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Description: Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South
[Index]
Author
PublisherArt Institute of Chicago
PublisherYale University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00064.029
View chapters with similar subject tags
Index
Above World, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 180, 192–96, 198, 208, 211, 212, 221, 222. See also Upper World
accelerator mass spectometry (AMS) dating, 147
Adena culture, 18, 18, 30, 31, 44, 45, 67
artifacts of, 45–49
Adena Mound, 31, 47
Akron Grid motif, 113, 115, 116
Alabama language, speakers of, 88
Algonquian languages, speakers of, 88
Amaye, 233
American Bottom region, 94, 95, 97, 102, 112, 112, 141, 160, 163
Ancient Art of the American Woodland Indians, 45, 54
Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley (Squier and Davis), 18, 29, 67, 68, 73, 74, 75, 79
animal imagery, 129
Antares, 213, 214
anthropomorphic imagery, 126, 129, 131
Apalachee language, speakers of, 88
Archaic period, 17, 66
Arikara, 237
Arkansas River, 232, 237
middle valley of, 222
artifacts and aesthetics, 49–50, 54–55
Asinais, 233–34
assimilation, federal policy of, 19, 184, 186
astronomical orientation, 68, 77, 77
Atakapan language, speakers of, 88
atlatls, 24, 24
weights, 21, 22, 22–25, 26. See also bannerstones; birdstones; boatstones
Atwater, Caleb, 76, 79
axe head, 25, 25
axes, 26, 26, 202, 203
bannerstones, 22–23, 24, 24, 25, 25, 264, 270
baton, 164
Battle of Fallen Timbers, 89
Battle of Horseshoe Bend, 89
Battle of the Thames, 89, 254
Battle of Tippecanoe, 89
Baum site, 68, 68, 76
BBB Motor site, 100
Bellin, Jacques Nicolas, map by, 94
bellows-shaped apron, 176, 179, 200, 236–37
Beneath World, 127, 128, 130, 131, 158, 160, 177, 180, 192–96, 198, 208–10, 213–15. See also Underwater World (Underworld)
Big Moon Peyote religion, 143, 144
bilobed-arrow motif, 33, 33–34, 106, 109, 118, 119, 140, 142, 148, 149, 174, 175, 195, 200
Biloxi, 88
Binford, Lewis, 43
Birdman, 104, 106, 106, 107, 113, 114, 114–15, 117, 118–19, 120, 121, 127, 140, 142–43, 143, 148, 156, 158, 160, 203, 227, 228
and Morning Star cycle, 228. See also Morning Star; Red Horn
bird motifs, 56, 107, 130, 143, 143, 144, 146
crested, 208, 209, 209, 210
falconine imagery, 114–15, 118, 147, 160
raptors, 196, 198, 213
and the Winds, 209
birdstones, 6, 21, 267
Birger figurine, 100, 134, 134, 135
Black Warrior pictograph, 146, 146
Black Warrior River, 167
blades, 25, 25, 26, 34, 61
Blanton, Richard, 163
Boas, Franz, 48
boatstones, 62, 64
Bodmer, Karl, 94
Prehistoric Indian Mounds Opposite St. Louis, 94
Trappists Hill Opposite St. Louis, 94
bow, 201
and arrow, 146
Braden style, 106, 107, 108, 109, 109, 112–15, 113, 114–15, 116–17, 117, 119, 120, 126, 131, 147, 148, 160, 163, 172, 177, 195, 201, 215, 242
Brain, Jeffrey, 163
Breathmaker, 209
British Museum, 52
Brown, James A., 68, 69, 129, 160, 163, 170, 176, 228, 236
Bureau of American Ethnology, 105, 156, 232
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 154, 186
Buzzard Cult, 208
Caddo, 57, 88, 90, 222, 228
art, 247–51
ceramics, 231–45, 230, 232, 235–43, 246, 248, 249, 250, 250
ceremonial dances, 247
history, 232, 236
myths, 33
and removal to Indian Territory, 232, 251
and repatriation, 49, 250, 251
settlements, 233–34
social structure of, 234
and Temple Mound tradition, 236
and understanding of tribal past, 251
Caddoan language, speakers of, 88, 101, 237
Caddo Culture Club, 231, 245
Cadi Ayo, 234
Cahokia, 18, 19, 92, 93–103, 96, 112, 112, 131, 133, 160, 167, 198, 237
abandonment of, and diaspora, 98, 102–03
and Birdman theme, 107, 112–17, 142–43
and Braden style, 107–09, 112–15
ceramic production at, 98, 115–16
compared to Oneota culture, 98
connections to Etowah, Moundville, and Spiro, 119–21
craft specialization at, 117
depopulation at, 96, 102
description of site, 96–97, 112
Grand Plaza of, 97, 101
grave goods at, 97
human sacrifice at, 97, 98
