Designing the Modern City: Urbanism Since 1850

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00037

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-18605

Written with an international perspective that encourages cross-cultural comparisons, leading architectural and urban historian Eric Mumford presents a comprehensive survey of urbanism and urban design since the industrial revolution. Beginning in the second half of the nineteenth century, technical, social, and economic developments set cities and the world’s population on a course of massive expansion. Mumford recounts how key figures in design responded to these changing circumstances with both practicable proposals and theoretical frameworks, ultimately creating what are now mainstream ideas about how urban environments should be designed, as well as creating the field called “urbanism.” He then traces the complex outcomes of approaches that emerged in European, American, and Asian cities.

This erudite and insightful book addresses the modernization of the traditional city, including mass transit and sanitary sewer systems, building legislation, and model tenement and regional planning approaches. It also examines the urban design concepts of groups such as CIAM (International Congresses of Modern Architecture) and Team 10, and their adherents and critics, including those of the Congress for the New Urbanism, as well as efforts toward ecological urbanism. Highlighting built as well as unbuilt projects, Mumford offers a sweeping guide to the history of designers’ efforts to shape cities.

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Author

PublisherYale University Press

Print publication date May 2018 (in print)

Print ISBN 9780300207729

EISBN 9780300250947

Illustrations 125

Print Status in print

Publisher (in print)

WorldCat

Google Books

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List of illustrations

Plan of Versailles, with gardens by André Le Nôtre
Map of London development to 1830
Typical street front and plan of a London row house, 1670–1700, as required by the 1667 Rebuilding Act
Regent's Park, London (1811) and Portland Place
Railway map of India, showing the trunk lines to Delhi and the major eastern port cities of Madras (now Chennai) and Calcutta (now Kolkata)
New Karaköy to Tophane road, Istanbul, with the Nusretiye Mosque at right
Paris, A Rainy Day
Plan of Haussmann's Paris
Tableau de Paris, section showing the different social class levels of a typical Parisian apartment house
Algiers embankment, Algeria
Map of Barcelona and Its Improvements and Enlargement
Map of the Vienna Ringstrasse development
Berlin Expansion Master Plan
Plans of Ravenna and Pistoia
Systematic plan for urban expansion
The Spanish Royal "Laws of the Indies" for town layouts
Plan for Philadelphia
Commissioner's Plan of New York City
Map of Chicago, showing sewers, paved streets, and bridges
Some of the first skyscrapers in the world (New York City)
Greensward plan for Central Park, New York
Riverside, Illinois
Wainwright Building steel frame under construction, St. Louis
Plan of the World's Columbian Exhibition, Chicago
Senate Park Commission, plan of Washington, D.C.
American City Beautiful Civic Centers
Grand Central Terminal, New York
Chicago River and North Michigan Avenue from the Loop
Same-scale diagrammatic maps of urban street systems
Cité Industrielle (industrial settlement), project for an ideal socialist city near Lyon, France
Development and Extension of Casablanca, Morocco
New Delhi, India
Canberra, new capital of Australia
London model housing for the working classes, built by private philanthropic associations
Lower East Side tenements and row houses on "The Bend," Mulberry Street, New York
Map of Pullman, Illinois
Diagram of a group of slumless smokeless cities
Letchworth Garden City
Hampstead Garden Suburb, London
Linear City project, Madrid
Margaretenhöhe, workers' garden city built by Krupp Munitions near Essen, Germany
Outlook Tower, Edinburgh, diagrammatic elevation
Valley Plan and Valley Section
Bombay Improvement Trust chawl (minimum multifamily housing), Mandvi district, Mumbai
Plan of a traditional south Indian town, with temple sites and public water tanks
Tokyo master plan
Forest Hills Gardens, Queens, New York
View of the southeast corner of Jefferson Avenue and Lawton Street, Mill Creek Valley, St. Louis
Renderings of the effects of New York Zoning Ordinance of 1916
Colorado Street Bridge
Radburn, New Jersey
Existing and proposed regional express highway routes
Amsterdam South master plan
Karl Marx Hof, Vienna
Wolkenbugel (horizontal skyscraper) project
Perspective of a Dom-ino module
Contemporary City for Three Million, contrasted with lower Manhattan
Highrise City project (Hochhausstadt): Perspective View: North-South Street
Hufeisensiedlung, Berlin-Britz
Schocken department store, Chemnitz, Germany
Siedlung Römerstadt, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany
Frankfurt kitchen plan
Eleven-story collective housing block competition proposal for Berlin, view of model
Diagrams illustrating the development of a site with parallel rows of housing of different heights, from one to ten stories, Berlin
We must kill the street!
General Plan for the Reconstruction of Moscow poster
Casa Bloc housing, Barcelona, view of model
Algiers Plan
Paimio Sanitarium, Finland
30 Rockefeller Center
Broadacre City
Williamsburg Houses, Brooklyn, New York
Theoretical diagram of urban growth as applied to Chicago
Coincidence of Factors Indicative of Poor Housing, Richmond
Federal Housing Administration (FHA) subdivision guidelines
Diagram of the Tennessee Valley Water Control System
Palace of Italian Civilization, Esposizione Universale Roma
Tempelhof Airport, Berlin
Brazilian Ministry of Education and Public Health building (MESP), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
National Interregional Highway Committee report map of proposed express highways
Seagram Building
Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (JNEM)
House in Levittown, Pennsylvania, under construction
MARS (Modern Architecture Research Group) Plan of London
Diagram of the three human establishments
The London concentric express ring road system
Neighborhood unit reorganization of a London district
Churchill Gardens, Pimlico, London
Unité d'Habitation, Marseille
Seinajoki Civic Center, Finland
Brazilian Motor City, near Rio de Janeiro
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
COPAN building, São Paulo, Brazil
Brasília, pilot plan for the new capital of Brazil
Monument to the People's Heroes, Beijing
Chandigarh, India
Quinta Palatino subdivision, Havana
Torre Velasca, Milan
Proposed pedestrianization of downtown Fort Worth, Texas
The Concise Townscape
Peabody Terrace Married Student Housing, Harvard University
Berlin Hauptstadt competition, third prize
Lijnbaan mixed-used complex, Rotterdam
Amsterdam Municipal Orphanage
Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, India
Berlin Free University
Habitat, Expo '67, Montreal
Tokyo Bay project
Nakagin Capsule Tower, Tokyo
Hillside Terrace mixed-use housing, Tokyo
L'urbanisme spatiale
Centre Pompidou, Paris
Lower Manhattan Expressway (LOMEX) proposal, Broome Street extension
Ghiradelli Square, San Francisco
Sea Ranch, California
New National Gallery, Berlin
New Town, St. Charles, Missouri
Model of the new Olympic quarter of Barcelona
PREVI complex, Lima, Peru, showing the architects selected for the various designated self-build sites
Villa El Salvador, Lima, Peru
Fashion Island/Newport Center, Irvine Ranch, California
Part of the Curitiba master plan as built
Parc de la Villette completion, Paris, winning entry
Cheong-gyecheon Restoration project, a 7-mile (11-kilometer) restored historic river in central Seoul, South Korea
Pudong business district, Lujiazui, Shanghai

