Save
Save chapter to my Bookmarks
Cite
Cite this chapter
Print this chapter
Share
Share a link to this chapter
Free
Index
Albert Boime
Description: Art and the French Commune: Imagining Paris after War and Revolution
Art and the French Commune: Imagining Paris after War and Revolution
Index
Author
Albert Boime
PublisherPrinceton University Press
Copyright©1995 by Princeton University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00021.012
Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-19166
View chapters with similar subject tags
Chapter images ()
Loading image navigation...
No image index could be found for this publication.
Close this Panel
Show previous images Show next images
Index
Absinthe, L’ (Degas), 107
academy painting, 59. See also Salons
aesthetic harmony, 161–163, 164
Agnew, Thomas, 55
Ajalbert, Jean, 167–168
“A Jeanne d’Arc” (de Laparade), 64–65
“A la Mort” (engraving), 170
Allier, Raoul, 159
Allix, Jules, 205
Alphand, Adolphe, 22, 145–146, 149, 158
Althusser, Louis, 21
Ampere, André-Marie, 183
analogy, science of, 164, 181
Analysis of Beauty (Hogarth), 142
anarchism, 159, 161–163, 165–167, 177, 181, 182–183
anarcho-communism, 161–163
Andrée, Ellen, 107
anomie, 177, 178
anticlericalism, 32, 180, 192–193
Approches de l’Armée, Les—Aspect du bois de Boulogne aux abords des lacs depuis l’occupation des troupes (Deroy), 74
Apres la tourmente (Morin), 23
Arc de Triomphe (Paris), 73
Argenteuil, 24, 98, 124, 125–131
Art et la nature, L’ (Chebuliez), 31
Artillerymen’s Breakfast Outside Paris, The (engraving), 74
Assommoir, L’ (Zola), 112
atomic theory, 183, 184
At the Races in the Country (Degas), 47, 212n.2
Au Bonheur des dames (Zola), 15
Audouard, Olympe, 29
Au temps d’Harmonie (Signac), 161
Avenet, L., 70
Baignade, Une (Seurat), 173
Bakunin, M., 181
Bal du Moulin de Galette (Renoir). See Dance at the Moulin de la Galette (Renoir)
Banks of the Oise, The (Pissarro), 127
Barricade, La (Bertall), 39
Barricade, The (Manet), 96, 192
Barricade—Souvenir de guerre civile (Meissonier), 62
Barron, Louis, 222n.28
Bashkirtseff, Marie, 216n.13
Bastille Day, 12, 135
Baudelaire, Charles-Pierre, 185
Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb, 142
Bazille, Jean-Frédéric, 8
Beaubourg, Maurice, 143, 144, 161
Belfort, fortress of, 73
Béraud, Jean, 77
Bergeret, Jules, 37
Bernard, Claude, 180, 182
Bert, Paul, 180
Bertall: Barricade, La, 39
Commissaire de Police, 108
Docteur Tant-Pis et le Docteur Tant-Mieux, Le, 52–54
En route pour Versailles, 108
Pétroleuses, 108
Berthelot, Marcelin, 180, 184
Bête humaine, La (Zola), 87
Bibesco, Georges (French prince), 51, 210–211n.39
Birth of Henri IV, The (Devéria), 121
Bismarck, Otto Eduard Leopold von, 43, 171
Blanc, Charles, 142–143, 217n.30
Blanc, Louis, 28
Blanqui (a French revolutionary), 192
Bloch, Ernst, 178–179
Bois de Boulogne (Paris), 76, 98–101, 132, 145, 148
Bois de Vincennes (Paris), 145
Bonapartists: opposition to, 39
role of, 12, 22, 32, 33, 43, 107, 121, 187
Bon Bock, Le (Manet), 50–51
Bonnat, Léon, 77–78
Bords de la Seine a Asnieres, Les (Morland), 174
Boulangism, 159
Boulevard des Capucines (Monet), 37
Bourbon restoration, 119, 121
bourgeoisie: as allies with Communards, 19
rule of Paris by, 3, 5
and social hierarchy, 15, 32–33, 34, 35, 37, 57, 113, 132–155, 156, 158, 159
Bracquemond, Félix, 13, 36, 47
Braquehais, Auguste B., 15–17
Break in the Railway at Pontoise, A (engraving), 124
Brettell, Richard, 14
Bringing Up Ship Guns at the Buttes Montmartre (engraving), 114
Broglie, Jacques-Victor-Albert, 107
Brown, Marilyn R., 14
Brücke, Ernst Wilhelm, 185
Burty, Philippe, 23–24, 29–30, 33–34, 36, 37, 81, 82, 87, 88
Butler, Gen. Benjamin Franklin, 54
Cabet, Etienne, 158, 163
Café de la Nouvelle Athènes (Montmartre), 117
Café Guerbois (Montmartre), 26, 117
Cahours, Auguste, 184
Caillebotte, Gustave, 24, 32, 77–84, 89–94, 96, 98
—works: Floor-Scrapers, 79–81, 89
House-Painters, The, 80–81
Interior, Woman at the Window, 91–92
Paris Street, Rainy Weather, 92–94
Pont de l’Europe, Le, 82–84
Young Man at His Window, 89–91
Caillebotte, René, 89
Cannonières au barrage de la Monnaie, Les (engraving), 117
Cardon, Emile, 27
Carjat, Etienne, 36
Cayenne, 38, 197, 199
Cernuschi, Henri, 49
Cézanne, Paul, 8
critical praise for, 30
impact of Commune on, 50
Pissarro’s portrait of, 121