and Indian tribes, as modern descendants, 100–02
modern encroachment at, 100
Monks Mound at, 19, 92, 94, 100, 101, 112
Mound 34, 98, 112, 115
Mound 72, 97, 97, 99, 101
and nearby sites, 100
palisade at, 97
phases of development of, 97–98
and pole ceremonialism, 98–100
and rock art, 140, 142–43, 142, 143, 147, 148, 149
and the Vacant Quarter, 102
woodhenges at, 97, 98–99, 99
woodhenges and cosmic axis, 99
woodhenges, as cosmogram, 99, 100
Cahokia (Indians), 93, 94, 94, 101
Campbell site, 227, 228
camp circles, as cosmograms, 100
Carden Bottoms, 222, 250
Carter, Mary Cecile Elkins, 250
Casañas, Francisco, 234
Castillo, Diego, 233
Catawba, 87, 88, 91
Catlin, George, Ball Play of the Choctaw-Ball Up, 184
Blackfoot Medicine Man, Performing His Mysteries over a Dying Man, 27, 28
caves, 140
celts, 26, 26
ceramic (artifacts), 48, 58–59, 64, 118, 130, 135, 138, 141, 142, 144, 155, 170, 171–72, 171, 172, 204, 206, 210, 212, 214–16, 219–20, 224–28, 230, 231–45, 232, 235–43, 248–50, 263, 266, 268
Alligator Bayou Stamped, 64
Avenue Polychrome, 220, 221, 222
Avery Engraved, 241, 243, 250
Bell Plain, 204, 223
Blakeley Engraved, 238, 240
Carson Red on Buff, 218, 220, 225, 226, 227, 228
“cat monster,” 215
“dog pots,” 222, 222
Dunkin Incised, 235, 236, 241
Haley Complicated Incised, 236, 237
headpots, 218, 222, 225–28
Hemphill, 171, 179, 180, 214
Hodges Engraved, 210, 232, 238–39, 240, 241, 242, 246
Holly Fine Engraved, 235, 237, 240, 241
Hopewell ware, 64
Hudson Engraved, 249
Keno Trailed, 230, 241, 243, 250
Kiam Incised, 237
Larto Red, 220
Means Engraved, 240
Nodena Red and White, 204, 215, 216, 220, 221, 223, 224, 244
Pecan Point, 222, 224, 225, 225, 226, 227, 228
Quapaw, 220
redware, 240
Spiro Engraved, 237, 240
Taylor Engraved, 243
ceremonial objects, 25, 26, 33, 34, 47, 56, 61, 145, 167, 169, 219–20, 219
charter myths, 203, 205
Cherokee, 33, 87, 88, 89, 90, 189
Chickasaw, 33, 57, 88, 89, 90, 101, 189
chiefdom capitals, 18, 86, 153, 154, 156, 163, 167, 169, 191, 193, 196, 219
and paramount chiefdoms, 18, 232
Chippewa, 255
Chitimacha, 88, 91
Chiwere Siouan language, speakers of, 88
Chiwere Sioux, 101
Chiwere-Winnebago, 101, 102, 103
Choctaw, 33, 88, 89, 90, 91, 99, 101, 184, 189
Chucalissa site, 130, 221
chunkey game, 112
stones, 106, 106, 109, 109, 110–11, 112
Chunkey Player pipe, 109, 133
Citico site, 119
Cloud Woman, 134, 135
Clovis points, 17
Collot, Georges-Henri-Victor, map from survey by, 95
columella, 104, 106, 194, 194, 195
concentric circle motifs, 116, 119, 142, 146, 147, 241
Connolly, Robert, 80
Conquering Warrior pipe, 133
Coosa, 86, 156
Coosa River, 86, 156
Coosawattee River, 156
copper (artifacts), 33, 33, 47, 113, 114–15, 116–17, 119, 120, 141, 148, 150, 156, 157, 160, 175, 176–77, 194, 195, 197, 199, 215, 265
Copperas Mountain, 66
Copper Dominated Horizon, 240, 245n
Corn Maiden, 134
Corn Mother (Earth Mother), 30, 124, 125, 133, 134, 143
cosmogony, 126
cosmogram, 68, 209
cosmology, Native American, 65, 126, 127–28, 127, 129, 130, 208, 209, 211
cosmos, Native American, 21–22, 80, 139, 140, 149, 158, 196, 207, 211, 220. See also Above World; Beneath World; Middle World
Crable site, 98
Crab Orchard people, 54
Craig Mound, 14, 32, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 117, 128, 129, 129, 130, 188, 197, 197, 201, 215, 237, 237, 240. See also Spiro
Craig style, 21, 32, 104, 106, 107, 107, 108, 109, 119, 120–21, 126, 128, 129, 129, 130, 188, 201, 236–37, 242
Creek Confederacy, 156
cross-in-circle motif, 21, 128, 128, 129, 129, 130, 143, 143, 144, 148, 149, 158, 159
Crothers, George, 148
Crouching Man pipe, 114, 133, 133
Crow, 212
Cumberland River valley, 174
cups (whelk shell), 21, 32, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 113, 116, 117, 117, 121, 128, 129, 130, 188, 198, 198, 200, 201, 201, 215, 237
Cutifachiqui (Cofitachequi), 86
Cygnus, 213, 213
Dalton, George, 54
Dalton points, 17
Dancing Warrior, 140, 145, 145
Davis, Edwin H. See Squier, Ephraim G.
