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List of illustrations

  • Christus-Sol
  • The Breaking of Bread
  • The Good Shepherd
  • Orans
  • The Virgin and Child
  • Orant Woman
  • Adam and Eve
  • Noah
  • The Crossing of the Red Sea
  • Dish with scenes from the life of Jonah and portraits of the sons of Constantine the Great
  • Vintage scenes
  • Christ delivering the Law to Moses, or Christ giving the Keys to St Peter
  • Christ delivering the Law to St Peter and St Paul
  • Sarcophagus of Constantina with vintage scenes
  • Christ teaching the Apostles
  • Christ teaching the Apostles
  • St Onesiphorus and St Porphyrios
  • Christ in Majesty
  • The Symbol of St Mark
  • Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, detail of Saint Lawrence mosaic
  • Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, detail of The Good Shepherd mosaic
  • Adoration of the Magi
  • Pharaoh's Daughter
  • The Baptism of Christ
  • A Prophet
  • Fragment from the Cotton Genesis
  • Sarcophagus of Adelfia with scenes from the Old and the New Testaments
  • Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus
  • Sarcophagus of the Two Brothers with scenes from the Old and the New Testaments
  • Sarcophagus of Stilicho (?) with Christ teaching the Apostles
  • Sarcophagus of Bishop Liberius III
  • Sarcophagus of Constantius III
  • The Sarigüzel sarcophagus
  • The Multiplication of the Loaves and Fishes, detail of the wooden doors
  • Casket with scenes from the Old and the New Testaments
  • Panel with the Maries at the Sepulchre
  • Panel with the Maries at the Sepulchre and the Ascension
  • Diptych with Six Miracles of Christ
  • Projecta's Casket
  • Reliquary box with the Multiplication of the Loaves (?)
  • Flagon with the Fall of Man
  • Flask with the Adoration of the Magi
  • Medallion with the Annunciation
  • Medallion with the Miracle at Cana
  • Box containing pilgrims' mementoes of the Holy Land with scenes from the Life of Christ
  • Rabbula Gospels: The Crucifixion
  • Rabbula Gospels: The Ascension
  • The Chalice of Antioch
  • Book-cover with a Saint
  • Book-cover with a Saint holding a cross
  • Floor mosaic with scene from the life of Samson
  • St Menas
  • Lintel with the Entry into Jerusalem
  • Lintel with the Ascension
  • Comb with Christ on the donkey or a rider saint
  • Comb with the Raising of Lazarus and the Healing of the Blind Man
  • The Ascension
  • Saints
  • Fragments from the Alexandrian World Chronicle
  • Constantinople, general view
  • Constantinople, the walls of Theodosius II
  • Dish with Theodosius I, Valentinian II, and Arcadius
  • Dish with Constantius II
  • Constantius II and his Empress
  • Panel of an imperial diptych with the Empress Ariadne
  • Consular diptych of Justin
  • Leaf of an imperial diptych with Justinian (?)