Zola’s correspondence with, 45, 98
Cham, 17, 51
Consequence du système Darwin. Les singes se portant aux prochaines elections, 182
M. Courbet et ses associés envoyant leurs produits à l’Exposition de Vienne, 52
Souvenirs et regrets—18 Mai! Il y a un an, l’étais fonctionnaire public!, 17
Chambers, R. W., 188
Chambord, comte de. See Dieudonné d’Artois, Henri (comte de Chambord)
Champa, Kermit, 14
Charpentier, Georges, 24, 33, 209n.8
Chemin de Fer de l’Ouest, 87
Chenavard, Paul, 184, 216n.7
Cherbuliez, Victor, 31
Chesneau, Ernest, 37
Chevreul, M. E., 161, 184
Chocquet, Victor, 24, 68, 73
Chomsky, Noam, 19
Christophe, Jules, 144
Chronique des Arts et de la Curiosité, La, 30
Ciel! Mon mari … (Moloch), 42
civic idealism, 12
Civil War in France: Communists Routed at the Bridge of Asnières (engraving), 175
Civil War in France, The (Marx and Lenin), 5, 166, 222–223n.34
Clarel (Melville), 187
Claretie, Jules, 78
Clark, T. J., 3, 14, 15, 45, 161
class hierarchy, 15, 32–33, 34, 35, 37, 57, 113, 132–155, 156, 158, 159
Clemenceau, Georges, 48
clerics, and anticlericalism, 32, 180, 192–193
Clinchant (a French general), 88
Comité de la Federation des Artistes de Paris, 13, 36, 47, 204
Comité de la Federation internationale pour l’observation du dimanche, 159
Commissaire de Police (Bertall), 108
communalism, 177, 191
Commune of 1871: and alcoholism, 108–112
American interest in, 186–189
amnesty for Communards, 12, 13, 22, 28, 30, 48, 135, 139, 167
documentation of the defeat of, 23–24, 47
duration of, 3
egalitarianism of, 17, 20, 57
federal system of, 46
impact on Impressionists, 8, 11–12, 46–76
impact on Post-impressionists, 8–9, 140
influence of, 3–4
occultation of, 3, 9, 11–12, 19–20
photographs of Communards, 15–17
red flags of, 24–25, 135
social informality in, 15–17, 18
start of, 114
suppression of, 4–5, 37, 94, 187, 201
and utopianism, 4, 37
victims of, 5, 199
Warner’s defense of, 186–208
and working-class leisure, 159
communism, international, 3, 20, 187, 188
Communist Party, 20
community control, 20
Comte, Auguste, 177, 183
Congrès International du Repos Hebdomadaire, 159
Conquète du pain (Kropotkin), 163
Consequence du système Darwin. Les singes se portant aux prochaines elections (Cham), 182
Constitutionnel, Le, 81
Cooke, Jay, 204
Coquiot, G., 51, 144, 149–150, 151
Courbet, Jean-Dísiré Gustave: exhibits at Vienna Exposition of 1873, 51
in exile, 121
in Fédération des Artistes de Paris, 36, 204
Impressionists’ admiration for, 13
Meissonier’s opposition to, 62
mistaken report of execution of, 50
realism of, 28, 32, 57
in Salon of 1872, 62
support for Commune, 17
Cour des Comptes (Paris), 50
Couture, Thomas, 184
Crane, Walter, 168
Cri du Peuple, Le, 165
Cros, Henry, 88
crowds (la foule), 26, 37–38, 67, 135
Curee, La (Zola), 98
Cutting the Base of the Vendôme Column (engraving), 194
Dalton, John, 183
Dance at the Moulin de la Galette (Renoir), 114–117, 144
Darboy, Georges (archbishop of Paris), 192, 193, 221n.15
Darwin, Charles, 181–182
Daudet, Ernest, 27–28
Davis, Mike, 6
Dead Communard (Warner), 203
Debacle, La (Zola), 43–45, 50
de Bellio, Georges, 24, 51, 137
Debray, Père, 114
decorative arts, 36
de Fourcade, Louis, 85
Degas, Achille, 54, 57
Degas, Edgar, 8
impact of Commune on, 47, 54–59
military service of, 46, 210–211n.39
nationalism of, 27
proletariat images by, 57–59, 107
in the U.S., 54–59
—works: Absinthe, L’, 107
Laundress, The, 57
Place de la Concorde, 102–104, 106–107
Portraits in an Office (New Orleans), 55–59, 82, 212n.2
Race Horses at Longchamps, 101
At the Races in the Country, 47, 212n.2
Woman Ironing, A, 57
Degas, René, 54, 57
de Goncourt, Edmond, 21, 23, 34
de Goulard, M., 29
de Laboulaye, Edouard, 28
Delacroix, Eugène, 39, 49–50, 142
De la division du travail social (Durkheim), 177
De la loi du contraste simultané (Chevreul), 217–218n.49
de Laparade, Victor, 64
Déliverance, La (Gill), 121
Denis-Desroche, 114
De Nittis, Giuseppe, 67, 73
Deraismes, Maria, 28, 32, 64, 219n.97
Déroulède, Paul, 67
Deroy, Auguste: Approches de l’Armée, Les-Aspect du bois de Boulogne aux abords des lacs depuis l’occupation des troupes, 74
Paris nouveau-Entrée de la rue de la Monnaie et du Pont Neuf: Nouvel Etablissement de la Belle Jardiniere, 120
Desboutin, Marcellin, 107
Descent of Man (Darwin), 181
Devéria, Eugene, 121