Davis, George C., site, 225, 235
Davis Rectangle, 225, 225, 228, 242, 244
De Bry, Theodor, 99, 182, 187, 188, 192, 192, 193, 198, 202
decapitation, 201, 201, 202, 203, 223
De Laudonnière, René, 187, 192
Delaware, 253, 254
Deneb, 212, 213, 213
De Soto, Hernando, expedition of, 18, 84, 85, 86, 93, 155, 156, 219, 233
Dhegiha Siouan language, speakers of, 88, 102
Dhegiha Sioux, 102, 103, 144, 149
Diaz-Granados, Carol, 113
diseases, effect of epidemic, 87, 96
dismemberment, 202, 202, 203
distribution of gorgets at Mound C, Etowah, 160
distribution of large Woodland mounds in the Scioto River valley, 67
Dorsey, George A., 134
Douay, Anastasius, 233, 234
Duck River, 66, 199
Du Ru, Paul, 177
Dye, David H., 160
earrings, 132, 132
earspools, 58, 62, 194, 200, 244, 270
Earth and Fertility Cycle, 126
Earth Mother. See Corn Mother
East Works, 79
Edwin Harness Mound, 77
effigy bead, 17
effigy figures: animal, 17, 21, 28, 28, 50, 265, 267
human, 4, 28, 33, 48, 58–59, 62, 138, 141, 142, 154, 155, 186, 263
effigy mounds, 27, 29, 30, 98
effigy pipes: animal, 29, 30, 43, 49, 50–55, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 63, 64, 65, 66, 131, 135, 135, 177, 177, 198, 261
human, 31, 46, 49, 109, 124, 132, 133, 134, 136, 194, 195, 198, 199
effigy vessels: animal, 240, 241
deer, 222, 223
fish, 223
frog, 223
human figure, 135, 138, 141, 144, 222
human head, 218, 222, 223, 224, 225–27, 225–28, 228
possum, 223, 223
rabbit, 268
Underwater Panther, 118, 206, 216, 222
Emerald Mound group, 95
Emergent Mississippian period, 97
Emerson, Thomas, 100, 103, 132, 134
Espinosa, Isidro Felix de, 234, 235, 240, 244
Etowah, 18, 36, 105, 107, 120, 129, 151–65, 152, 153
burials at, 106, 153–56, 158, 160, 160, 163, 165
as chiefdom capital, 153, 154, 163
collapse of, 153, 155, 165
construction of, 153–54
copper plates from, 150, 156, 157, 195
description of, 152–53
excavations at, 151–52
as mortuary facility, 153, 154, 155, 163
Mound A, 152, 153, 154
Mound B, 152, 153, 154
Mound C, 105, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155–56, 156, 158, 160, 163, 211
Mounds D, E, and F, 152
palisade at, 152, 154, 158
periods of abandonment, 153, 154, 155, 163
sculpture from, 154, 155. See also Rogan plates
Etowah, phases of occupation, 153
Brewster, 155, 156
Early Wilbanks, 153, 156, 158, 163
Late Etowah, 153
Late Wilbanks, 154, 156, 158
Etowah River, 156
exchange networks, 165
eye-markings, 142, 146, 146, 147, 148. See also eye-surrounds
eye-surrounds, 129, 129, 130, 195, 219, 222, 225
forked, 106, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 129, 129, 130, 147, 170, 191, 197, 198, 200, 201, 206, 222
grappling hook, 218, 219, 225, 225, 227, 228, 228
three-pronged, 129, 129, 130, 130, 177, 179, 203, 215, 222, 223, 224
farming, 18, 59, 97, 100, 102, 106, 169, 219, 234
flint clay figurines, 100, 109, 113–14, 119, 131, 132, 132, 133, 133, 134, 135, 136, 136, 177, 198, 194, 199
Fort Ancient, 68, 71, 76, 80
Fortune Mound, 227
Four Winds motif, 225, 226, 227
Fowler, Melvin L., 97
Fox, 88, 90
frogs, symbolism of, 22
G E Mound, 67
Georgia Historical Commission, 156
Giant, 146, 147, 147
Glendon limestone, 177, 178
gorget (copper), 265
gorgets (shell), 33, 106, 113, 127, 131, 156, 159, 178–79, 190, 194, 194, 200, 202, 208–09, 208, 209, 211
annular, 160, 163
anthropomorphic, 160, 163
Brakebill style, 162
Cartersville style, 113
Citico style, 162
Cox Mound style, 208, 209–10, 211
cruciform, 160, 163
Fairfield style, 20
Hightower style, 121, 158, 194, 194
Hixon style, 209, 209, 210–11, 211, 214
piasa, 178–79, 179
rattlesnake, 162, 165
Spaghetti style, 162, 165
triskele, 159, 160, 163
turkey-cocks theme, 158, 158, 160, 163, 209, 211, 211
water spider, 217
Williams Island style, 165
gorgets (stone), 9
Grave Creek Mound, 18
grave goods, 33, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160, 163, 165, 170, 174
Great Hopewell Road, 79
