Catalogue of the Exhibition

Townsend, Richard F.

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Catalogue of the Exhibition

Richard F. Townsend (Editor)

Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South

[Catalogue of the Exhibition]

Author

Richard F. Townsend (Editor)

PublisherArt Institute of Chicago

PublisherYale University Press

https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00064.025

Stable URL: https://aaeportal.com/?id=-14317

Catalogue of the Exhibition

Cat. no. 1 Double-edged bannerstone; Tennessee, Madison County, 5800–4000 B.C.; banded claystone, h. 4.6, w. 10.3 cm; T. W. McGuire Collection. Townsend essay, fig. 18.

Cat. no. 2 Bowtie bannerstone; Iowa, 5000–3000 B.C.; porphyry granite, h. 8.7, w. 11.6 cm; Tommy Beutell Collection, B151. Townsend essay, fig. 17.

Cat. no. 3 Reel-shaped bannerstone; Ohio, Ross County, D. J. Jones Farm, south of Bourneville on Paint Creek, 5000–3000 B.C.; banded slate, h. 7.5, w. 13.5 cm; Edward Harvey Collection, California. Townsend essay, fig. 19.

Cat. no. 4 Double-cresent bannerstone; Ohio, Auglaize County, 3000–1000 B.C.; banded slate; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 6/6386.

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Description: Double-cresent bannerstone by Unknown

Cat. no. 4.

Cat. no. 5 Notched ovate bannerstone; Michigan, c. 4800 B.C.; banded slate, h. 12.7 cm; Steve and Susan Hart Collection, Huntington, Indiana. Townsend essay, fig. 25.

Cat. no. 6 Notched ovate bannerstone; Ohio, Union County, along Bokes Creek, c. 4800 B.C.; banded slate, h. 14.5, w. 8.3 cm; Edward Harvey Collection, California. Townsend essay, fig. 21.

Cat. no. 7 Bannerstone; Florida, Suwannee River, c. 4500 B.C.; granite, h. 11.4, w. 10.2 cm; Tommy Beutell Collection. Townsend essay, fig. 22.

Cat. no. 8 Bannerstone; Indiana, c. 3000 B.C.; carnelian, l. 7.6 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A9099.

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Cat. no. 8.

Cat. no. 9 Bannerstone; Tennessee, Montgomery County, c. 3000 B.C.; carnelian, w. 14 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 6123.908.

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Cat. no. 9.

Cat. no. 10 Bottle-shaped bannerstone; Kentucky, Union County, c. 3000 B.C.; ferruginous quartz, h. 8.6, w. 6.4 cm; Maury Meadows Collection, Bethany, Missouri. Townsend essay, fig. 20.

Cat. no. 11 Two atlatl hooks and weights; Indiana, Spencer County, Crib Mound, c. 3000 B.C.; saddleshaped bannerstone; claystone, l. 7 cm; antler atlatl, l. 18.1 cm; saddle-shaped bannerstone; banded claystone, l. 7.6 cm; antler atlatl, l. 21 cm; David Lutz Collection, Newburgh, Indiana. Townsend essay, fig. 23.

Cat. no. 12 Cache of three bannerstones (two hooked type; one hourglass-shaped); Indiana, Spencer County, Rockport site, c. 2300 B.C.; gneiss, l. 10.5 cm; gneiss, l. 9 cm; granite, l. 9.5 cm; David Lutz Collection, Newburgh, Indiana. Townsend essay, fig. 24.

Cat. no. 13 Saddle-shaped bannerstone; Indiana, Posey County, c. 2000 B.C.; quartz, h. 7.2, w. 5.4 cm; T. W. McGuire Collection.

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Description: Saddle-shaped bannerstone by Unknown

Cat. no. 13.

Cat. no. 14 Hourglass-shaped bannerstone; Indiana, Daviess County, near Plainville, c. 2000 B.C.; ferruginous quartz, h. 8.7, w. 5.9 cm; Maury Meadows Collection, Bethany, Missouri. Townsend essay, fig. 14.

Cat. no. 15 Hourglass-shaped bannerstone; Kentucky, Christian County, c. 2000 B.C.; carnelian, h. 11.4 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 6123.902. Townsend essay, fig. 15.

Cat. no. 16 Hourglass-shaped bannerstone; Arkansas, Desha County, Boltwier, c. 2000 B.C.; ferruginous quartz, h. 9.5, w. 7.5 cm; Bobby Onken Collection. Townsend essay, fig. 16.

Cat. no. 17 Human figure; Louisiana, West Carroll Parish, Bayou Maçon, Poverty Point; 1500–700 B.C.; ceramic, h. 5.1 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 5424.5739.

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Cat. no. 17.

Cat. no. 18 Parakeet effigy bead; Arkansas, Lafayette County, Badlow Creek, J. T. Lee site, c. 3000 B.C.; red jasper, l. 6 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 6123.2964. Townsend essay, fig. 3.

Cat. no. 19 Axe head, Nebo style; Missouri, Andrew County, south of Savannah, c. 2000 B.C.; porphyry, l. 24.1 cm; Maury Meadows Collection, Bethany, Missouri. Townsend essay, fig. 26.

Cat. no. 20 Plummet stone; Louisiana, West Carroll Parish, Bayou Maçon, Poverty Point; 1500–700 B.C.; hematite, l. 8.9 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 6123.2658.

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Cat. no. 20.

Cat. no. 21 Plummet stone engraved with bird motif; Louisiana, West Carroll Parish, Bayou Maçon, Poverty Point; 1500–700 B.C.; red jasper, l. 8.9 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 6123.2596.

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Description: Plummet stone engraved with bird motif by Unknown

Cat. no. 21.

Cat. no. 22 Birdstone; Georgia, Floyd County, near Rome, 1500–1000 B.C.; greenstone, l. 12 cm; American Museum of Natural History, New York, 2/2068CAT1869–90–81. Townsend essay, fig. 11.

Cat. no. 23 Birdstone; Ohio, Wood County, southeast of Grand Rapids, 1500–1000 B.C.; greenstone, l. 20.8 cm; American Museum of Natural History, New York, DN/601CAT1901–39. See p. 6.

Cat. no. 24 Birdstone; Ohio, 1500–1000 B.C.; stone, l. 14.5 cm; Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 257753.

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Cat. no. 24.

Cat. no. 25 Birdstone; Ohio, 1500–1000 B.C.; stone, l. 16 cm; Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 257754. Townsend essay, fig. 13.

Cat. no. 26 Birdstone; Ohio, 1500–1000 B.C.; stone, l. 8.9 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 6124.1155. Townsend essay, fig. 12.

Cat. no. 27 Two rectangular gorgets; Illinois, Brown County, Hemphill site, 1000–500 B.C.; quartz, l. 15.9, 14.9 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 6123.1208–09. See p. 9.

Cat. no. 28 Wolf skull mask; Ohio, Logan County, 500 B.C.; l. 22.9 cm; Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, A3816/1. Townsend essay, fig. 32.

Cat. no. 29 Wilmington tablet; Adena culture; Ohio, Clinton County, Sparks Mound, 400 B.C.–A.D. 1; sandstone, w. 12.4 cm; Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, A3490/210. Penney essay, fig. 2.

Cat. no. 30 Berlin tablet; Adena culture; Ohio, Jackson County, 400 B.C.–A.D. 1; sandstone, w. 14.3 cm; Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, A340/1. Penney essay, fig. 3.

Cat. no. 31 Low tablet; Adena culture; West Virginia, Wood County, 400 B.C.–A.D. 1; sandstone, l. 12.1 cm; Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, A3800/1. Penney essay, fig. 4.

Cat. no. 32 Human effigy pipe; Ohio, Ross County, Adena Mound, 100 B.C.–A.D. 100; pipestone, h. 20 cm; Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, A1200/10. Townsend essay, figs. 41a–b.

Cat. no. 33 Effigy of a mythic horned animal; Ohio, Hamilton County, Turner site, Mound 3, A.D. 1–400; petrified wood, h. 7.6, l. 25.4 cm; Harvard University, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Peabody Museum Expedition 1882, F. W. Putnam and Dr. C. L. Metz, Directors, 82–35–10/29685. Townsend essay, fig. 9.

Cat. no. 34 Four boatstones; Oklahoma, A.D. 1–400; greenstone, l. 15.2–25.4 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A448677. Seeman essay, fig. 13.

Cat. no. 35 Engraved shell gorget with feline and hawk; Fairfield style; Texas, Bell County, near Oenaville, A.D. 300–700; marine shell, diam. 14 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 22/75/74. Townsend essay, fig. 8.