Dieudonné d’Artois, Henri (comte de Chambord), 119–121
Dimanche, Le (Jourdain), 159–161
Dimanche a La Grande-Jatte, Un (Seurat). See Sunday Afternoon on the Isle of the Grande-Jatte (Seurat)
Disciples du progrès, Les, 205
Discourses (Reynolds), 142
Dmitrieff, Elizabeth, 197
Docteur Pascal, Le (Zola), 43
Docteur Tant-Pis et le Docteur Tant-Mieux, Le (Bertall), 52–54
du Barail (a French general), 51
Dubois, Paul, 39
du Camp, Maxime, 91, 108–109
Duchenne, Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand, 182
Dufaure, Armand, 50
Dumas, J.-B., 184
Dupanloup (bishop of Orleans), 65
Durand, G., 145
Durand-Ruel, Paul, 24, 60, 119–121, 123, 137
Durand-Ruel Gallery, 24, 77
Duranty, 32, 82
Duret, Théodore, 12, 24, 48–49
Durkheim, Emile, 173–179, 180, 183
Duval, Mathias, 182
Eclipse, L’, 121
Edict of Nantes, Revocation of, 19
egalitarianism, 17, 19, 57
Enault, Louis, 81
Encounter on the Place Pigalle (engraving), 117
End of the Commune, The-Execution of a Pétroleuse (engraving), 111
Engels, Frederick, 20
En roôte pour Versailles (Bertall), 108
environmental determinism, 158
Ernouf, 217n.30
escapism, 27
Espérance, L’ (Puvis de Chavannes). See Hope (Puvis de Chavannes)
evolutionary theory, 180, 181
Exécution des insurgés pris les armes à la main, dans les cours de la caserne Lobau (engraving), 200
Execution of Maximilian (Manet), 95
Exposition Universelle: in 1867, 171
in 1878, 132–135, 149
in 1889, 159
Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (Darwin), 182
Fall of the Column (engraving), 195
Father, The (Strindberg), 165
Faure, Jean-Baptiste, 24
Federation des Artistes de Paris, 13, 36, 47, 204
Fédéres (Federals), 49, 51, 89, 94–95, 114, 117
feminist movement, French: and anarchism, 165
and bourgeoise, 28–29
organization of, 29
plagiarized by republican liberals, 32
radical, 20
resistance to, 28, 29, 65
Femme émancipée répandant la lumière sur le monde, La (Girard), 39
Femmes de Paris pendant le siège, Les (Morin), 40
Fénéon, Felix, 156, 161, 168
Férat, 137
Ferry, Jules, 47
Fête de la Paix, 132–139
Fête nationale, La-Quelques croquis a la plume des rues de Paris pendant la journée du 30 Juin (Oms), 136
Feyen-Perrin, 213–214n.40
Fichot, Karl, 69
Figaro, Le, 30, 49, 67, 119
fire: and destruction of Paris by Communards, 5–6, 23, 49–50, 73–76, 112, 123–124, 171–173, 193–196
and the pétroleuses (female incendiaries), 28–29, 38–39, 57–59, 107, 108, 196–199
purification by, 5, 51, 73
flaneur/flâneuse, 15
Floor-Scrapers (Caillebotte), 79–81, 89
Following the “Gentle Craft,” at the Pont de Neuilly (Durand), 145
foule, la (the crowd), 26, 37–38, 67, 135
Fourier, Charles, 158, 163–164, 166, 167, 177, 181, 184, 185, 217–218n.49
Fournel, Victor, 43, 73, 84, 152–155, 171–173
France et progres (Deraismes), 29
Franc-Maçonnerie et la Commune, La (Moloch), 206
François-Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Marie (prince de Joinville), 146–148, 220–221n.119
François I (king of France), 119
Franco-Prussian War: impact of loss in France, 3, 7, 18, 32, 73–77, 123–124
impact on Impressionists, 11, 46
Freemasonry, 22, 204–205
Freemasonry in Paris (engraving), 207
Frémiet, Emmanuel, 65–67, 68, 121, 135
Gorilla Carrying off a Human Female, 67
loan of Arc on Horseback, 65–67, 68
French Congress for Women’s Rights, 29
French Siege of Paris: Masonic Deputation to Versailles Going out at the Porte Maillot (engraving), 206
Freycinet Plan of 1878, 87
Friends of Order, 193
Fromentin, Eugène-Samuel-Auguste, 33
Gage, John, 180–181
Gambetta, Léon-Michel, 22
Gare d’Asnières, La (Morland), 174
Gare Saint-Lazare (Paris), 85–88, 98
Gaudin, 183
Gauguin, Paul, 123, 164
Gaulois, Le, 30–31, 85
Gautier, T., 67
Gazette de France, 135
Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 30
gender hierarchy, 15
Gerhardt, Charles, 183, 184, 185
Germinal (Zola), 67
Gill, André, 121
Girard, Eugène, 39
Gonzèles, Eva, 28
Gorilla Carrying off a Human Female (Frémiet), 67
Grammaire des arts de dessin (Blanc), 142–143, 217n.30
Grand-Carteret, J., 144
Grandsire, E., 72
Graphic, 88
Grave, Jean, 161, 162, 165–169, 218n.60, 220–221n.119
Grave imprudence (Burty), 33–34
Grévy, Jules, 132
Grimaux, Edouard, 184
Guerre civile-Barricade fermant la rue de Rivoli, à la place de la Concorde (engraving), 106
Guerre civile, La (Manet), 12, 202