Great Serpent, 118–19, 177, 180, 192, 206, 213, 214, 215, 216, 221. See also Underwater Panther
Great Sun, 84–85
Greber, N’omi, 80
Greenman, Emerson, 78
Griffin, James, 224, 225
Grizzly Man, 114, 133, 134
guilloche motif, 209, 211, 241
Gulf Coast, 171
hair bun, 147, 148, 194, 195, 195
Hall, Robert, 134, 137
Hampton Institute, 184
hand-and-eye motif, 130, 171, 174, 175, 176, 212, 212, 220
Hand (constellation), 33, 212, 213
hand motif, 33, 60, 140, 173, 180, 204, 220
Hariot, Thomas, 33
Hatchel-Mitchell-Moore site, 233, 234
Havana people, 52
Heizer, Michael, Effigy Tumuli: Water Strider, Frog, and Catfish, 7
Helms, Mary, 160
Hemphill style, 107, 108, 109, 120, 126, 170, 171, 172, 179, 180
He-Who-Is-Hit-with-Deer-Lungs, 33, 34, 132
He-Who-Wears-Human-Heads-in-His-Ears, 132–33, 132, 133, 148
Hidalgo, Francisco, 235
Hidatsa, 212
High Bank Works, 66, 67, 76, 79, 79
Hightower style, 107, 108, 109, 120, 194. See also Hixon style
Hitchiti language, speakers of, 88
Hively, Ray, 75, 76, 77
Hixon style, 209, 209, 211, 211, 214. See also Hightower style
Ho-Chunk (Winnebago), 91, 101
Holder, Preston, 194
Holmes, William Henry, 224, 225, 228
Hopeton Works, 79
Hopewell: art, 62–65
basins, 69, 69, 71
ceramics, 64, 65
ceremonialism, 70–71
cosmology, 65
culture, 18, 58–71
earthworks, 18, 72, 73–81, 73–75
earthworks as cosmogram, 68
figurines, 58–59
gift giving, 62–65
hairstyles and prestige, 58–59, 61
landscapes as sacred places, 65–70, 71
mound construction, 69–70, 70
shamanism, 61, 62
shrine buildings, 68, 69, 71
Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, 51
Hopewell Interaction Sphere, 58, 126
Hopewell site: Mound 17, 49
Mound 25, 46, 47, 49, 56, 60, 61, 70, 70
Horn, Robert, 75, 76, 77
Houma, 91
Howard, James H., 209
Illini, 88, 89
Illinois River, 52
valley, 59, 66
Indian Removal Act of 1830, 89–90, 254
Indian slave trade, 88
Indian Territory (Oklahoma), 19, 90, 188, 232, 251, 253–54
Indigenous Aesthetics: Native Art, Media, and Identity (Leuthold), 49
Inman, Henry, Portrait of Tenskwatawa, the Prophet, 255
Inyan, 139
loway, 88, 90
Iroquoian languages, speakers of, 88
Iroquois, 187
Itaba, 156
Jackson, Andrew, 19
Jefferson, Thomas, 89
Jennings, Francis, 54
Jolliet, Louis, 96
Jones, Ruthe Blalock: Shawnees at the Ceremonial Ground, 258
Shell Shaker, 256
Oklahoma Stomp Dance, 259
Joutel, Henri, 234
Kansa, 88, 90, 102, 118, 139
Kaskaskia, 94, 101
Kealedji square ground, 209
Keller figurine, 100, 133, 134
Kelly, John E., 97, 160
Kichai, 237
Kickapoo, 88, 89, 90
Koasati language, speakers of, 88
Kokomthena, 258, 259
Kneeling Rattler. See Grizzly Man
Kwakiutl, 48
La Flesche, Francis, 83, 84
Lakota, 212
landscape, 139, 140
as wilderness, 15, 16
as record, 34–35
as sacred place, 17, 65–70, 71
Lankford, George E., 130, 158, 160, 172
Lapham, I. A., 29
Larson, Lewis H., Jr., 152, 155, 156, 158, 163
La Salle, Sieur de, René-Robert Cavelier, 84, 84, 233
Leach, Edmund, 49
Le Moyne de Morgues, Jacques, 99, 99, 187, 192, 193, 198, 202
Leon, Francisco de, 234
Le Page du Pratz, Antoine S., 93
Leuthold, Steven, 49–50
Liberty Township Earthworks, 76, 79
Little Egypt, 156
Little Miami River valley, 68
locatives, 129, 130, 213. See also symbolic motifs
Long-Nosed God maskette ear ornaments, 132, 132, 147, 148
Long-Nosed God maskettes, 147, 148, 148
Lower World, 140, 147, 149. See also Beneath World
Lubbub site, 176
lunar deity, 133
mace, 26, 140, 142, 144–45, 145, 146, 147, 148, 196
Maddin Creek, 143, 148, 149
maize, 18, 102, 106; 124, 134, 234
Mandan, 212
Mann Mound, 70
Mann site, 58, 63
map of the American Bottom (Brown and Kelly), 112
map of the Caddo area of Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas, 231
map of the central Cahokia area showing the principal mounds (Brown and Kelly), 112
map of the central Mississippi River valley, 230
map of the development of chiefdom capitals in the Etowah River valley, 153