Cat. no. 36 Ceremonial blade; Ohio, Ross County, Hopewell site, A.D. 1–400; obsidian, h. 40.6 cm; Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, A283/322C. Seeman essay, fig. 10.

Cat. no. 37 Three ceremonial blades; Ohio, Ross County, Hopewell site, Mound 25, A.D. 1–400; obsidian, h. 27.9, 17.8, and 22.9 cm; The Field Museum, Chicago, 31.56808, 31.56777, and 31.56782. Seeman essay, fig. 11.

Cat. no. 38 Cache of 32 bifacial blades; Illinois, Tazewell County, near Mackinaw, Hopewell, A.D. 1–400; Burlington chert, l. 12.7–13.5 cm; Illinois State Museum, Springfield, 803/676 series. Townsend essay, fig. 27.

Cat. no. 39 Scroll ornament; Ohio, Hamilton County, A.D. 1–400; copper, w. 21 cm; Harvard University, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Peabody Museum Expedition 1882, F. W. Putnam and Dr. C. L. Metz, Directors, 82–35–10/19898. Penney essay, fig. 9.

Cat. no. 40 Ornamental deer ear; Ohio, Ross County, Hopewell site, Mound 25, A.D. 1–400; copper, l. 50.8 cm; The Field Museum, Chicago, 31.56165. Penney essay, fig. 8.

Cat. no. 41 Human profile cutout; Ohio, Hamilton County, Turner site, Mound 3, A.D. 1–400; sheet mica, h. 18.4, w. 13 cm; Harvard University, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Peabody Museum Expedition 1882, F. W. Putnam and Dr. C. L. Metz, Directors, 82–35–10/30002.1. Seeman essay, fig. 9.

Cat. no. 42 Serpent effigy; Ohio, Hamilton County, Turner site, Mound 3, A.D. 1–400; sheet mica, river pearl, and pigment, w. 35.6 cm; Harvard University, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Peabody Museum Expedition 1882, F. W. Putnam and Dr. C. L. Metz, Directors, 82–35–10/29683. Penney essay, fig. 7.

Cat. no. 43 Atlatl effigy; Ohio, Ross County, Hopewell site, Mound 25, A.D. 1–400; sheet mica; The Field Museum, Chicago, 31.56451. Penney essay, fig. 6.

Cat. no. 44 Headless torso; Ohio, Ross County, Hopewell site, Mound 25, A.D. 1–400; sheet mica, h. approx. 20.3 cm; The Field Museum, Chicago, 1579.110133. Penney essay, fig. 5.

Cat. no. 45 Bird claw cutout; Ohio, Ross County, Hopewell site, Mound 25, A.D. 1–400; sheet mica, h. 27.9 cm; The Field Museum, Chicago, 1579.110131. Seeman essay, fig. 1.

Cat. no. 46 Hand cutout; Ohio, Ross County, Hopewell site, Mound 25, A.D. 1–400; sheet mica, h. 29 cm; Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, A283/294. Seeman essay, fig. 8.

Cat. nos. 47–51 Five figurines; Illinois, Calhoun County, Knight Mound group, Mound 8, A.D. 200–400; painted earthenware, h. 7.5–11 cm; The Milwaukee Public Museum, A50673A–E/17562. Seeman essay, figs. 3–7.

Cat. no. 52 Seated female figurine; Hopewell culture; Illinois, Jackson County, Twenhafel site, A.D. 200–400; ceramic, h. 8 cm; Illinois State Museum, Springfield, 803/630. Penney essay, fig. 10.

Cat. no. 53 Kneeling male figurine; Ohio, Hamilton County, Turner site, Mound 4, A.D. 1–400; ceramic, h. 8.3 cm; Harvard University, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Peabody Museum Expedition 1882, F. W. Putnam and Dr. C. L. Metz, Directors, 82–35–10/29687. Penney essay, fig. 11.

Cat. no. 54 Seated figurine; Hopewell culture; Illinois, Schuyler County, LaMoine River, A.D. 200–400; stone; Private collection. Not in exhibition.

Cat. no. 55 Human face effigy; Kentucky, Gallatin County, Warsaw, 200 B.C.–A.D. 400; stone, h. 25.4 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 6/397.

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Description: Human face effigy by Unknown

Cat. no. 55.

Cat. no. 56 Blocked-end tube pipe; West Virginia, 400 B.C.–A.D. 1; brown stone, l. 25.4 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A398407. Seeman essay, fig. 17.

Cat. no. 57 Blind wolf pipe; Tennessee, Macon County, A.D. 1–400; steatite, l. 56.5 cm; Willis Family Collection. Townsend essay, fig. 39.

Cat. no. 58 Wolf tube pipe; Tennessee, Williams Island, 4th century; greenstone, l. 23.2 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., AL1017. Townsend essay, fig. 40.

Cat. no. 59 Raptor effigy pipe; Ohio (?), 200 B.C.–A.D. 500; steatite, l. 20.3 cm; The Field Museum, Chicago, 662.54905.

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Description: Raptor effigy pipe by Unknown

Cat. no. 59.

Cat. no. 60 Dog effigy platform pipe; Illinois, Fulton County, Weaver site, A.D. 1–400; oolitic limestone, h. 5.2, l. 9 cm; Illinois State Museum, Springfield, 806/039. Penney essay, fig. 25.

Cat. no. 61 Hawk effigy platform pipe; Illinois, Naples, A.D. 1–400; pipestone, h. 8.6, l. 11 cm; Anonymous loan to the Brooklyn Museum of Art, L49.3.1. Townsend essay, fig. 37.

Cat. no. 62 Otter effigy platform pipe; Illinois, White County, Wilson site, A.D. 1–400; siliceous shale and copper, h. 6.3, l. 8.6 cm; Illinois State Museum, Springfield, 814/515. Penney essay, fig. 22.

Cat. no. 63 Raven effigy platform pipe; Illinois, Hardin County, Rutherford Mound, A.D. 1–400; conglomerate stone, h. 6, l. 12 cm; Illinois State Museum, Springfield, 814/510. Penney essay, fig. 24.

Cat. no. 64 Falcon effigy platform pipe; Havana Hopewell; eastern Iowa, A.D. 1–400; pipestone, l. 8.3 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 6124.1144. Seeman essay, fig. 21.

Cat. no. 65 Seated falcon effigy platform pipe; Havana Hopewell; Illinois, Calhoun County, Peisker site, Mound 2, A.D. 1–400; pipestone, l. 6.4 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 6125.1142. Seeman essay, fig. 20.

Cat. no. 66 Raven effigy platform pipe; Illinois, Pike County, Bedford site no. 9, A.D. 200–400; conglomerate stone, l. 10.2 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 6124.1141. Penney essay, fig. 23.

Cat. no. 67 Beaver effigy platform pipe; Illinois, Pike County, Bedford site, A.D. 200–400; pipestone, river pearl, and bone, l. 11.1 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 6124.1140. Penney essay, fig. 1.

Cat. nos. 68, 69, and 71 Rodent (squirrel ?) effigy platform pipe; l. 7 cm; young feline effigy platform pipe; l. 8.75 cm; turtle effigy platform pipe; l. 7.25 cm; Hopewell culture; Ohio, Ross County, Mound City, Mound 8, A.D. 1–400; W. Blackmore Collection, The British Museum, London, S219, S259, and S271. Penney essay, figs. 18a–c.

Cat. no. 70 Otter effigy platform pipe; Hopewell culture; Ohio, Ross County, Mound City, Mound 8, A.D. 1–400; l. 8.9 cm; W. Blackmore Collection, The British Museum, London, S269. Penney essay, fig. 21.

Cat. no. 72 Effigy platform pipe of a heron eating a fish; Hopewell culture; Ohio, Ross County, Mound City, Mound 8, A.D. 1–400; 1. 9 cm; W. Blackmore Collection, The British Museum, London, S234. Penney essay, fig. 19.

Cat. no. 73 Double goose pipe; Ohio, Ross County, Hopewell site, Mound 17, A.D. 1–400; steatite, l. 16.5 cm; Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, 283/110. Penney essay, fig. 14.

Cat. no. 74 Owl effigy pipe; Illinois, Shawneetown, A.D. 700–1200 steatite, h. 23.5, l. 18 cm; Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 003865. Townsend essay, fig. 38.

Cat. no. 75 Wolf effigy pipe; Tennessee, Copena complex, A.D. 1–500; steatite, l. 34 cm; Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 003697. Seeman essay, fig. 15.