Guichard (Morisot’s teacher), 38
Guide à travers les ruines: Paris et ses environs (Hans and Blanc), 112, 114
Guillaumin, Armand, 123
Harper’s Weekly, 187, 197
Hauser, Arnold, 3
Haussmann, Georges-Eugène: reorganization of Paris by, 5, 18, 23, 24, 43, 45, 76, 84, 89, 92–93, 94, 145, 148–149, 151–152, 158, 185
Hayes, Rutherford B., 204
Heath, Richard, 181
Helmholtz, Hermann von, 184–185
Henri IV (king of France), 117, 119, 121
Henri V (pretender to throne), 119–121
Henry, Charles, 161, 180, 181, 184
Herbert, Robert L., 14, 45, 84
Hirsch, Alphonse, 88
Hogarth, William, 140, 142
Hope (Puvis de Chavannes), 60–62, 73
Hoschedé, Ernest, 24, 59, 137
Hôtel de Ville (Paris), 49, 112, 195
House, John, 14, 161
House-Painters, The (Caillebotte), 80–81
Hugo, Victor, 7, 28, 135
Icarianism, 158
Illustrated London News, 52, 114
Illustration, L,’ 52, 159
Impression, soleil levant (Monet), 36
Impressionism: and bourgeoisie, 7
escapism of, 27
formation of, 7, 43
hostile reception for, 15, 27–45
links to Second Empire, 24
and meeting places of artists, 117
members of, 8
and moderate point of view, 19
naming of, 35, 36
and nationalism, 27
patrons of, 24, 77
and rejection of the Commune, 13
as representative of post-Commune era, 27
stylistic development of, 11–12
support for, 33, 141
and support for Third Republic, 11–12, 13
suspected of being revolutionaries, 22, 27–28, 30–31, 47
“workers” of, 35
Impressioniste, L’, 86
Impressionist exhibitions: Caillebotte’s support for, 77
inaugural exhibition (1874), 11, 13, 14, 26, 36–38, 59, 67, 98
second exhibition (1876), 24, 29–32, 56, 77, 79, 80
third exhibition (1877), 81, 82, 85, 93
in 1882, 123
Incendiaires, Les-Les pétroleuses et leur cornplices (Lix), 40
Individu et la société, L’ (Grave), 165
inductive method, 182
Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique, 49, 141
innovation, artistic, 9, 12
Inside the Prison of La Roquette (engraving), 170
Instruction sur les harmonies de lumière, de couleur, et de forme (Henry), 180
Interieur d’un bureau d’acheteurs de coton à Nile. Orleans, Cotton Buyers’ Office (Degas). See Portraits in an Office (New Orleans) (Degas)
Interior, Woman at the Window (Caillebotte), 91–92
Interior of the Salle des Maréchaux (Liebert), 63
International Working Men’s Association (the International), 187, 191
“intransigeants,” 27, 35, 79, 117
Intransigents, Spanish, 27, 30
Iron Heel, The (London), 222n.22
Jacques, 93
Joan of Arc, 32, 64–67, 68, 119, 121, 135
Joan of Arc on Horseback (Frémiet), 65–67, 68
Joinville, prince de. See François-Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Marie (prince de Joinville)
Jourdain, Roger, 159–161
Journal Amusant, Le, 55, 76
Journal officiel, 135
juste milieu aesthetics, 77
Justinian (Delacroix), 50
Kahn, Gustave, 143
King, Edward, 214n.25, 221n.14
King, Rodney, 7
Kropotkin, Pjotr Aleksejevich, 161, 163, 166, 167, 181, 183, 184, 185
Lake in the Bois de Boulogne, Paris (engraving), 75
Lake of the Bois de Boulogne (Morisot), 101–102
Lalanne, 75
Lamy, A., 83
Last Perquisition, The (engraving), 203
Late Events in Paris: A Woman Shot at the Louvre for Spreading Petroleum (engraving), 196
Laundress, The (Degas), 57
Laurent, Antoine, 183, 184
Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent, 184
Lavrov, Petr, 123
Le Bel, Joseph-Achille, 183
Le Bon, Gustave, 37
Le Coeur, Charles, 51
Lecomte, Gen. Claude-Martin, 22, 47, 117, 193
Lee, Alan, 180–181
Lefrançaise, Gustave, 205
Légion des amis de la France, 190
Legitimists, 32, 119
Lehmann, Henri, 141
Lenin, V. I., 3, 20
Lepelletier, E., 93
Lepic, Eylau, 102
Lepic, Janine, 102
Lepic, Ludovic-Napoléon (vicomte), 102, 106–107
Lequien, Justin, 141
Leroy, Louis, 36, 211–212n.23
Liberty Leading the People (Delacroix), 39
lichettes noires (black tongue lickings), 33, 37
Liebert, Alphonse, 63
Ligue d’Union républicaine des droits de Paris, 48
Livaudais, John E., 57
Lix, R., 40
Lockroy, Edouard, 28
Loge, The (Gonzales), 28
London, Jack, 222n.22
Longchamps racecourse (Paris), 101
Los Angeles, riots in, 6–7
Louis-Philippe (king of France), 146, 150, 220–221n.119
Louis XVIII (king of France), 121
Louvre (Paris), Caillebotte collection at, 77
Luce, Maximilien, 169
Luncheon, The (Argenteuil) (Monet), 98
Lundi, Le (Jourdain), 159–161
M. Courbet et ses associés envoyant leurs produits à l’Exposition de Vienne (Cham), 52
