tomb, Eremitani
  • Fondaco dei Tedeschi
  • Palazzo dei Camerlenghi, Rialto
  • Uffizi
  • Uffizi: end bay with Cosimo I, flanked by figures of Rigour and Equity
  • Loggia di Mercato Nuovo
  • Porta S. Tommaso, outer façade
  • Porta Palio: outer façade
  • Porta Palio: inner façade
  • Porta del Popolo, outer façade
  • Porta Pia, inner façade
Free
Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
Contents
PublisherPrinceton University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.001
Free
Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
Illustrations
PublisherPrinceton University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.002
Free
Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
~CONSIDERING the importance of the Classical orders in the history of architecture and the substance of the theoretical writings about them, it is remarkable how little attention has been devoted to either. Many of the issues discussed here have never been treated extensively before. Those scholars who have directly addressed them...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.003
Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
~~~BUILDINGS are as useful to our minds as they are to our bodies. Indeed, those elements which have the most important physical roles are also often the most important psychologically. This is why the posts, pillars, and columns which have assured people in many cultures of their...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.1-7
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.004

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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
IPHIGENEIA’S dream, that the imminent destruction of a column representing her brother, Orestes, presaged the ruin of her ancestral house, hints at anxieties which have survived the centuries. For many people during the last two thousand years the passing of the standards represented ultimately by the Greek male and...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.8-22
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.005

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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
A​LEXANDER’S conquest of a large part of Asia and of Egypt dramatically enlarged the area in which the forms of Greek architecture could be found...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.23-32
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.006

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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
I​T WAS in this world, where rules were either unknown or ignored and where the orders could be mixed or modified at the whim of patron and architect...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.33-40
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.007

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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
I​F VITRUVIUS’ theory of architecture owed little to earlier practice, it also had little influence on the future...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.41-58
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.008

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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
C​ONSTANTINE’S victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge in 312 brought with it the victory of Christianity...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.59-73
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.009

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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
T​HE WRITERS and builders of the Early Christian period thought of themselves as giving the first intellectual and architectural expression to a new religion...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.74-90
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.010

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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
T​HE THEORIES behind the renewal of Carolingian architecture are more ancient Jewish than ancient Greek or Roman, yet, as is well known, in practice it was the forms of pagan and Christian buildings that were revived...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.91-111
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.011

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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
I​T IS POSSIBLE to see the persistent interest in symbolism which is evident in Christian architecture from the fourth to the fourteenth centuries as nothing more than an expression of new sensibilities...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.112-129
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.012

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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
B​RUNELLESCHI’S rejection of Gothic in favour of a range of forms of ultimately Classical derivation was startling but consistent...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.130-146
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.013

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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
T​HE Decem libri de re aedificatoria is the first text after Vitruvius to take the art of architecture as its sole subject...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.147-157
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.014

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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
A​LBERTI’S is the first Renaissance treatise on architecture; yet it is also in a sense the last Classical treatise...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.158-170
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.015

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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
T​HE THIRD writer to deal extensively with architecture in the fifteenth century, Francesco di Giorgio, had a wider involvement with architectural activity than either of his predecessors...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.171-181
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.016

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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
T​HE De re aedificatoria was, as we saw, somewhat equivocal on the principles governing the application of the orders to individual buildings...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.182-191
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.017

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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
~WITH GIULIANO de Sangallo and his combination for the first time of Classical forms with Classical usage, Renaissance architecture comes closer than ever to the apparent imitation of Antiquity, and, whatever positive association such an imitation may have had in the secular world,...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.192-206
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.018

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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
T​HE Hypnerotomachia Poliphili was printed in Venice at the Aldine Press in 1499...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.207-215
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.019

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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
E​XACTLY ten years after the publication of the Hypnerotomachia another friar produced a book containing architectural material, also in Venice...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.216-224
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.020

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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
~THE WRITINGS of Colonna (1499) and of Pacioli (1509) roughly bracket the first decade of the sixteenth century, a decade which marks that peak of achievement in the visual arts known as the High Renaissance, as represented by the painting of Leonardo and Giorgione, the sculpture of Michelangelo, and the architecture of Bramante. It would be strange...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.225-246
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.021

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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
~WHEN BRAMANTE died in 1514 it was Raphael who succeeded him as architect in charge of the work at St Peter’s, and from that time the young painter became one of the most important architects in Rome. He must have already developed a close contact with...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.247-262
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.022

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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
S​EBASTIANO Serlio is, in terms of background, productivity, and influence, much the most important writer on architecture of the sixteenth century...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.263-286
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.023

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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
I​N 1537, the same year in which Serlio launched his treatise with the publication of Book IV, and in the same city, Venice, Jacopo Sansovino, the sculptor-architect from Florence, was designing three major buildings...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.287-309
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.024

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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
B​Y THE mid-sixteenth century, in Italy at least, status, morality, and character were the three principal factors which were recognized as influencing the selection of architectural forms...
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.310-330
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.025

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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
Bibliography
PublisherPrinceton University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.026
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Description: Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the...
Index
PublisherPrinceton University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00026.027
Bearers of Meaning: The Classical Orders in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance
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