Cat. no. 76 Raptor effigy pipe; Tennessee, Coffee County, A.D. 600–900; steatite, l. 18.4 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 7757. Penney essay, fig. 15.

Cat. no. 77 Bird and owl effigy pipe; Virginia, Scott County, A.D. 100–600; steatite, l. 25.5 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A211243. Seeman essay, fig. 22.

Cat. no. 78 Raven effigy pipe; Hopewell culture; Tennessee, Cumberland County, A.D. 1–400; steatite, h. 9.2, l. 34.3 cm; Tommy Beutell Collection, P348. Penney essay, fig. 17.

Cat. no. 79 Wolf effigy pipe; Ohio, Ross County, Seip-Pricer Mound, A.D. 1–400; steatite, h. 27.9 cm; Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, 957/20. Seeman essay, fig. 23.

Cat. no. 80 Bird and fish effigy pipe; Ohio, Ross County, Hopewell site, Mound 25, A.D. 1–400; steatite, l. 6 cm; The Field Museum, Chicago, 31.56750. Penney essay, fig. 13.

Cat. no. 81 Panther effigy pipe; Indiana, Posey County, Mann site, A.D. 1–400; black steatite, h. 6, l. 16 cm; Anonymous loan to the Brooklyn Museum of Art, L49.5. Seeman essay, fig. 16.

Cat. no. 82 Six-fingered-hand pipe; Ohio, A.D. 1–400; greenstone, l. 15. 2 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A97433. Penney essay, fig. 12.

Cat. no. 83 Pipe; Virginia, Pulaski County, A.D. 600–900; stone, l. 38.7 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 18/2785.

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Cat. no. 83.

Cat. no. 84 Ovoid platform pipe; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A326619.

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Description: Ovoid platform pipe by Unknown

Cat. no. 84.

Cat. no. 85 Beetle effigy; Michigan, Kent County, Converse Mounds, A.D. 200–500; carved antler, l. 7.6 cm; Harvard University, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Gift of Capt. W. L. Coffinberry, John H. Strahan, and F. H. Weatherby, 1885, 85-51-10/38841.

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Cat. no. 85.

Cat. no. 86 Effigy of a human thumb; Ohio, Ross County, Hopewell site, A.D. 1–400; cannel coal, h. 7.6 cm; The Field Museum, Chicago, 31.56401. Seeman essay, fig. 12.

Cat. no. 87 Elongated bird head; Florida, Brevard County, Turkey Creek Mound, south of Melbourne, A.D. 200–500; greenstone, l. 13.6 cm; American Museum of Natural History, New York, DN/749CAT1901–39. Penney essay, fig. 16.

Cat. no. 88 Hopewell ware jar; Illinois, Calhoun County, Pete Klunk site, Mound 7, A.D. 1–400; ceramic, h. 14 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 5424/4702. Seeman essay, fig. 18.

Cat. no. 89 Hopewell-related zoned jar (Alligator Bayou Stamped); Porter/Santa Rosa complex; Florida, Washington County, St. Andrews Bay, A.D. 1–400; ceramic; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 17/3755. Seeman essay, fig. 19.

Cat. no. 90 Vessel; Weeden Island culture; Florida, Taylor County, Fish Creek, A.D. 400–900; ceramic, h. 16.8, w. 17.2 cm; Tommy Beutell Collection, V455.

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Cat. no. 90.

Cat. no. 91 Castellated vessel; Weeden Island culture; Florida, Levy County, Fowler’s Landing, A.D. 400–900; ceramic, h. 13.4, w. 16.5 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 17/1459.

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Description: Castellated vessel by Unknown

Cat. no. 91.

Cat. no. 92 Effigy pipe of a seated male figure; known as the Resting Warrior and identified as Morning Star or Red Horn in related legendary accounts; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, site 34LF46, A.D. 1100–1200; flint clay, h. 22.5 cm; University of Arkansas Museum, Fayetteville, 47–2–1. Reilly essay, figs. 13a–b.

Cat. no. 93 Conquering Warrior effigy pipe; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, A.D. 1100–1200; flint clay, h. 24.8 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 21/4088. Dye essay, figs. 16a–b.

Cat. no. 94 Chunkey Player effigy pipe, with chunkey stone in right hand and chunkey sticks in left; Oklahoma, Muskogee County, A.D. 1100–1200; flint clay, h. 21.6 cm; St. Louis Science Center, 12X83. Brown essay, fig. 11.

Cat. no. 95 Kneeling figurine effigy pipe; Kentucky, Ballard County, Twin Mounds site, A.D. 1100–1200; flint clay, h. 17.8 cm; Tommy Beutell Collection, P336. Reilly essay, fig. 23.

Cat. no. 96 Crouching Man effigy pipe; Tennessee, Hardin County, Shiloh Indian Mounds National Historic Landmark, Shiloh National Military Park, A.D. 1100–1200; Missouri flint clay, h. 20.3 cm; United States National Park Service, Shiloh National Military Park. Reilly essay, fig. 15.

Cat. no. 97 Human effigy pipe; Illinois, Madison County, Piasa Creek Mound, A.D. 1100–1200; flint clay, h. 20.3 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 6125.18913. Reilly essay, fig. 22.

Cat. no. 98 Frog effigy pipe; Illinois, St. Clair County, East St. Louis, A.D. 1100–1200; Missouri flint clay, h. 13, l. 14.5 cm; Illinois State Museum, Springfield, 800/519. Reilly essay, fig. 20.

Cat. no. 99 Crouching warrior effigy pipe; Illinois, Jackson County, Guy Smith Village site, A.D. 1100–1200; flint clay, h. 9.5 cm; University of Illinois, Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program, A3419. Dye essay, fig. 7.

Cat. no. 100 Effigy figurine of a mythical woman, possibly Our Grandmother or Old-Woman-Who-Never-Dies, hoeing an earth-serpent; known in archaeological literature as the Birger figurine; Illinois, Madison County, BBB Motor site, near Collinsville, A.D. 1100–1200; flint clay, h. 14 cm; University of Illinois, Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program. Reilly essay, figs. 17a–b.

Cat. no. 101 Kneeling female effigy; known in archaeological literature as the Keller figurine; Illinois, Madison County, BBB Motor site, near Collinsville, A.D. 1100–1200; flint clay, h. 14 cm; University of Illinois, Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program. Reilly essay, fig. 16.

Cat. no. 102 Effigy pipe of a kneeling female figure holding maize and sunflower plants; Arkansas, Desha County, A.D. 1100–1200; flint clay, 18 × 18 × 14 cm; Dr. Kent and Jonnie Westbrook Collection, Little Rock, Arkansas. Reilly essay, fig. 1.

Cat. no. 103 Kneeling prisoner effigy pipe; Mississippi, A.D. 1400–1500; stone, h. 12.2, l. 17 cm; Henry L. Batterman Fund and the Frank Sherman Benson Fund, Brooklyn Museum of Art, 37.2802PA. Dye essay, fig. 8.

Cat. no. 104 Hawk and human head effigy pipe; Mississippi, Washington County, Winterville site, A.D. 1200–1300; stone, h. 12.1 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 6125.1206. Dye essay, fig. 15.

Cat. no. 105 Crouching hunter effigy; Missouri, 13th century; limestone, h. 17.8 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A99343. Reilly, Bear, and Bear interview, fig. 4.

Cat. no. 106 Kneeling ancestor effigy; Tennessee, Wilson County, Sellers Farm site, A.D. 1000–1450; sandstone, h. 46.2 cm; Frank H. McClung Museum, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1/1WI1. King essay, fig. 7.

Cat. nos. 107–08 Seated male and kneeling female figures; Georgia, Bartow County, Etowah, Mound C, A.D. 1325–1375; marble, h. 61 and 55.9 cm; Etowah Indian Mounds State Historic Site, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Atlanta. King essay, fig. 6.

Cat. no. 109 Bound captive effigy pipe; Arkansas, A.D. 1200–1500; stone, h. 19.1, l. 22.9 cm; Museum of Red River, Idabel, Oklahoma, HL6718. Dye essay, fig. 9.

Cat. no. 110 Copper repoussé plate depicting Birdman; one of the two so-called Rogan plates; Georgia, Bartow County, Etowah, Mound C, 13th century; copper, h. 27.9 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A91117. King essay, fig. 1.

Cat. no. 111 Copper repoussé plate depicting Birdman; one of the two so-called Rogan plates; Georgia, Bartow County, Etowah, Mound C, 13th century; copper, h. 27.9 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A91113. King essay, fig. 11.