MacMahon, Marie-Edme-Patrice-Maurice de, 12, 78, 95, 135
Maître, Edmond, 24, 49
Mallarmé, Stéphane, 35–36, 87, 98
Manet, Edouard, 8
Mallarmé’s essay on, 35
military service of, 46
as radical bourgeois painter, 47
realist style of, 28, 32, 57
and Salon of 1872, 50–51
stylistic break with past by, 24
as witness to the Commune, 12, 13, 46–49, 138–139, 192
—works: Barricade, The, 96, 192
Bon Bock, Le, 50–51
Execution of Maximilian, 95
Guerre civile, La, 12, 202
Man with Crutches, A, 139
Races in the Bois de Boulogne, The, 102
Railroad, The (Gare Saint-Lazare), 88–89
Rue Mosnier with Flags, 138–139
Manet, Eugène, 46
Manet, Gustave, 46, 48
Man with Crutches, A (Manet), 139
Marseillais, Le, 12
Martinache, Dr. Elie Auguste Eugene, 190
Marx, Karl, 4, 5–6, 14, 20, 38, 166, 181, 187, 189, 196–197
Mason, Edward, 3
May, Edward Harrison, 214n.41
May–June 1968 rebellion, 4
Meissonier, Jean-Louis-Ernest, 50, 62
Barricade-Souvenir de guerre civile, 62
Ruins of the Tuileries, May 1871, 62, 214n.45
Melville, Herman, 187
Mendès, Catulle, 36, 222n.28
Meurent, Victorine, 88
Michel, Louise, 36, 114, 165, 197
middle class. See bourgeoisie
Millet, Jean-Francois, 49
modernism, 1, 59, 140
modern life, iconography of, 15
Modern Science and Anarchism (Kropotkin), 184
Moloch, Ciel! Mon mari …, 42
Franc-Maconnerie et la Commune, La, 206
Moltke, Helmuth Karl Bernhard von, 43, 171
monarchic chrétienne, 59
monarchists, 12, 22, 32, 33, 59, 119, 135, 187
Monet, Claude, 8
in Argenteuil, 24, 98, 125–131
in Durand-Ruel’s catalogue of prints (1873), 24
garden pictures of, 98
impact of Commune on, 50, 56
income of, 211n.7
and Salon of 1872, 50
suburban studies by, 34, 35
Zola’s impression of works by, 28
—works: Boulevard des Capucines, 37
Impression, soleil levant, 36
Luncheon, The (Argenteuil), 98
Parc Monceau, various views of, 96–98
Pont de l’Europe, Le, 85–88
Pont Neuf, Le, 117
Railroad Bridge Viewed from the Port, The, 131
Railway Bridge, Argenteuil, 128
Roadbridge at Argenteuil, The, 129
Roadbridge Under Repair, 129
Rue Montorgeuil, fête de 30 juin 1878, 132, 137
Rue Saint-Denis, fete de juin 1878, 132, 137–138
Train de marchandises (Gare Saint-Lazare), 88
Tuileries, The, 68–73, 173
Wooden Bridge at Argenteuil, The, 130
Monet, Jean, 98
Monet Painting in His Garden (Renoir), 98
Moniteur universel, Le, 30
Montalembert, C., 157
Montmartre, 26, 94, 114–117, 191
Moore, George, 220n.104
Morin, Edmond, 215n.37
Après la tourmente, 23
Femmes de Paris pendant le siège, Les, 40
1er Mars 1871—Paris en deuil—Ecusson allégorique, 134
Morisot, Berthe, 8, 38, 46, 47, 101–102
Lake of the Bois de Boulogne, 101–102
Morisot, Tiburce, 47
Morland, A. V., 174
Morning Ride, The (Renoir), 98
Moulin de la Galette (Denis-Desroche), 114
Musée des Beaux-Arts (Pau), 59
Musée des Copies, 33, 143
Musson, Michel, 54
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (Kropotkin), 181
Nadar (Gaspard-Félix Tournachon), 37
Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I), 22
Napoleon III (emperor), 18, 24, 68, 77, 94, 107, 121, 145, 148, 171, 191, 195. See also Second Empire
Nast, Thomas, 57
Nation, 188
National Academy of Design, 202
nationalism, 27, 135
Neo-Impressionism, 169
New Caledonia, 4, 36, 38, 199
New York Standard, 188–189
New York Times, 188
Nicaragua, 19, 201
Nineteenth-Century Art: A Critical History (Eisenman), 14
Nord, Philip, 47
Nouvelle peinture, La (Duranty), 32–33
objectivity, 143
Obsèques de M. Thiers, Les—Aspect du boulevard Saint-Denis, le 8 Septembre, à deux heures de l’après-midi (Férat), 137
Oms, V., 136
Opera (Paris), 25–26
Opportunists, 13, 29
optic theory, 185–186
organized labor, 22
Origin of the Species (Darwin), 181
“Origins of Impressionism, 1859–1869” (exhibition, 1994), 14
Orléans, Louise-Philippe-Albert (comte de Paris), 121, 220–221n.119
Ortiz y Vierge, Daniel Urrabieta, 66
Ottin, Auguste, 36
Ottin, Léon, 36
Owen, Robert, 163, 167
Painting of Modern Life, The (Clark), 15
Parc Buttes-Chaumont (Paris), 145, 149–150, 171
Parc Monceau (Paris), 96–98, 145
Parc Monceau (Monet), various views of, 96–98
Paris: destruction by Communards, 5–6, 23, 49–50, 73–76, 112, 123–124, 171–173, 193–196
Haussmann’s reorganization of, 5, 18, 23, 24, 43, 45, 76, 84, 89, 92–93, 94, 145, 148–149, 151–152, 158
Prussian triumphal march into, 73