map of the earthworks at the Baum site (Squier and Davis), 68
map of earthworks at Crawfordsville (Lapham), 29
map of the earthworks at Mound City (Squier and Davis), 29
map of the eastern half of North America showing the path of La Salle, 84
map of the greater southeastern United States showing Indian lands and communities (Taylor), 89
map of the High Bank Works (Squier and Davis), 67
map of Hopewell earthworks near Frankfort, Ohio (Squier and Davis), 18
map of the Illinois region (Bellin), 94
map of the Indian Tribal regions of the lower Mississippi and adjacent Gulf Coast (Swanton), 87
map of the Midwest and South, 13
map of the Mississippi River near Cahokia (Collot), 95
map of the Newark Earthworks (Salisbury), 75
map of the Newark Earthworks (Squier and Davis), 75
map of the Newark Earthworks (Wyrick and Unzicker), 75
map of the Scioto River valley at Chillicothe (Squier and Davis), 79
map of the Seip Earthworks (Squier and Davis), 68
map of the Southeast showing the path of De Soto (Hudson), 85
map of the Trails of Tears, 189
map of Upper Nasoni, a principal Caddo town, 233
Marquette, Jacques, 96
Martín, Fernando, 233
Marshall, James, 76
mask motif, 1, 14, 27, 28, 224
masks: engraved shell, 161, 165
wolf skull, 27
wooden, 1, 14
Massanet, Damien, 234, 235
Maurer, Evan, 46
Maya art, 132
Mehrer, Mark, 100
Mesquakie (Fox), 91
Messinger, John, 95
Miami, 88, 89, 90, 91
mica (artifacts), 2–3, 45, 46, 47, 56, 60
Miccosukee, 90
Middle World, 80, 127–28, 130, 140, 147, 149, 158, 193, 195, 208, 211, 215. See also This World
Midé Society, 214
Milky Way, 33, 127, 130, 140, 188, 211–12, 213, 213, 214
Mills, William C., 46–47, 50
Mingo, 253, 254
Mississippian Art and Ceremonial Complex, 125–26, 129, 132, 136–37
cosmic model, 127
styles, 126
symbolic language, 125, 129–30, 136–37
temporal periods, 126
themes, 126
Mississippian peoples: of the precontact era, 85–86
of the postcontact era, 87–88
of today, 90–91
Mississippian period, 18, 57, 95, 96
centers, 86, 151–52, 167, 194
fortified towns, 95, 193, 196
iconography, 125, 141, 193
objects as metaphors, 186
Mississippi River, 140, 141
central valley, 102, 219–29, 220, 222
Missouri, 88, 90
Missouri River, 140, 141
Mitchell Mounds, 95
Mitchigamea, 101
Moore, Clarence B., 178
Moorehead, Warren K., 119, 156, 158
Morfí, Juan Augustin de, 234
Morning Star, 104, 114, 114, 118–19, 125, 132, 132, 133, 135, 143, 144, 147, 148, 156, 158, 192, 195
cycle, 126, 132, 136. See also Birdman; Red Horn
Moscoso, Luis de, 233
Moundbuilders, myth of, 16, 65, 85–86
Mound City, Missouri, 95, 141
Mound City, Ohio, 29, 51, 51, 52, 52, 53, 54, 67, 68, 69, 69, 79
mounds, 95, 152, 153, 167–68
Moundville, 18, 107, 120, 129, 167–81, 168, 169, 213, 214, 215, 217, 220
burials at, 106, 168, 169, 178, 179, 180
cemeteries, 169, 170, 174
as chiefdom capital, 167, 169
connection to the Beneath World, 217
connections with other sites, 176, 177, 180
decline of, 169–70
description of, 167–68
effigy bowls from, 177–78, 178
effigy pipes from, 177, 177
elite associations, 170, 172, 174, 176, 179, 180
hair ornaments from, 106, 175, 176
as major regional center, 169
Mound A, 168
Mound B, 168
Mound Q, 176
Mounds, 167, 168, 169
and Muskhogean speakers, 213
as a necropolis, 169, 180
palettes, 166, 174–75, 174
palisade at, 167–68, 169
pendants, of copper, 175, 176, 215
pendants, of stone, 175–76, 175
plaza at, 169
pottery from, engraved, 170, 170, 171, 171, 213, 214, 215
pottery from, painted, 172, 174
ritual artifacts from, 166, 170, 174–75, 179, 180
ritual regalia from, 170, 175–76, 175
shell cups, 178
shell gorgets, 178–79, 179
social status at, 179
as a sociogram, 168, 169
Moundville art, thematic motifs of: bilobed arrow, 174, 175, 176
concentric circles, 171, 176, 214
cross-in-circle, 171, 214
dimple, 171
hand-and-eye, 171, 174, 175, 176
moth, 174, 175
ogee, 175
radial T-bar, 171
rayed circle, 175, 176
swastika, 171, 175, 176, 180, 214, 215