Cat. no. 112 Copper repoussé plate depicting Birdman; Late Braden style; Missouri, Dunklin County, Malden, Baldwin Farm, A.D. 1200–1400; copper, h. 29.9 cm; Washington University Gallery of Art, St. Louis; Gift of J. Max Wulfing, 1937, WU3679. Brown essay, fig. 23.

Cat. no. 113 Copper repoussé plate depicting a falcon; Late Braden style; Missouri, Dunklin County, Malden, Baldwin Farm, A.D. 1200–1400; copper, h. 31.1 cm; Washington University Gallery of Art, St. Louis; Gift of J. Max Wulfing, 1937, WU3682. Brown essay, fig. 24.

Cat. no. 114 Copper repoussé plate depicting a double-headed falcon; Late Braden style; Missouri, Dunklin County, Malden, Baldwin Farm, A.D. 1200–1400; copper, h. 26.7 cm; Washington University Gallery of Art, St. Louis; Gift of J. Max Wulfing, 1937, WU3680. Brown essay, fig. 25.

Cat. no. 115 Copper repoussé plate depicting forked-eye-surrounds and concentric circles; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, Craig Mound, A.D. 1100–1200; copper, h. approx. 34 cm; Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C. Brown essay, fig. 28.

Cat. nos. 116–17 Copper repoussé plates; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, Craig Mound, A.D. 1200–1300; copper, h. 24.2, 22.5 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 20/699 and 20/700. Dye essay, figs. 12–13.

Cat. no. 118 Copper repoussé plate depicting two dancing Birdman figures (?); Classic Braden style; Illinois, Union County, Upper Bluff Lake, A.D. 1100–1200; copper, h. 27.9 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A88142 Brown essay, fig. 32.

Cat. no. 119 Long-Nosed God maskette ear ornaments; Illinois, Meppen Mound site, A.D. 1000–1400; copper, l. 22.4, 22 cm; Charles L. Adam Family Collection, Missouri. Diaz-Granados essay, fig. 19.

Cat. no. 120 Swallow-shaped gorget; Algonquin; New Hampshire, Manchester, Amoskeag Falls, A.D. 1500–1600; copper, h. 24.1 cm; Harvard University, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Gift of A. Lawrence Lowell, 1933, 33-54-10/1536.

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Description: Swallow-shaped gorget by Unknown

Cat. no. 120.

Cat. no. 121 Long-Nosed God ear ornament; Illinois, St. Clair County, Booker T. Washington site, A.D. 1100–1200; shell, h. 3.8 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 9025.450. Reilly essay, fig. 14.

Cat. no. 122 Engraved whelk shell with warriors’ heads motif; Classic Braden style; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, Craig Mound, A.D. 1200–1350; marine shell, l. 28 cm; University of Arkansas Museum, Fayetteville, 37–1–4. Dye essay, fig. 23.

Cat. no. 123 Engraved whelk shell depicting intertwined, two-headed serpents; Late Braden style; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, Craig Mound, A.D. 1200–1400; marine shell, l. 38.1 cm; University Arkansas Museum, Fayetteville, 37–1–17. Brown essay, fig. 10.

Cat. no. 124 Engraved whelk shell with horned serpent motif; Late Braden style; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, A.D. 1200–1350; marine shell, l. 22.9 cm; University of Arkansas Museum, Fayetteville, 37–1–20. Lankford essay, fig. 14.

Cat. no. 125 Engraved whelk shell depicting Birdman; Craig B style; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, Craig Mound, A.D. 1200–1400; marine shell, l. 33 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 18/9121. Brown essay, fig. 1.

Cat. no. 126 Engraved whelk shell with two intertwined snakemen; Craig B style; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, Craig Mound, A.D. 1200–1400; marine shell, l. 33 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 18/9083. Townsend essay, fig. 42.

Cat. no. 127 Engraved whelk shell with four winged serpents surrounding a cross-in-circle motif; Craig B style; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, Craig Mound, A.D. 1200–1350; marine shell, l. 21.6 cm; University of Arkansas Museum, Fayetteville, 37–1–39. Reilly essay, fig. 5.

Cat. no. 128 Fragment of an engraved whelk shell with an Underwater Panther or piasa; Craig B style; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, Craig Mound, A.D. 1200–1400; marine shell, h. 19.7 cm; University of Arkansas Museum, Fayetteville, 37–1–43. Townsend essay, fig. 10.

Cat. no. 129 Engraved whelk shell with droopy-eye-surrounds; Craig B style; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, Craig Mound, A.D. 1200–1400; marine shell, l. 26.4 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 18/9119. Reilly essay, fig. 10.

Cat. no. 130 Engraved whelk shell with “Tree of Fur and Feathers” motif; Craig B style; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, Craig Mound, A.D. 1200–1400; marine shell, l. 26.7 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 18/9120. Brown essay, fig. 9.

Cat. no. 131 Engraved whelk shell with bows and eyes motif; Craig B style; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, Craig Mound, A.D. 1200–1350; marine shell, l. 20.3 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A448818. Dye essay, fig. 25.

Cat. no. 132 Engraved whelk shell with two figures confronting a serpent staff; Craig C style; Oklahoma, Le Flore County, Spiro, Craig Mound, A.D. 1200–1400; marine shell, l. 31.1 cm; University of Arkansas Museum, Fayetteville, 37–1–40. Brown essay, fig. 4.

Cat. no. 133 Engraved whelk shell depicting Birdman; Craig C style; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, Craig Mound, A.D. 1200–1400; marine shell, l. 29.2 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 18/9122. Brown essay, fig. 3.

Cat. no. 134 Engraved whelk shell with paired figures confronting a serpent staff or pole; Craig C style; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, Craig Mound, A.D. 1200–1400; marine shell, l. 29.9 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 18/9123. Brown essay, fig. 8.

Cat. no. 135 Engraved whelk shell showing a ritual figure with a shell necklace and raccoon; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, Craig Mound, A.D. 1200–1400; marine shell, h. 30.5 cm; Museum of the Red River, Idabel, Oklahoma, gift of Kent Westbrook, M.D., 91.11.5. Townsend and Walker essay, fig. 8.

Cat. no. 136 Engraved whelk shell with snake and talons motif; Craig C style; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, Craig Mound, A.D. 1200–1400; marine shell, l. 34.3 cm; University of Arkansas Museum, Fayetteville, 37–1–45. Brown essay, fig. 5.

Cat. no. 137 Engraved whelk shell showing fish being speared; Craig C style; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, Craig Mound, A.D. 1200–1350; marine shell, l. 25.4 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 18/9308. Reilly, Bear, and Bear interview, fig. 7.

Cat. no. 138 Engraved shell gorget; Cox Mound style; Tennessee, Sumner County, Castalian Springs site, A.D. 1000–1400; marine shell, diam. 8.5 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 15/855. Lankford essay, fig. 2.

Cat. no. 139 Engraved shell gorget with pair of figures; Cartersville type, Late Braden style; Tennessee, Sumner County, Saundersville site, A.D. 1200–1400; marine shell, diam. 11.5 cm; Dr. Arthur Cushman Collection, Old Hickory, Tennessee, AC476. Brown essay, fig. 22.

Cat. no. 140 Engraved shell gorget depicting a chunkey player; Classic Braden style; Missouri, Perry County, St. Marys, A.D. 1200–1350; marine shell, diam. 10.6 cm; Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 002751. Brown essay, fig. 2.

Cat. no. 141 Engraved shell gorget with two figures engaged in mortal combat; Hightower style; Tennessee, Hamilton County, Hixon site, A.D. 1250–1350; marine shell, diam. 11.5 cm; Frank H. McClung Museum, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 566/1HA3. Dye essay, fig. 6.

Cat. no. 142 Engraved shell gorget with supernatural warrior holding a severed head and mace; Tennessee, Sumner County, Castalian Springs site, A.D. 1250–1350; marine shell, diam. 9.7 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 15/853. Dye essay, fig. 1.

Cat. no. 143 Engraved shell gorget with Birdman vessel and severed heads; Arkansas, Craighead County, A.D. 1200–1400; marine shell, diam. 12.1 cm; Tommy Beutell Collection, SH355. Reilly essay, fig. 3.

Cat. no. 144 Engraved shell gorget with rattlesnake design; Brakebill style; Tennessee, Roane County, DeArmond site, A.D. 1000–1450; marine shell, diam. 12.3 cm; Frank H. McClung Museum, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, B76–1/3RE12. King essay, fig. 24.