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Contents

Contents

Author

PublisherYale University Press

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00037.001

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-18606

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Acknowledgments

~~Many thanks first to Katherine Boller, my editor at Yale University Press, for her enthusiastic support in seeing this book to completion, and to Michelle Komie, for commissioning it in 2012. Thanks also to the other members of the Yale University Press team for their excellent work in making this book a reality. Research for this book...

Author

PublisherYale University Press

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00037.002

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-18607

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Introduction

~The earliest evidence of cities, often defined as relatively dense and often fortified human settlements with houses and nonagricultural workplaces of some kind, dates to at least 8,500 BC. After the Mesopotamian “urban revolution” in the 3000s BC, in and around what is now Iraq, there emerged many ancient cities...

Author

PublisherYale University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.1-3

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00037.003

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-18608

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1. The Emergence of Modern Urbanism: European Cities in the Nineteenth Century

~Many of the most admired European cities today, places such as Rome, Florence, Venice, and Paris, have for centuries served as points of inspiration for later efforts to design urban environments. These urban environments, now often overrun with tourists and fraught with social conflicts, were produced in a cultural environment where strictly economic concerns were...

Author

Chapter subject tags:Row houses--EnglandIndustrialization--England--History--19th centuryRailroads--Design and construction--19th centuryPublic health--Great Britain--HistoryCity planning--France--Paris--History--19th centuryHaussmann, Georges Eugène, baron, 1809-1891City planning--England--London--History--19th centuryGrands boulevards (Paris, France)--19th centuryPublic health--France--19th centuryCity planning--Spain--Barcelona--19th centuryCity planning--Germany--Berlin--19th centuryUrbanization--Europe--History

PublisherYale University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.4-40

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00037.004

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-18609

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2. Cities in the Americas and the International Influence of the City Beautiful Movement

While London and Paris were the centers of large European world empires in the nineteenth century, other cities that were strongly influenced by them, such as Shanghai, Bombay...

Author

Chapter subject tags:City planning--Latin America--HistoryNorth America--History--Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775City planning--United States--History--18th centuryGrid plans (City planning)--HistoryRailroads--Design and construction--19th centuryTechnology--United States--History--20th centuryNational parks and reserves--United States--HistoryCity Beautiful movementCemeteries--United States--History--19th centuryVaux, Calvert, 1824-1895Olmsted, Frederick Law, 1822-1903City planning--France--Paris--HistoryUrbanization--Latin America--History

PublisherYale University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.41-78

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00037.005

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-18610

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3. From Tenement Reform to Regional Planning, 1840–1932

By the mid-nineteenth century, the poor health and social conditions in English industrial cities had become a major source of concern...