three fingers, 171
Moundville art, themes of: center symbols, 170, 171, 214
crested bird, 170, 171, 172, 215
raptor, 170, 171, 213
trophy, 170, 171–72, 171
winged serpent, 170, 171, 172, 180, 213, 214
Moundville Engraved pottery, 171
Mount Logan, 67
Muller, Jon, 141
Muscogee (Creek) Nation, 37–41, 183, 184
ceremonial grounds, 37, 40, 185
and Christianity, 38, 185
Feather Dance, 39
Green Corn–New Fire ceremony, 38, 185
Hickory Ground, 37, 38, 40
history, 187
language instruction, 37
removal to Indian Territory, 188
Ribbon Dance, 38
sacred fire, 209
Museum of the Red River, 231, 232
Muskhogean language, 194
speakers of, 88, 101, 106, 213
Muskogee/Creek, 33, 57, 88, 89, 90, 101, 189
square ground, 209, 209
Naguatex, 233
Natchez, 19, 22, 33, 84–86, 88, 90, 93, 96
destruction of, 85
Grand Village, 84
social organization of, 84–85
Native American beliefs, 127, 193
animals in, 26, 28, 127
Native American Church. See Big Moon Peyote religion
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA), 55, 249
Native American history, and the settlement of North America, 83–91
Native American mythic cycles, 126
Native American traditional communities, 20, 90–91, 137
Newark Earthworks, 67, 72, 73–81, 73–75
and archaeoastronomy, 74, 77, 77
burials at, 77
Eagle Mound, 78, 80
Ellipse, 73, 75, 76, 77
and geometry, 75–76
Great Circle, 73, 74, 75, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80
Observatory Circle, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 77, 79
Octagon, 72, 74, 74, 75, 76, 77, 77, 79, 80
Salisbury Square, 78
and stages of development, 80–81
Square, 75, 75, 76, 77, 80
and water, 76–77
New Fire ceremony, 119
Nieberding, Velma, 255
Ocmulgee, 18
Ocmulgee National Monument, 189
Ofo, 88
ogee motif, 129, 129, 130, 134, 135, 140, 148, 149, 159, 160, 175, 212
Ohio Historical Society, 46–47, 50, 74
Ohio River valley, 59, 59, 67, 71, 85, 102, 174
Old Stone Fort, 66
Old Woman deity, 144. See also Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies
Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies, 134, 134, 135, 135, 143, 144
Omaha, 88, 90, 100, 102, 118
Oneota culture, 98, 101, 102
Oostanaula River, 155
Orion, 33, 212
Orpheus myth, 212
Osage, 57, 88, 90, 100, 102, 118, 139, 143, 146, 147, 198, 203
headdress, 146, 146
sacred songs of, 83, 91
Otherworld, 127, 130, 131, 134, 193, 198, 200, 220
Otoe, 88, 90
Our Grandmother, 125, 134, 134, 135, 138, 139
Outina, Holata, 192, 193, 202
Overworld, 127, 128, 158, 208. See also Above World
Pacaha, 228
Paint Creek, 59, 66, 76
palettes, 159, 166, 173, 174–75, 174
palisades, 95
at Etowah, 152, 154, 158
at Moundville, 167–68, 169
Path of Souls, 126, 128, 130, 134, 172, 180, 192, 198, 203, 211–12, 213, 220
Pawnee, 88, 90, 101, 213, 214, 227, 237
ceremonial earth lodge, 134
Paz, Octavio, 34
Peabody Foundation, R. S., 156
pendants, 175–76, 175, 267
Penicault, Andre, 235
Penne-Murat site, Gasconade County, 143
Penney, David, 59
Peoria, 88, 89, 90, 101
Perrault Collection, 131, 131
petaloid motif, 129–30, 129, 195
petroglyphs, 140, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 148–49, 149
Phillips, Philip, 112, 129, 163, 176, 236
piasa, 22, 118, 128, 128, 131, 134, 177, 177, 178–79, 179, 180, 196, 221–22, 223. See also Underwater Panther
pictographs, 140, 141, 143, 145, 145, 146, 147, 148–49, 148
Picture Cave, 143, 146, 146, 147, 147, 148, 148
Pinson Mounds, 18, 18
pipes, 261, 269
Bellaire style, 177, 177, 179
blocked-end tube, 64,
Perrault Collection, 131, 131. See also effigy pipes
plan of Moundville, 169
plan of the Ocevpofv Green Corn ground (Swanton), 40
plan of the Ocevpofv square ground in eastern Oklahoma (Swanton), 40
plan of Pinson Mounds in Tennessee (Myer/Norton), 18
plan of various excavations at Mound C, Etowah, 156
plummet stones, 262
Pollock Works, 80
Pomeiock town, 192, 192
Ponca, 88, 90, 102, 118, 139
Potowatomi, 255
Poverty Point, 17, 17