Cat. no. 145 Engraved shell gorget with rattlesnake design; Citico style; Alabama, Terrapin Creek, A.D. 1000–1450; marine shell, h. 12.7 cm; Museum of the Red River, Idabel, Oklahoma, 43077. King essay, fig. 24.

Cat. no. 146 Engraved shell gorget with water spider motif; Tennessee, c. A.D. 1400; marine shell, diam. 10.2 cm; Tennessee Historical Society Collection, Tennessee State Museum, Nashville, 4.203.2. Lankford essay, fig. 19.

Cat. no. 147 Engraved shell gorget with cross-in-circle design; Georgia, Columbia County, Stallings Island Mound, A.D. 1250–1450; marine shell, diam. 7.6 cm; Harvard University, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Peabody-Claflin Expedition 1929, Mr. and Mrs. C. B. Cosgrove, Directors, 29–78–10/A7505. King essay, fig. 13.

Cat. no. 148 Engraved shell gorget with triskele design; Tennessee, Williamson County, Fisher-Reams site, Gray’s Farm, A.D. 1000–1450; marine shell, diam. 8.6 cm; Harvard University, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Peabody Museum Expedition 1878, F. W. Putnam, Director, 78–6–10/15916. King essay, fig. 14.

Cat. no. 149 Engraved shell gorget with single figure; Spaghetti style; unknown origin, A.D. 1000–1450; marine shell, diam. 17.8 cm; The Field Museum, Chicago, 727.68554. King essay, fig. 21.

Cat. no. 150 Engraved shell gorget with double dancers; Spaghetti style; Tennessee, Hamilton County, Dallas site, A.D. 1000–1450; marine shell, diam. 17.2 cm; Frank H. McClung Museum, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 767/8HA1. King essay, fig. 22.

Cat. no. 151 Engraved shell mask; unknown origin, 13th/14th century; marine shell, h. 15.2 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A448743. King essay, fig. 20.

Cat. no. 152 Engraved shell mask; Tennessee, Monroe County, Toco Mound, 13th/14th century; marine shell, h. 15.2 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A115566. King essay, fig. 19.

Cat. no. 153 Engraved shell mask; Tennessee, Knox County, Brakebill Mound, 14th century; marine shell, h. 20.3 cm; Harvard University, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Peabody Museum Expedition 1869, Rev. E. O. Dunning, Director, 69–32–10/2238. King essay, fig. 18.

Cat. no. 154 Disc with ogee motif and scallop design; Arkansas, Arkansas County, Almond Farm site, A.D. 1000–1450; quartzite, diam. 35 cm; Frank H. McClung Museum, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. King essay, figs. 15a–b.

Cat. no. 155 Engraved circular palette with hand-and-eye motif and intertwined serpents; known in archaeological literature as the Rattlesnake Disk; Alabama, Tuscaloosa and Hale counties, Moundville, A.D. 1300–1450; sandstone, diam. 31.9 cm; Alabama Museum of Natural History, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, MI922. Steponaitis and Knight essay, fig. 1.

Cat. no. 156 Engraved circular palette; known in archaeological literature as the Willoughby Disk; Alabama, Tuscaloosa and Hale counties, Moundville, A.D. 1300–1450; shale (?), diam. 22.2 cm; Harvard University, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, gift of F. E. Hyde and Charles P. Bowditch, 1896, 96–11–10/48122. Steponaitis and Knight essay, fig. 13.

Cat. no. 157 Engraved circular palette with hand motif; Illinois, Naples, Winchester Mound, 100 B.C.–A.D. 300; siltstone (?), diam. 31.8 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A43126. Steponaitis and Knight essay, fig. 12.

Cat. no. 158 Engraved circular palette with intertwined plumed serpents; known in archaeological literature as the Issaquena Disk; Mississippi, Issaquena County, probably Grace Mounds, A.D. 1250–1500; sandstone (?), diam. 21.6 cm; Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, A14/23. Steponaitis and Knight essay, fig. 11.

Cat. no. 159 Fish-shaped pendant, Missouri, Pemiscot County, Campbell site, A.D. 1400–1650; red jasper, l. 6.4 cm; Private collection, Missouri.

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Description: Fish-shaped pendant by Unknown

Cat. no. 159.

Cat. no. 160 Bowl with serpent/bird effigy; Alabama, Tuscaloosa and Hale counties, Moundville, north of Mound R, A.D. 1250–1500; altered diorite, h. 16.5, diam. 30 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 16/5232. Steponaitis and Knight essay, fig. 18.

Cat. no. 161 Concentric circle earspools; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro site, A.D. 1200–1350; stone and copper, diam. 7.6 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 6125.3979a–b.

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Description: Concentric circle earspools by Unknown

Cat. no. 161.

Cat. no. 162 Pair of earspools, 8-pointed star motif; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, A.D. 1200–1400; stone, diam. 10.2 cm; Anthony Patano Collection, Chicago. Townsend and Walker essay, fig. 29.

Cat. no. 163 Pair of earspools, 8-pointed star motif; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, A.D. 1200–1400; stone, diam. 5.7 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Townsend and Walker essay, fig. 31.

Cat. no. 164 Pair of earspools, 6-pointed star motif; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, A.D. 1200–1400; stone, diam. 8.9 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Townsend and Walker essay, fig.30.

Cat. no. 165 Pair of earspools; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, 13th century; stone; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A448691.

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Description: Pair of earspools by Unknown

Cat. no. 165.

Cat. no. 166 Chunkey stone; Missouri/Tennessee, A.D. 1300–1400; quartz, diam. 12.7 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Brown essay, fig. 15.

Cat. no. 167 Chunkey stone; Georgia, Oastenaulla Valley, Popes Plantation, c. A.D. 1300; stone, diam. 13.5 cm; American Museum of Natural History, New York, 2/90CAT1869–90–81. Brown essay, fig. 12.

Cat. no. 168 Chunkey stone; Missouri, Mississippi County, Wolf Island, A.D. 1000–1600; stone, diam. 15.9 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 6125.959. Brown essay, fig. 16.

Cat. no. 169 Chunkey stone, A.D. 1200–1400; greenstone, diam. 11.4 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A448678. Brown essay, fig. 14.

Cat. no. 170 Chunkey stone; Tennessee, A.D. 1200–1400; stone, diam. 7.6 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A388051. Brown essay, fig. 18.

Cat. no. 171 Chunkey stone; Arkansas, Crittenden County, Beck site, A.D. 1300–1500; kaolin, diam. 14 cm; Private collection, Missouri. Brown essay, fig. 17.

Cat. no. 172 Chunkey stone; Georgia, Lowndes County, c. A.D. 1300; conglomerate stone, diam. 11 cm; American Museum Natural History, New York, 2/1770CAT1869–90–81. Brown essay, fig. 13.

Cat. no. 173 Chunkey stone; Arkansas, Mississippi County, A.D. 1200–1600; quartzite, diam. 7.6 cm; Private collection, Missouri. Brown essay, fig. 19.

Cat. no. 174 Spatulate baton; Georgia, 13th century; greenstone, l. 60 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A170832. King essay, fig. 27.

Cat. nos. 175–76 Two ceremonial celts; Illinois, Madison County, Cahokia, and Tennessee, Hardin County, A.D. 1100–1500; stone, l. 37.5, 39.4 cm; Tommy Bryden Collection, Springfield, Illinois. Townsend essay, figs. 29–30.

Cat. no. 177 Spatulate Pipe with lizard motif; West Virginia, 13th century; greenstone, l. 25.4 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A440179.

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Description: Spatulate Pipe with lizard motif by Unknown

Cat. no. 177.

Cat. no. 178 Ovoid pipe with broad rim; Tennessee, McMinn County, William Moore Farm mound, near Athens, c. A.D. 1200; greenstone, l. 32.5 cm; American Museum of Natural History, New York, T/720CAT1891–93–29.

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Description: Ovoid pipe with broad rim by Unknown

Cat. no. 178.

Cat. no. 179 Polished spud stone; Tennessee, Monroe County, McGee Farm, 13th/14th century; graystone, h. 20.3 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A116035. King essay, fig. 25.

Cat. no. 180 Polished spud stone; Tennessee, Loudon County, Lenoir Mound no. 2, 13th/14th century; greenstone, h. 20.3 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A173545. King essay, fig. 26.

Cat. no. 181 Monolithic axe; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, Craig Mound, A.D. 1300–1400; stone, l. 36.8 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 6125.1781. Dye essay, fig. 27.