Author

Chapter subject tags:Public health--France--19th centuryPublic health--Great Britain--History--19th centuryHousing development--Great Britain--19th centuryHousing development--United States--19th centuryTenement houses--United States--19th centuryGarden City movementGeddes, Patrick, Sir, 1854-1932Unwin, Raymond, Sir, 1863-1940City planning--Japan--Tokyo--19th centuryCity planning--China--Shanghai--19th centuryOlmsted, Frederick Law, 1822-1903City Beautiful movementZoning law--United States--20th centuryUrbanization

PublisherYale University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.79-137

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00037.006

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-18611

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4. The Emergence of Avant-Garde Urbanism in the 1920s and 1930s

The ideas of Ebenezer Howard and the Garden City movement led to many complex outcomes in Europe around 1910...

Author

Chapter subject tags:CIAMLe Corbusier, 1887-1965Gropius, Walter, 1883-1969Architecture, Modern--20th centuryArchitecture--Netherlands--20th centuryCity planning--Netherlands--Amsterdam--20th centuryGiedion, S. (Sigfried), 1888-1968Housing development--Austria--Vienna--20th centuryBauhausCity planning--Russia--Moscow--20th centurySert, José Luis, 1902-1983Aalto, Alvar, 1898-1976International style (Architecture)Wright, Frank Lloyd, 1867-1959Williamsburg Houses (New York, N.Y.)United States. Federal Housing AdministrationGruppo 7 (Group of architects)City planning--Brazil--20th centuryUrbanization--Europe--HistoryUrbanization--Latin America--History

PublisherYale University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.138-201

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00037.007

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-18612

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5. Mid-Twentieth-Century Modern Urbanism

In the late 1930s, world powers divided between the Axis—initially an anti-communist alliance of Mussolini’s Fascist Italy, Hitler’s Nazi Germany, and imperial Japan...

Author

Chapter subject tags:Le Corbusier, 1887-1965CIAMInterstate Highway SystemCold War--Social aspects--United StatesSeagram Building (New York, N.Y.)Suburbs--United States--20th centurySaarinen, Eero, 1910-1961Gateway Arch (Saint Louis, Mo.)Housing development--United States--20th centuryCity planning--England--London--History--20th centuryArchitecture, Modern--20th centuryArchitecture, Latin American--20th centuryMidcentury modern (Architecture)Skidmore, Owings & MerrillUrban transportation--United States--Planning--20th centuryUrbanization--History--20th century

PublisherYale University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.202-252

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00037.008

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-18613

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6. Urban Design, Team 10, and Metabolism After 1953

~By the mid-1950s, it was clear that despite considerable central city building activity in a few cities like New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and San Francisco, North American cities in general were beginning to decentralize, even as millions in federal urban renewal funds were being spent to raze and rebuild whole neighborhoods under the...

Author

Chapter subject tags:Team 10Metabolism in architecture (Movement)Sert, José Luis, 1902-1983Architecture, Modern--20th centuryTyrwhitt, JaquelineArchitecture--Study and teaching--United States--20th centuryHarvard University. Graduate School of DesignAlison and Peter Smithson (Firm)Eyck, Aldo van, 1918-1999CIAMKahn, Louis I., 1901-1974Architecture--Japan--History--20th century

PublisherYale University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.253-287

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00037.009

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-18614

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7. Crisis of Utopia: Rejections and Revisions of Modern Planning

At about the same time as Team 10’s rejection of CIAM in 1959, other new critical directions in urbanism were emerging...

Author

Chapter subject tags:Debord, Guy, 1931-1994Architecture, Modern--20th centuryJorn, Asger, 1914-1973Friedman, Yona, 1923-2020Archigram (Group)Fuller, R. Buckminster (Richard Buckminster), 1895-1983Centre Georges PompidouRudolph, Paul, 1918-1997Lynch, Kevin, 1918-1984City planning--United States--History--20th centuryJacobs, Jane, 1916-2006Venturi, RobertMoore, Charles W., 1925-1993Architecture--Study and teaching--United States--20th centuryJackson, John B. (John Brinkerhoff), 1862-1920Scott Brown, Denise, 1931-Rossi, Aldo, 1931-1997Tafuri, ManfredoMies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 1886-1969Eisenman, Peter, 1932-Koolhaas, Rem

PublisherYale University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.288-316

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00037.010

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-18615

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8. Globalization and Urbanism from the 1950s to the Present

The world’s population continued to rise in the 1980s and 1990s, reaching 6 billion by 2000 and now estimated at 7.4 billion and still rapidly increasing...

Author

PublisherYale University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.317-332

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00037.011

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-18616

Chapter subject tags:Architecture, Modern--20th centuryArchitecture, Latin American--20th centuryUrban renewal--United States--20th centuryArchitecture--China--History--20th century

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Conclusion

~Urbanism today is a field whose parameters, goals, and methods are unclear and often contested. While many designers now share an enthusiasm for dense, walkable urban environments of exuberant diversity, many metropolitan environments being built worldwide today still tend to be auto-based and highly stratified, both economically and in other ways. At the same...

Author

PublisherYale University Press

Related print edition pages: pp.333-334

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00037.012

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-18617

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