restoration of, 22, 24, 43, 67–68, 80–82, 84, 93, 112–113, 124–135, 171, 173. See also names of specific parks, places, and monuments
Paris, comte de. See Orléans, Louise-Philippe-Albert (comte de Paris)
Paris Burning (Sabatier), 172
Paris Commune. See Commune of 1871
Paris depuis le Siège. Etat actuel du jardin des Tuileries (Grandsire), 72
Paris et ses ruines en Mai 1871 (Fournel), 43, 171–173
Paris Herself Again in 1878–9 (Sala), 25–26, 132
Paris le 30 Juin 1878-La fête de buit—L’entrée du Bois de Boulogne par la porte Dauphine (Scott), 134
Paris nouveau—Entrée de la rue de la Monnaie et du Pont Neuf: Nouvel Etablissement de la Belle Jardinière (Deroy), 120
Paris Street, Rainy Weather (Caillebotte), 92–94
Paris Street in 1871, A (Luce), 169
Paroles d’un révoké (Kropotkin), 161
passions, Fourier’s theory of, 163–165
Pasteur, Louis, 184
pavés sanglantes, 93
Pavilion de l’Horloge (Liebert), 63
peasants, as new working class in Paris, 19
Pêche, La (engraving), 166
Peintres en bâtiment (Caillebotte). See House-Painters, The (Caillebotte)
Père Lachaise cemetery (Paris), 23
Pétroleuse, Une (Dubois), 39
Pétroleuses (Bertall), 108
pétroleuses (female incendiaries), 28–29, 38–39, 57–59, 107, 108, 196–199
phalanstery, 163–164
Philippe-Egalité (king of France), 150
photographs: of the bridge at Argenteuil, 131
of Communards (by Braquehais), 15–17
of Place de la Concorde, 104
of ruins of Paris, 6, 23, 63, 71
Piero della Francesca, 143
Pissarro, Camille, 8
Cézanne’s correspondence with, 50
in Durand-Ruel’s catalogue of prints (1873), 24
impact of Commune on, 49, 76, 124–125
Monet’s correspondence with, 50
paintings of rebuilding following Commune, 124–125
political content of works by, 121–123, 173
Prussian destruction of works by, 49
and Salon of 1872, 50
suburban studies by, 34, 35
Zola’s impression of works by, 28
—works: Banks of the Oise, The, 127
Portrait of Cézanne, 121
Quay and Bridge at Pontoise, 126
Railroad Bridge at Pontoise, The, 125
Seine at Port-Marly, The, 127
View of Pontoise: Quai au Pothuis, 126
Pissarro, Julie, 49
Pissarro, Lucien, 49
Place de la Concorde (Degas), 102–104, 106–107
Place de la Concorde (Paris), 102–107
Place des Pyramides (de Nittis), 67
Place Pigalle (Paris), 117
Pointillism, 173
Pollock, Griselda, 14, 15
Pont d’Argenteuil, Le (engraving), 130
Pont de l’Europe (Paris), 82–85, 88
Pont de l’Europe, Le (Caillebotte), 82–84
Pont de l’Europe, Le (Monet), 85–88
Pont de l’Europe and the Gare Saint-Lazare, The (Lamy), 83
Pont Neuf (Paris), 117–121
Pont Neuf, Le (Monet), 117
Pont Neuf, Le (Renoir), 117–121
Pontoise, 124–125
Ponts d’Asnières, Les (engraving), 175
Portrait of Cézanne (Pissarro), 121
Portrait of M. Thiers (Bonnat), 78
Portraits in an Office (New Orleans) (Degas), 55–59, 82, 212n.2
Pose de statue restaurée de Napoléon Ier sur la Colonne Vendôme, La (Scott), 44
positivism, 45, 177
Post-Impressionism, 8–9, 140
1er Mai a Paris, Le—Decoration spontanee de la rue d’Aboukir à l’occasion de l’ouverture de l’Exposition (Scott), 136
1er Mars 1871—Paris en deuil—Ecusson allégorique (Morin), 134
Presence des Allemands à Paris. Purification de la Place de l’Etoile, après le depart du corps d’occupation (engraving), 72
Presse, La, 27
Principaux monuments de Paris pendant le cours de l’année 1873, Les (Fichot), 69
Principes scientifiques des Beaux-Arts (Brücke), 185
Printemps de 1872, Le (Feyen-Perrin), 213–214n.40
Prinzip Hoffnung, Das (Bloch), 178
Prisonniers à Versailles, Les-Les Petroleuses (engraving), 109
proletariat: Degas’ images of, 57–59, 107
dictatorship of the, 1, 20, 189
drunkenness among, 107, 108–112
leisure time for, 157–161, 173
peasants as replacements for, 19
role in Third Republic, 19, 21, 22
rule of Paris by, 3–4, 17–19
and social hierarchy, 15, 32–33, 34, 35, 37, 57, 113, 132–155, 156, 158, 159
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 157–158, 165, 177
public space: class identities in, 33, 37, 57, 113, 143–155, 156, 158
egalitarianism of, 19, 57, 93
Haussmann’s reorganization of, 24, 43, 94, 145, 148–149, 151–152, 158
reclaimed by Communards, 24, 94–95
Third Republic restoration of, 22, 26, 34–35, 37, 43, 45, 82, 89–91, 95–98, 117, 135
and utopianism, 163, 178
purification: by fire, 51, 73
by rain, 93
Puvis de Chavannes, Pierre-Cécile, 60–62, 73, 168