Cat. no. 182 Monolithic axe; Caddoan; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro site, A.D. 1200–1350; stone, l. 33 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 6125.18910. Townsend essay, fig. 28.

Cat. no. 183 Monolithic axe; Alabama, Tuscaloosa and Hale counties, Moundville, A.D. 1300–1450; stone, l. 29.5 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 17/891. Dye essay, fig. 28.

Cat. no. 184 Monolithic axe; Georgia, Cherokee County, A.D. 1300–1400; greenstone, l. 35.6 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A317614. Dye essay, fig. 29.

Cat. no. 185 Ceremonial mace; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, A.D. 1200–1350; stone, l. 25.4 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 6125.18906. Diaz-Granados essay, fig. 12.

Cat. no. 186 Ceremonial mace; southeastern Kentucky, A.D. 1200–1300; Dover flint, h. 27.9 cm; Tennessee State Museum, Nashville, Gates P. Thruston Collection of Vanderbilt University, 82.100.318. Dye essay, fig. 10.

Cat. no. 187 Ceremonial mace; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, A.D. 1200–1300; stone; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 20/7099. Dye essay, fig. 11.

Cat. no. 188 Ceremonial blade; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro site, A.D. 1200–1400; Kaolin flint, l. 33.7 cm; Bobby Onken Collection. Townsend essay, fig. 45.

Cat. no. 189 Sword; Tennessee, Humphreys County, Link site, A.D. 1250–1350; Dover chert, l. 55.9, w. 4.7 cm; Frank H. McClung Museum, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2/35. Dye essay, fig. 19.

Cat. no. 190 Chipped stone blade; Tennessee, Humphreys County, Duck River, near Waverly, A.D. 1250–1350; l. 37.5 cm; Private collection. Dye essay, fig. 20.

Cat. no. 191 Raptor talon effigy; Tennessee, Humphreys County, Duck River, A.D. 1250–1350; stone, l. 12.1 cm; Private collection. Dye essay, fig. 18.

Cat. no. 192 Raptor talon effigy; Tennessee, Humphreys County, Duck River, near Waverly, A.D. 1250–1350; stone, l. 26.7 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 6125.1562. Dye essay, fig. 17.

Cat. no. 193 Chipped stone disk; Missouri, Ste. Genevieve County, A.D. 1250–1350; diam. 8.9 cm; Private collection. Dye essay, fig. 22.

Cat. no. 194 Profile of a human head; Tennessee, Humphreys County, Duck River, near Waverly, A.D. 1250–1350; stone, h. 17.8 cm; Private collection. Dye essay, fig. 21.

Cat. no. 195 Cache of projectile points; Illinois, St. Clair County, Cahokia, Mound 72, c. A.D. 1000; chert, l. 3.0–6.5 cm; Illinois State Museum, Springfield, 1967–86 and 1970–45. Hall essay, fig. 7.

Cat. no. 196 Vessel; Haley Complicated Incised type; southwestern Arkansas, A.D. 1000–1400; ceramic, h. 22.9 cm; Museum of the Red River, Idabel, Oklahoma, HL3485. Townsend and Walker essay, fig. 7.

Cat. no. 197 Engraved redware bottle; Caddoan; Arkansas, A.D. 1400–1700; ceramic, h. 20.3 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Townsend and Walker essay, fig. 19.

Cat. no. 198 Engraved egg-shaped bottle with interlocking serpent design; Caddoan; Arkansas, A.D. 1200–1500; ceramic, h. 20.3 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Halfmoon essay, fig. 3.

Cat. no. 199 Engraved cylindrical bottle; Hodges Engraved type; Caddoan; Arkansas, A.D. 1400–1700; ceramic, h. 25.4 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Townsend and Walker essay, fig. 13.

Cat. no. 200 Engraved egg-shaped bottle; Hodges Engraved type; Caddoan; Arkansas, A.D. 1400–1700; ceramic, h. 21.6 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Townsend and Walker essay, fig. 16.

Cat. no. 201 Engraved egg-shaped bottle; Hodges Engraved type; Caddoan; Arkansas, A.D. 1400–1700; ceramic, h. 17.8 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Townsend and Walker essay, fig. 17.

Cat. no. 202 Engraved bottle with chevron bands and petaloid motifs, hematite rubbed; Caddoan; Arkansas, A.D. 1200–1500; ceramic, h. 20.3 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Halfmoon essay, fig. 2.

Cat. no. 203 Globular bottle; Hodges Engraved type; Caddoan; southwestern Arkansas, A.D. 1400–1700; ceramic, h. 24.8 cm; Museum of the Red River, Idabel, Oklahoma, HL2374. Lankford essay, fig. 6.

Cat. no. 204 Engraved jar; Hodges Engraved type; Caddoan; Arkansas, A.D. 1400–1700; ceramic, h. 14 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Townsend and Walker essay, fig. 12.

Cat. no. 205 Engraved jar with protuberant footing; Hodges Engraved type; Caddoan; Arkansas, A.D. 1400–1700; ceramic, h. 20.3 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Townsend and Walker essay, fig. 11.

Cat. no. 206 Engraved tripod vessel; Hodges Engraved type; Caddoan; southwestern Arkansas, A.D. 1400–1700; ceramic, h. 20.3 cm; Museum of the Red River, Idabel, Oklahoma, HL1263. Townsend and Walker essay, fig. 15.

Cat. no. 207 Burnished tripod bottle; Blakeley Engraved type; Caddoan; Arkansas, A.D. 1400–1500; ceramic, h. 25.4 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Townsend and Walker essay, fig. 10.

Cat. no. 208 Engraved tripod bottle; Hodges Engraved type; Caddoan; Arkansas, A.D. 1400–1700; ceramic, h. 25.4 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Townsend and Walker essay, fig. 14.

Cat. no. 209 Tripod bottle with arched band designs; Caddoan; Arkansas, A.D. 1400–1700; ceramic, h. 27.9 cm; Anthony Patano Collection, Chicago. Halfmoon essay, fig. 5.

Cat. no. 210 Tripod bottle; Hodges Engraved type; Caddoan; Arkansas, Garland County, Ouachita River, Kimes Place, A.D. 1400–1700; ceramic, h. 19.7 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 5425.629. Halfmoon essay, fig. 1.

Cat. no. 211 Engraved double bottle; Hudson Engraved type; Caddoan; Arkansas, Yell County, Fourche River, Podo Place, A.D. 1500–1700; ceramic, h. 16.2, w. 20.3 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 5125.1523. Halfmoon essay, fig. 6.

Cat. no. 212 Stirrup spout bottle; Hodges Engraved type; Caddoan; Arkansas, Clark County, A.D. 1300–1700; ceramic, h. 32, w. 28 cm; Dr. Kent and Jonnie Westbrook Collection, Little Rock, Arkansas. Townsend and Walker essay, fig. 25.

Cat. no. 213 Engraved bottle; Keno Trailed type; Caddoan; Arkansas, A.D. 1600–1800; ceramic, h. 20.3 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Townsend and Walker, fig. 26.

Cat. no. 214 Water vessel; Keno Trailed type; Caddoan; Arkansas, Yell County, Carden Bottoms, A.D. 1500–1700; ceramic, h. 17.8 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 5/6318. Halfmoon essay, fig. 7.

Cat. no. 215 Water jar; Keno Trailed type; Caddoan; Louisiana, Ouachita Parish, A.D. 1600–1800; ceramic, h. 14.6 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 17/3248. Townsend and Walker essay, fig. 1

Cat. no. 216 Engraved cylindrical jar; Means Engraved type; Caddoan; Arkansas, A.D. 1400–1500; ceramic, h. 20.3 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Townsend and Walker essay, fig. 18.

Cat. no. 217 Seed jar with fire clouds; Caddoan; Arkansas, Grant County, Saline River, A.D. 1400–1500; ceramic, h. 26.7 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 5125.168. Townsend and Walker essay, fig. 22.

Cat. no. 218 Seed jar with fire clouds; Caddoan; Arkansas (?), A.D. 1400–1500; ceramic; Princeton University. Townsend and Walker essay, fig. 24.

Cat. no. 219 Seed jar with fire clouds; Caddoan; Arkansas, A.D. 1400–1500; ceramic; Princeton University. Townsend and Walker essay, fig. 23.

Cat. no. 220 Engraved vessel with arched bands and “lazy S” motifs; Avery Engraved type; Caddoan; Arkansas, A.D. 1300–1700; ceramic, h. 27.9 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Halfmoon essay, fig. 9.