Pre-Columbian Shell Engravings from the Craig Mound at Spiro, Oklahoma (Phillips and Brown), 32, 107, 117, 128, 129, 129, 130, 147, 201
projectile points, 26, 97
Quapaw, 88, 90, 102, 118, 139
Quetzalcóatl, 213, 214
raccoon motif, 237
Ramey Incised pottery, 98, 98, 116
Raptor, 192
raptortalon effigies, 194, 199
imagery of, 107. See also bird motifs
Rattlesnake Bluff, 145, 145
Rattlesnake Disk, 166, 175
Redcorn, Charles, 232
Redcorn, Jereldine, 231, 232, 232
Red Horn, 33, 33, 34, 104, 114, 125, 132, 132, 148. See also Morning Star
Reilly, F. Kent, III, 158, 160
rendering of Cahokia (Patricia), 96
rendering of Etowah (Patricia), 152
rendering of Moundville (Patricia), 169
rendering of Newark Earthworks (Patricia), 74
rendering of Poverty Point, 17
Resting Warrior, 132, 132, 133
Riordan, Robert, 80
Ritchie, William, 43
Riverton culture, 44
Roanoke Island, 192
rock art, 113, 139–49. See also petroglyphs, pictographs
rock shelters, 140
Rocky Hollow site, 143
Rogan, John P., 105, 118, 156, 158
Rogan plates, 34, 105, 106, 107, 118, 150, 156, 157, 160, 195, 196
Romain, William, 75, 76
Sabloff, Jeremy, 43
sacred fire, 192
Sacred Warrior, 191, 192
Salisbury, Charles and James, 74, 75, 76, 77
San Miguel de Guadalupe, 87
Saturiba, 193
Saucy Calf, 83, 83, 91
Sauk, 88, 89
scalp lock, 195, 202, 203, 220, 221
pouch, 195, 202
Scioto River, 18, 51, 59, 66, 67
Scorpius, 213, 214, 214
scroll motif, 47, 119, 220, 221, 221, 224, 241, 244
SECC. See Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
Secota town, 182
seed jars, 241, 241
Seeman, Mark, 51
Seip Earthworks, 68, 68, 76
Seip-Overly site, 66
Seip-Pricer Mound, 66, 70
Seminole, 89–90, 189, 213
Seneca, 254
Serpent Mound, 27, 30
serpents: amphisbaena, 113, 177
and the Beneath World, 196, 213, 221
horned, 130
imagery and motifs of, 47, 107, 108, 109, 128, 130, 130, 135, 178, 180, 213, 214, 220, 248
plumed, 22, 173
rattlesnakes, 33, 128, 128, 162, 165, 166
serpent-bird imagery, 131, 177, 178, 178, 179, 221
serpent-raccoon imagery, 32
winged, 22, 128, 128
serpentlike figures, 134, 134
severed head motif, 113, 117, 118, 127
shamanism, 27, 28, 30, 61, 78, 78
Shawnee, 88, 89, 90
Absentee Shawnee, 254, 255, 256
Bread Dance, 253–59
Buffalo Dance, 255
Eastern Shawnee, 254
Green Corn Dance, 255
Loyal (Cherokee) Shawnee, 254, 255
myths, 33
Pumpkin Dance, 259
and removal to Indian Territory, 253–54
resettlements of, 253
Stomp Dance, 257, 259
treaties with the British and others, 253–54, 254, 255
White Oak Shawnee, 254, 255–59
shell (artifacts), 20, 21, 32, 97, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 113, 113, 116, 117, 117, 126, 127, 128, 128, 129, 129, 130, 130, 132, 141, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 169, 178, 179, 179, 188, 190, 194, 200, 201, 201, 208, 209, 211, 215, 217, 236, 237. See also cups; gorgets; masks
Shetrone, Henry C., 50
Sibley, John, 234
Siouan languages, speakers of, 88, 101
Sioux, 145
deities, 143
Sky World, 158, 160. See also Above World
Smith, Marvin T., 156
Smucker, Isaac, 78
social organization: dance and medicine societies, 136, 163, 165, 179
kin groups, 163, 165, 169, 234
moieties, 22
sodalities, 163, 165
social status, 163, 165, 169
artifacts and, 160, 163, 165, 169, 179–80
Southeastern Artistic Complex, 208
Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC), 98, 105–07, 125, 126, 151, 180, 194, 208
as cosmic art, 208
and mortuary goods, 117, 153, 154, 156, 160, 163, 165
regional variations of, 107, 109, 120–21, 194, 222, 223
as ritual objects, 117, 158, 160, 194, 217, 225
styles of, 107, 109, 120–21, 194
symbolic motifs of, 140, 141, 142, 145, 147, 148, 158, 160, 212–13, 217
thematic content of, 113, 194, 222
Southern Cult, 208
spider motif, 147, 217
Spiro, 18, 28, 34, 107, 109, 112, 113, 119, 120, 121, 132, 134, 197, 201, 228, 237, 240, 242
Great Mortuary at, 134, 237, 245n
Sponemann site, 100
figurine, 100
spud stones, 164