Pyat, Félix, 37, 157
Quay and Bridge at Pontoise (Pissarro), 126
Raboteurs de parquet (Caillebotte). See Floor-Scrapers (Caillebotte)
Race Horses at Longchamps (Degas), 101
Races in the Bois de Boulogne, The (Manet), 102
radicalism, 27
Railroad, The (Gare Saint-Lazare) (Manet), 88–89
Railroad Bridge at Pontoise, The (Pissarro), 125
Railroad Bridge Viewed from the Port, The (Monet), 131
railroad system, French, 87
Railway Bridge, Argenteuil (Monet), 128
rain, as a metaphor, 93
Ranc, Arthur, 48
Randon, Gilbert, 76
Rappel, Le, 30
realist movement, 28, 32, 34, 57, 77
Rebuilding (engraving), 53
Reclus, Elie, 218–219n.70
Reclus, Elisée, 161, 162, 163, 166, 167, 181
reconstruction. See regeneration, metaphors of regeneration, metaphors of, 22, 31, 51–54, 56, 59, 60–62, 67–68, 73, 117, 124–135, 171, 173
Renoir, Edmond, 117
Renoir, Pierre-Auguste, 8
activity following suppression of the Communards, 24
conservatism of, 123
garden pictures of, 98
impact of Commune on, 51, 56
military service of, 51, 210–211n.39
and Salon of 1872, 50
—works: Dance at the Moulin de la Galette, 114–117, 144
Monet Painting in His Garden, 98
Morning Ride, The, 98
Pont Neuf, Le, 117–121
restoration. See regeneration, metaphors of Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 19
Revoke, La, 161, 169
Revue Blanche, La, 168
Revue des deux mondes, 31
Revue du 29 juin, à Longchamps, La (engraving), 100, 101
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 142
Richomme, Jules, 214n.41
Rigault, Raoul, 51
Rivière, Georges, 86, 116
Roadbridge at Argenteuil, The (Monet), 129
Roadbridge Under Repair (Monet), 129
Rochefort, Henri, 205
Rodrigues, Olinde, 163
Rouart, Henri, 24, 54, 60, 89, 101
Rouvroy, Claude-Henri de (comte de Saint-Simon), 163, 167, 177, 184, 185
Rue de Rivoli (Sabatier), 172
Rue Montorgeuil, fête de 30 juin 1878 (Monet), 132, 137
Rue Mosnier with Flags (Manet), 138–139
Rue Saint-Denis, fete de juin 1878 (Monet), 132, 137–138
Ruines, Les. Intérieur des Tuileries—Etat actuel du vestibule de la Salle des Maréchaux (Van Elven), 65
Ruines des Tuileries, Les (Seurat), 173
Ruins of Paris: Porte Maillot and the Avenue de la Grande Armée (engraving), 39
Ruins of the Tuileries, May 1871 (Meissonier), 62, 214n.45
Ryder, Albert Pinkham, 204
Sabatier, 172
Sacré Coeur, Basilica of (Montmartre), 59, 114
Saint-Simon, comte de. See Rouvroy, Claude-Henri de (comte de Saint-Simon)
Sala, George A., 25–26, 131–132
Salle des Maréchaux (Paris), 62–64
Salon des Indépendants: in 1886, 141
in 1905, 169
Salons: of 1872, 50–51, 60, 62
of 1874, 88
of 1875, 79
of 1876, 31
of 1877, 78
of 1878, 77
Sand, George, 164
Scenes and Incidents at the Paris Exposition, Vox Populi (engraving), 139
Schapiro, Meyer, 14, 179, 185
science and industry, 45, 155–156, 163, 180–185
scientific socialism, 20, 181
Scott, M.; Paris le 30 Min 1878—La fete de buit—L’entrée du Bois de Boulogne par la porte Dauphine, 134
Pose de statue restaurée de Napoléon Ier sur la Colonne Vendôme, La, 44
1er Mai a Paris, Le—Decoration spontanée de la rue d’Aboukir à l’occasion de l’ouverture de l’Exposition, 136
Second Empire: corruption of, 50, 60
opposition to, 4, 13, 39. See also Napoleon III (emperor)
Seine at Port-Marly, The (Pissarro), 127
Seurat, Antoine-Crysostome, 150–151, 155, 217–218n.49
Seurat, Georges, 9, 140–186
impact of Commune on, 73, 167, 171
—works: Baignade, Une, 173
Ruines des Tuileries, Les, 173
Sunday Afternoon on the Isle of the Grande-Jatte, 9, 73, 140–186
Watering Can (The Garden at Le Raincy), 149
Sévérine (Caroline Rémy Guebhard), 165
Shiff, Richard, 14
Shooting Communist Prisoners in the Garden of the Luxembourg (engraving), 200
Siècle, Le, 49
Siège de Paris, Le—Avenue du bois de Boulogne, vue prise à la porte d’Auteuil (Lalanne), 75
Signac, Paul, 143, 161, 165, 180
Silvestre, Armand, 24, 26, 31, 36, 60–62
Sisley, Alfred, 8
in Durand-Ruel’s catalogue of prints (1873), 24
impact of Commune on, 49–50
and Salon of 1872, 50
suburban studies by, 34, 35
Situationist International, 4, 209n.11
Social Darwinism, 181
social engineering, 45
social harmony, 161–164, 177
social hierarchy, 15, 32–33, 34, 35, 37, 57, 113, 132–155, 156, 158, 159
socialism, international, 3, 20, 94, 159, 167, 181, 184, 188, 217n.42
Socialiste, Le, 190
social molecule, 183
social order, Durkheimian, 177–179