Cat. no. 221 Wide-necked vessel; redware, Avery Engraved type; Caddoan; Arkansas, A.D. 1300–1700; ceramic, h. 27.9 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Townsend and Walker essay, fig. 28.

Cat. no. 222 Engraved vessel with rayed concentric oval motif; Avery Engraved type; Caddoan; Arkansas, A.D. 1300–1700; ceramic, h. 22.9 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Halfmoon essay, fig. 8.

Cat. no. 223 Round-bottomed flared vessel; redware, Taylor Engraved type; Caddoan; Arkansas, A.D. 1500–1700; ceramic, h. 25.4 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Townsend and Walker essay, fig. 27.

Cat. no. 224 Scalloped-rim vessel; Caddoan; northeastern Texas, A.D. 1200–1400; ceramic, h. 12.1, w. 24.1 cm; Museum of the Red River, Idabel, Oklahoma, HL5607. Halfmoon essay, fig. 4.

Cat. no. 225 Long-necked gadrooned bottle; Nodena Red and White type; Arkansas, Mississippi County, Chickasawba site, A.D. 1200–1400; ceramic, h. 20.3 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Walker essay, fig. 14.

Cat. no. 226 Long-necked globular bottle with scalp lock motif; Nodena Red and White type; Arkansas, Arkansas County, Menard Mound site, A.D. 1300–1500; ceramic, h. 24.1 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 17/4177. Walker essay, fig. 6.

Cat. no. 227 Bottle with Great Serpent/Underwater Panther; Nodena Red and White type; Arkansas, Mississippi County, Lacy site, A.D. 1300–1500; ceramic, h. 24.1, w. 20.3 cm; Tommy Beutell Collection. Lankford essay, fig. 18.

Cat. no. 228 Long-necked globular bottle with interlocking scrolls; Nodena Red and White type; Arkansas, Chicot County, near Halley, A.D. 1300–1500; ceramic, h. 22.2 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 5425.2559. Walker essay, fig. 3.

Cat. no. 229 Tripod vessel with negative resist design; Missouri, Mississippi County, A.D. 1300–1500; ceramic, h. 23.2 cm; Dr. Arthur Cushman Collection, Old Hickory, Tennessee, AC875. Steponaitis and Knight essay, fig. 10.

Cat. no. 230 Long-necked globular bottle with negative resist design; Arkansas, Scott County, A.D. 1300–1500; ceramic, h. 20.3 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 5425.69. Steponaitis and Knight essay, fig. 9.

Cat. no. 231 Long-necked globular bottle with interlocking scrolls; Avenue Polychrome type; Arkansas, A.D. 1300–1500; ceramic, h. 27.9 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Walker essay, fig. 4.

Cat. no. 232 Wide-necked jar with human hand design; Nodena Red and White type; Arkansas, Poinsett County, A.D. 1350–1450; ceramic, h. 17.8 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Dye essay, fig. 31.

Cat. no. 233 Wide-necked bottle with curvilinear swastika design; Nodena Red and White type; Arkansas, Poinsett County, Scott site, A.D. 1350–1450; ceramic, h. 25.4 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Lankford essay, fig. 15.

Cat. no. 234 Long-necked globular bottle; Avenue Polychrome type; Mississippi, Coahoma County, A.D. 1500–1700; ceramic, h. 27.9 cm; Private collection, Missouri. Walker essay, fig. 5.

Cat. no. 235 “Teapot” bottle with interlocking scrolls; Avenue Polychrome type; Arkansas, Phillips County, A.D. 1200–1400; ceramic, l. 25.4 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Walker essay, fig. 15.

Cat. no. 236 Deer effigy vessel; Nodena Red and White type; Arkansas, White County, Little Red River; ceramic, h. 25, l. 30 cm; Dr. Kent and Jonnie Westbrook Collection, Little Rock, Arkansas. Walker essay, fig. 10.

Cat. no. 237 Underwater Panther effigy vessel; Avenue Polychrome type; Arkansas, Crittenden County, Young site, A.D. 1300–1550; ceramic, h. 24.1 cm; Dr. Arthur Cushman Collection, Old Hickory, Tennessee, AC642. Walker essay, fig. 7.

Cat. no. 238 Crouching deer effigy vessel; Nodena Red and White type; Arkansas, Lee County, Lipsky site, A.D. 1500–1700; ceramic, l. 39.4 cm; Private collection, Missouri. Walker essay, fig. 9.

Cat. no. 239 Long-necked globular bottle with mask motif; Arkansas, Mississippi County, A.D. 1200–1400; ceramic, h. 21.6 cm; Private collection, Missouri. Walker essay, fig. 16.

Cat. no. 240 Spouted head vessel; Nodena Red and White type; Arkansas, White County, Little Red River; ceramic, h. 15, l. 23 cm; Dr. Kent and Jonnie Westbrook Collection, Little Rock, Arkansas. Walker essay, fig. 17.

Cat. no. 241 Human head effigy vessel; Carson Red on Buff type; Pecan Point style; Arkansas, St. Francis County, Big Eddy site, A.D. 1350–1550; ceramic, h. 15.2 cm; Private collection. Walker essay, fig. 21.

Cat. no. 242 Human head effigy vessel; Carson Red on Buff type; Pecan Point style; Arkansas, Cross County, A.D. 1350–1550; ceramic; The Field Museum, Chicago, 146.50292. Walker essay, fig. 19.

Cat. no. 243 Human head effigy vessel; Carson Red on Buff type; Pecan Point style; Arkansas, Crittenden County, Bradley Place, A.D. 1350–1550; ceramic, h. 15.2 cm; University of Arkansas Museum, Fayetteville, 32–74–129. Walker essay, fig. 20.

Cat. no. 244 Human head effigy vessel; Carson Red on Buff type; Pecan Point style; Arkansas, Mississippi County, Matlock site, A.D. 1350–1550; ceramic, h. 15.2 cm; University of Arkansas Museum, Fayetteville, 31–35–3. Walker essay, fig. 23.

Cat. no. 245 Human head effigy vessel; Carson Red on Buff type; Arkansas, A.D. 1350–1550; ceramic, h. 15.9 cm; The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri, the Donald D. Jones Fund for American Indian Art, 2003.11. Walker essay, fig. 1.

Cat. no. 246 Human head effigy vessel; Carson Red on Buff type; Pecan Point style; Missouri, Pemiscot County, Campbell site, A.D. 1350–1550; ceramic, h. 16.2 cm; The Detroit Institute of Arts, Founders Society Purchase with funds from the Mary G. and Robert H. Flint Foundation, 1986.43. Walker essay, fig. 27.

Cat. no. 247 Human head effigy vessel; Carson Red on Buff type, Pecan Point style; Arkansas, Poinsett County, Pecan Point site, A.D. 1350–1550; ceramic, h. 17.8 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A91298. Walker essay, fig. 18.

Cat. no. 248 Human head effigy vessel; Carson Red on Buff type; Pecan Point style; Arkansas, Poinsett County, Fortune Mound, A.D. 1350–1550; ceramic, h. 19.1 cm; Harvard University, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Peabody Museum Expedition 1879–1880, Edwin Curtiss, Director, 80–20–10/21542. Walker essay, fig. 25.

Cat. no. 249 Human head effigy vessel; Carson Red on Buff type; Pecan Point style; Missouri, Pemiscot County, Campbell site, A.D. 1350–1550; ceramic, h. 15.2 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Walker essay, fig. 24.

Cat. no. 250 Great Serpent/Underwater Panther vessel; Arkansas, A.D. 1300–1500; ceramic, h. 17.2, l. 32.4 cm; Dr. James F. Cherry Collection, Fayetteville, Arkansas. Lankford essay, fig. 1.

Cat. no. 251 Great Serpent/Underwater Panther vessel; Arkansas, A.D. 1300–1500; ceramic, h. 20.3, l. 24.1 cm; The Field Museum, Chicago, 146.50664. Lankford essay, fig. 16.

Cat. no. 252 Underwater Panther effigy vessel with engraved swirls of the blocked-line motif; Illinois, Fulton County, Shryock site, c. A.D. 1200; ceramic, h. 7.5, diam. 20 cm; Illinois State Museum, Springfield, 819/849. Brown essay, fig. 31.

Cat. no. 253 Rabbit vessel; Caddoan; Arkansas, Mississippi County, A.D. 1000–1600; ceramic, h. 10.2 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 5425.867.

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Cat. no. 253.