Squier, Ephraim G., and Edwin H. Davis, 18, 29, 52, 67, 68, 73, 75, 76, 79, 80
St. Claire Polished Plain, 148
Stanley, John Mix, International Indian Council (Held at Tahlequah, Indian Territory, 1843), 82, 90
star motif, 244, 244
stone (artifacts), 4, 6, 9, 17, 21, 22–26, 29, 30, 31, 34, 42, 44–45, 49–55, 61–66, 78, 97, 110–11, 131, 141, 145, 154, 155, 156, 159, 164, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 186, 195, 196, 198, 199–200, 202–03, 244, 261–62, 264, 267, 269–70
striped-center-pole motif, 129, 129, 131
Stubbs Earthworks, 68, 69
Sullivan, Charles, The Miamisburg Mound, 66
Sun-fire, symbolism of, 210, 211, 214, 215
Sunkle, Marie, 78–79
Sun, personification of, 22, 143, 147, 192, 193, 209
supernatural beings, 128, 131, 132, 140, 142, 195, 196, 198, 200
suppression of Native American culture, 19, 183, 184
Swanton, John R., 209, 232
swastika motif, 180, 214–15, 215, 216, 217, 220
swastika-in-circle motif, 129, 129, 130
symbolic motifs, 129, 129, 139, 140, 141, 142, 158, 160, 195, 220
tablets, engraved, 44–45, 44–45
Taensa village, 177
Talomeco (Talimeco), 86
Tamaroa, 94, 101
tattooing, 85, 140, 142, 142, 147, 147, 218, 225, 225–26, 227, 228, 228, 229
Tecumseh, 89, 252, 254
Temple Mound complex, 236
Temple Mound period. See Mississippian period
Tennessee River, 18, 176, 194
valley, 59, 158, 85, 102, 171, 174, 222
Tenskwatawa, 254, 255
Terán de los Rios, Domingo, 233, 234
This World, 158, 160, 208. See also Middle World
Thomas, Cyrus, 65, 105, 106, 156, 195
Three Hills Creek site, 143, 143
Thunderbird, 210
Thunderers, 33, 127, 130, 192, 195, 196
Thunders, 210, 214
Timucua, 88, 99, 187, 192
tobacco, 46
and smoking, 30, 46–47, 68
Tombigbee River, 176, 177
trade, 18, 19, 45, 48
trade goods, 88
Trails of Tears, 19, 89, 184, 188, 189
treaty between Shawnee, Delaware, and Mingo Indians, and Great Britain, 254
treaty between the United States and Shawnee, Potawatomi, Wyandot, Chippewa, and other Indians, 255
Tremper Mound, 50–51, 52, 52, 54
site, 77
trilobed motif, 129, 129, 131, 131, 177, 178, 179
triskele motif, 159, 160
Trubitt, Mary Beth, 117
Tunica, 88, 91, 237
Turner Earthworks, 69
Turner site, 47, 48, 60
Twins myth cycle, 30, 195
Underwater Panther, 128, 128, 131, 207, 215, 216, 221, 222, 222. See also piasa
Underwater World (Underworld), 80, 158, 208, 220, 221, 222, 223. See also Beneath World
Underworld, 128. See Underwater World; Beneath World
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, 95
Unzicker, Joseph S., 75
Upper Nasoni, 233, 234
Upper World, 80, 140, 147, 149. See also Above World
vanishing-point perspective, 131
Vega, Garcilaso de la, 33, 233
Visions of the People, 46
Voegelin, C. F., 134
vulvar motifs, 142, 143, 144, 144, 149
Wa-Kon-da, 139, 147
Walls Focus ceramics, 129, 172, 215, 219–20
war bundles, 144
warfare, 169, 191–205
artifacts related to, 160, 194, 196, 196, 199, 202, 203
and authority, 200, 203
iconography, 160, 193, 198, 202–03, 204
regalia, 192, 193, 194, 195, 199, 200, 202, 203
and rites of passage, 197
rituals of preparation, 191, 192, 193, 196, 197
and social status, 193, 196, 199, 202, 203
trophies, 198, 202–03, 202
Waring, Antonio J., Jr., 119, 194
war medicines, 198
War of 1812, 89, 254, 255
Washington State Park, 145
Watson Brake, 17
Watson, Patty Jo, 148
Wea, 88
Webb, William, 43, 44, 46
Westbrook figurine, 124, 133, 135
West figurine, 100
White, John, 182, 188, 192
Whittlesey, Colonel Charles, 151
Wichita, 88, 90, 237
Willey, Gordon, 42
Williams Island, 165
Williams, Stephen, 102
Willoughby Disk, 174, 175
Willoughby figurine, 100
Wilson, J. N., 77–78
Winnebago, 33
cosmology of, 209
Winters, Howard, 43, 44, 45
Wittry, Warren L., 99
wood (artifacts), 1, 14, 28, 121
woodhenges, 97, 98–99, 99
as cosmogram, 99, 100
Woodland period, 57–58
Wulfing Collection, 113, 114–15
Wyandot, 255
Wyrick, David, 74, 75
Yuchi, 88, 90
language, 187
zoomorphic imagery, 126, 129, 132