social realism, 179
social solidarity, 177
Société anonyme des artistes peintres, sculpteurs, graveurs, etc., 59
Society of American Artists, 202–204
Soirée dans l’hôtel Caillebotte, Une (Beraud), 77
Souvenir de la Commune-Neuilly, 1871 (May), 214n.41
Souvenirs et regrets-18 Mai! Il y a un an, j’étais fonctionnaire public! (Cham), 17
Spanish Federalist Party, 30
Spanish radicalism, 27, 30
Spate, Virginia, 14
Spencer, Herbert, 181
Statue de M. de Montceaux, La (Duranty), 33
Statue of Liberty (New York City), 187
Strasbourg, female personification of, 104–105, 106, 107
Strindberg, August, 165
Sue, Eugène, 184
Suetens, Eugénie, 57–59
Sunday Afternoon on the Isle of the Grande-Jatte (Seurat), 9, 73, 140–186
Tabarant, A., 88
Taine, Hippolyte-Adolphe, 67
Taking Down the Red Flag from the Grand Opera House (engraving), 25
Tanguy, Père, 50
temperance movement, 108–112
Théories et notations chimiques (Grimaux), 184
Thiers, Louis-Adolphe: Bonnat’s portrait of, 78
comparison to Abraham Lincoln, 54
destruction of house of, 94
funeral of, 135–137
Gill’s caricature of, 121
moral order of, 22
national revival planned by, 101
presidency of, 12, 107, 121
rebuilding of Paris by, 24, 43, 67
and social order, 37
suppression of Commune by, 4–5, 18, 78, 106, 192, 205, 210–211n.39
Third Republic: class and gender hierarchies in, 15, 32–33, 34, 35
development of, 4, 12, 39–43
Impressionist support for, 11–12, 13
national holidays of, 132–139
and railroad technology, 87
social reform during, 21
tricolor flags of, 24–25, 135
Thomas, Gen. Clement, 23, 47, 117, 193
Thomson, Richard, 165
Tissot, James, 27, 54–57
To the Memory of the Paris Commune, 1871 (Crane), 168
Toussenel, 184
Tracquers, Les, 210–211n.39
Train de marchandises (Gare Saint-Lazare) (Monet), 88
Travaux de dégagement de la Sainte-Chapelle et de reconstruction de la partie incendie du Palais de Justice (Avenet), 70
30 Mai à Paris, Le (Ortiz y Vierge), 66
Tribune française, La, 48
Tristan, Flora, 164
Trochu, Gen. Jules, 210–211n.39
Trotsky, Leon, 20
Tucker, Paul, 14, 36
Tuileries, The (Monet), 68–73, 173
Tuileries après la Commune, Les (Richomme), 214n.41
Tuileries Palace (Paris), ruins of, 23, 62–64, 68–73, 173, 195
Ueberroth, Peter, 7
Ulbach, Louis, 144
Ulrich (an Alsatian general), 105
Union des Femmes pour la Défense de Paris et les Soins aux Blessés, 4, 106, 197
Union Générale, 159
urban renewal, 59
urban space, 20, 24. See also public space
utopian capitalism, 87
utopianism: of anarchists, 181, 185
of bourgeoise, 37
of Communards, 4, 37
of Icarians, 158
of Impressionists, 45
of Post-Impressionists, 73
socialist, 158, 163
Vallès, Jules, 205
Valpinçon, Paul, 47
Van Elven, M., 65
Van t’Hoff (van’t Hoff), Jacobus Hendricus, 183
Vendôme Column (Paris), 22, 43, 62, 121, 171, 193–195
Venus de Milo, satirized, 54
Vienna Exhibition of 1873, 51
View of Pontoise: Quai au Pothuis (Pissarro), 126
Villemessant, M. de, 67
Viva la Commune! (engraving), 198
Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), 65, 135
Voyage en Icarie (Cabet), 158, 163
Wallace, Alfred R., 162
Warner, Melville, 201
Warner, Olin Levi, 9, 186–208
Watering Can (The Garden at Le Raincy) (Seurat), 149
Werckmeister, Karl, 179
Whitman, Walt, 221n.4
Wolff, Albert, 30
Woman Ironing, A (Degas), 57
women: anarchists’ championing of rights of, 165
distinguished by social class, 144
and Fourier’s social harmony, 164–165
patriarchal control of, 91–92, 116–117, 199
as proletariat workers, 57–59
role in the Commune, 4, 19, 29, 65, 91, 105, 114, 187, 197–199. See also feminist movement, French; pétroleuses (female incendiaries)
Women of Paris, The (engraving), 198
Women’s Vigilance Committee of the Eighteenth Arrondisement, 197
Wooden Bridge at Argenteuil, The (Monet), 130 working class. See proletariat
Young, John Russell, 188–189, 190, 194–195
Young Man at His Window (Caillebotte), 89–91
Zola, Émile, 15
crowd depicted as a monster by, 67
defense of Impressionists by, 43–45
depiction of Gare Saint-Lazare by, 87
impact of Commune on, 43–45, 50
“new Paris” depicted by, 98
reaction to Impressionist exhibition of 1876, 28, 57
review of Salon of 1872 by, 60, 62
and temperance movement, 112
—works: Assommoir, L,’ 112
Au Bonheur des dames, 15
Bête humaine, La, 87
Curée, La, 98
Débâcle, La, 43–45, 50
Docteur Pascal, Le, 43
Germinal, 67