Cat. no. 254 Frog vessel; Arkansas, Lee County, Clay Hill site, A.D. 1000–1300; ceramic, h. 15.2 cm; Gilcrease Museum, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 5425.2631. Reilly essay, fig. 21.

Cat. no. 255 Fish effigy jar; Bell Plain type; Arkansas, Crittenden County, Beck site, A.D. 1200–1400; shell-tempered ceramic, w. 27.9 cm; Private collection, Missouri. Walker essay, fig. 11.

Cat. no. 256 Bottle with possum head effigy; Arkansas/Missouri, A.D. 1200–1400; ceramic, h. 15.2 cm; James and Elaine Kinker Collection, Midwest. Walker essay, fig. 12.

Cat. no. 257 Frog effigy jar; Bell Plain type; Arkansas, Mississippi County, Blytheville, A.D. 1200–1400; ceramic, h. 19.1, l. 26.7 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 5/6528. Walker essay, fig. 13.

Cat. no. 258 Gourd-shaped vessel; Missouri, Mound XIV, A.D. 1300–1500; ceramic, h. 19.1 cm; Harvard University, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, gift of Dr. George J. Engelmann, 1895, 95–21–10/48675.

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Description: Gourd-shaped vessel by Unknown

Cat. no. 258.

Cat. no. 259 Vessel with bones and hand motifs; Bell Plain type; Tennessee or Arkansas, A.D. 1350–1450; ceramic, h. 15.2 cm; The Field Museum, Chicago, 146.50723. Dye essay, fig. 30.

Cat. no. 260 Seated female effigy vessel; Arkansas, A.D. 1350–1500; ceramic, h. 15.2 cm; The Detroit Institute of Arts, Founders Society Purchase, Lynn W. and Stanley R. Day Fund, 1991.115. Diaz-Granados essay, fig. 1.

Cat. no. 261 Vessel in the form of a kneeling female figure; Bell Plain type; Arkansas, Crittenden County, Bradley site, c. 1300–1500; shell-tempered ceramic, h. 20.3 cm; Private collection, Missouri. Diaz-Granados essay, fig. 10.

Cat. no. 262 Seated human effigy vessel; Arkansas, A.D. 1300–1500; ceramic, h. 23.2 cm; Dr. James F. Cherry Collection, Fayetteville, Arkansas. Walker essay, fig. 8.

Cat. no. 263 Cup with incised skull motif; Alabama, Tuscaloosa and Hale counties, Moundville, southeast of Mound H, A.D. 1300–1450; ceramic, h. 11.5 cm.; Alabama Museum of Natural History, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, SEH9. Steponaitis and Knight essay, fig. 8.

Cat. no. 264 Engraved bottle with winged serpent; Hemphill style; Alabama, Tuscaloosa and Hale counties, Moundville, south of Mound D, A.D. 1300–1450; ceramic, h. 24.1 cm; Alabama Museum of Natural History, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 1932.3.5. Lankford essay, fig. 12.

Cat. no. 265 Jar with incised hands; Alabama, Tuscaloosa and Hale counties, Moundville, Rhodes site (northeast of Mound F), A.D. 1300–1450; ceramic, h. 16.5 cm; Alabama Museum of Natural History, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 1930.2.308. Steponaitis and Knight essay, fig. 7.

Cat. no. 266 Bottle with ogee and hand-and-eye motifs; Alabama, near Mobile, A.D. 1300–1500; ceramic, h. 15.9 cm; Harvard University, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Museum Purchase 1946, 46–61–10/27872.1. Lankford essay, fig. 9.

Cat. no. 267 Jar; Georgia, Chatham County, Ossabaw Island, A.D. 1200–1400; ceramic, h. 41.9 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 17/4486.

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Cat. no. 267.

Cat. no. 268 Kneeling human effigy figurine; Tennessee, Davidson County, Nashville, Hayes Farm, A.D. 1000–1450; ceramic, h. 22.2 cm; Harvard University, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Peabody Museum Expedition 1878–79, Edwin Curtiss, Director, 79–4–10/18301. King essay, figs. 8a–b.

Cat. no. 269 Kneeling female figurine with tattoos; Tennessee, Smith County, rock shelter by the Cumberland River; ceramic, h. 22.9 cm; Dr. Arthur Cushman Collection, Old Hickory, Tennessee, AC882. Diaz-Granados essay, fig. 5.

Cat. no. 270 Nursing mother effigy bottle; Illinois, St. Clair County, Francis Simonim Farm, A.D. 1200–1400; ceramic, h. 15.2 cm; St. Louis Science Center, 8X65. Diaz-Granados essay, fig. 4.

Cat. no. 271 Kneeling human-feline effigy figure; Florida, Collier County, Key Marco, A.D. 1400–1500; wood, h. 15 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., A240915. Townsend essay, fig. 34.

Cat. no. 272 Deer mask; Oklahoma, LeFlore County, Spiro, Craig Mound, A.D. 1200–1400; red cedar and marine shell, 29.2 × 15.9 cm; Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., 18/9306. Townsend essay, fig. 1.

Cat. no. 273 Wooden maskette; Illinois, Fulton County, Emmons site, A.D. 1200–1350; red cedar, 11.9 × 9.9 × 5.5 cm; Illinois State Museum, Springfield, 824/444. Brown essay, fig. 33.

Cat. no. 274 Theodor de Bry (Flemish; 1528–1598), after an original painting of 1564 by Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues (French; c. 1533–1588), Outina Consults a Sorcerer, 1591; from America, 2nd ed. (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1609), pt. 2, pl. 12; Rucker Agee Map Collection, Birmingham Public Library, Alabama. Dye essay, fig. 3.

Cat. no. 275 Theodor de Bry, after an original painting of 1564 by Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues, Outina’s Order of March, 1591; from America, 1st ed. (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1591), pt. 2, pl. 14; Rucker Agee Map Collection, Birmingham Public Library, Alabama. Dye essay, fig. 4.

Cat. no. 276 Theodor de Bry, after an original painting of 1564 by Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues, Trophies and Ceremonies after a Victory, 1591; from America, 2nd ed. (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1609), pt. 2, pl. 16; Rucker Agee Map Collection, Birmingham Public Library, Alabama. Dye essay, fig. 26.

Cat. no. 277 Theodor de Bry, after an original painting of 1564 by Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues, Hunting Deer, 1591; from America, 2nd ed. (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1609), pt. 2, pl. 25; Rucker Agee Map Collection, Birmingham Public Library, Alabama. Reilly, Bear, and Bear interview, fig. 5.

Cat. no. 278 Theodor de Bry, after an original painting of 1564 by Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues, A Council of State, 1591; from America, 1st ed. (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1591), pt. 2, pl. 29; Rucker Agee Map Collection, Birmingham Public Library, Alabama. Dye essay, fig. 14.

Cat. no. 279 Theodor de Bry, after an original painting of 1564 by Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues, Offering the Skin of a Stag to the Sun, 1591; from America, 1st ed. (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1591), pt. 2, pl. 35; Rucker Agee Map Collection, Birmingham Public Library, Alabama. Hall essay, fig. 10.

Cat. no. 280 Theodor de Bry, after an original painting of 1564 by Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues, Exercises of the Youths, 1591; from America, 1st ed. (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1591), pt. 2, pl. 36; Rucker Agee Map Collection, Birmingham Public Library, Alabama. Dye essay, fig. 5.

Cat. no. 281 Theodor de Bry, after an original watercolor by John White (English; fl. 1585–93), How They Catch Fish, 1590; from America, 2nd ed. (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1600), pt. 1, pl. 13; Rucker Agee Map Collection, Birmingham Public Library, Alabama. Reilly, Bear, and Bear interview, fig. 6.

Cat. no. 282 Theodor de Bry, after an original watercolor by John White, The Town of Pomeiock, 1590; from America, 2nd ed. (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1600), pt. 1, pl. 19. Dye essay, fig. 2.

Cat. no. 283 Theodor de Bry, after an original watercolor by John White, The Town of Secota, 1590; from America, 2nd ed. (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1600), pt. 1, pl. 20; Rucker Agee Map Collection, Birmingham Public Library, Alabama. Reilly, Bear, and Bear interview, fig. 1.

Cat. no. 284 Human head effigy vessel; Carson Red on Buff type; Pecan Point style; Arkansas, Poinsett County, Shawnee Village site, A.D. 1350–1550; ceramic, h. 17.5 cm; Hampson Museum State Park, Arkansas. Walker essay, fig. 26.

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