  • The Raising of Lazarus, and St Jerome, St Augustine, and St Gregory
  • Diptych with the Virgin and Child enthroned between Angels and Christ enthroned between St Peter and St Paul
  • Leaf of a diptych with the Archangel Michael
  • Lorsch Gospels, Batthyaneum: A Procession of Icons showing the Ancestors of Christ and including portraits of Abraham, David, and Jechonias (p. 27)
  • The Virgin and Child (Theotokos Hodegetria)
  • The Virgin and Child between Archangels
  • The Virgin and Child (Theotokos Hodegetria)
  • The Virgin (Panagia Hagiasoritissa or Chalkoprateia)
  • A Translation of Relics at Constantinople
  • The Virgin and Child enthroned between St Theodore and St George
  • St Peter
  • The Virgin crowned as Queen (Maria Regina)
  • Dish with a shepherd
  • Dish of Bishop Paternus
  • Vase decorated with busts of Christ, the Virgin, Archangels, and Saints
  • Dish with angels on either side of a cross
  • The Stuma Paten, decorated with the Communion of the Apostles
  • The Cross of Justin II
  • Dish with the Anointing of David
  • The Transfiguration
  • The Last Supper
  • The Garden of Gethsemane
  • Procession of female saints
  • The Baptism of Christ and the Apostles
  • Christ enthroned between St. Vitalis and Bishop Ecclesius
  • The Sacrifice of Isaac, detail
  • Justinian and his retinue, including Archbishop Maximian
  • Theodora and her retinue
  • Maximian's Chair
  • St Apollinaris in prayer amid symbols of the Apostles and the Transfiguration
  • Constantine IV Pogonatus conferring privileges on the church of S. Apollinare in Classe
  • The Virgin and Child Enthroned between Archangels and Saints
  • St Andrew, detail
  • Relief with peacocks on a vine-scroll issuing from an amphora
  • Sarcophagus of Archbishop Theodore
  • Ambo of Archbishop Agnellus
  • Sarcophagus of Archbishop Felix
  • Christ acclaimed by St Peter and St Paul, who introduce St Cosmas and St Damian, St Theodore Stratelates, and Pope Felix IV on the banks of the Jordan
  • The Virgin and Child enthroned between St Felix and St Adauctus and attended by Turtura
  • Anicia Juliana with personifications, frontispiece in Dioscurides, De Materia Medica
  • Book of Genesis: The story of Rebecca
  • Book of Genesis: Joseph presents his father to Pharaoh
  • Codex Rossanensis: Christ before Pilate; below, the Repentance of Judas (fol. 15)
  • Codex Rossanensis: St Mark (fol. 241)
  • Codex Sinopensis: The Multiplication of the Loaves and Fishes
  • Rabbula Gospels: A canon table
  • Gospels: A canon table
  • Rabbula Gospels: Christ enthroned between four monks
  • Syriac Bible: Moses before Pharaoh
  • Syriac Bible: The Virgin as the Source of Wisdom
  • Diptych used as a book-cover for the Etchmiadzin Gospels: Christ and the Virgin enthroned; scenes from the life of Christ
  • Etchmiadzin Gospels: The Adoration of the Magi
  • Etchmiadzin Gospels: The Baptism of Christ
  • Gospels of St Augustine: St Luke framed by scenes from the life of Christ
  • Diptych used as a book-cover with scenes from the life of Christ
  • Diptych used as a book-cover with scenes from the life of Christ
  • Ashburnham Pentateuch: The Legislation on Mount Sinai and the Tabernacle
  • Christ enthroned between SS. Peter, Paul, Lawrence, Stephen, Hippolytus, and Pope Pelagius II; in the spandrels, the towns of Bethlehem and Jerusalem
  • St Augustine
  • St Agnes
  • The Virgin in prayer amid Apostles and Saints
  • A jewelled cross surmounted by a bust of Christ flanked by St Primus and St Felicianus
  • Panel with St Sebastian
  • The Virgin and Child Enthroned
  • St Anne
  • The Maccabees
  • The Angel of the Annunciation
  • St Luke
  • The Crucifixion
  • The Flight into Egypt
  • Christ Pantocrator
  • St Gregory's Sermons on the Gospels: St Peter presenting the deacon David Peter
  • Latin copy of St John Chrysostom's Sermons on St Matthew: St John Chrysostom
  • Coronation Gospels of the Holy Roman Empire: St Matthew (fol. 15)
  • The Vision of Ezechiel
  • Panel with St Demetrius, a donor, and a child
  • Panel with St Demetrius between donors
  • Floor mosaic with pastoral scenes
  • Dish with St Sergius or St Bacchus
  • Emperors hunting
  • A Charioteer
  • Emperors hunting
  • The Annunciation
  • The Nativity
  • Chludov Psalter: The Patriarch Nicephorus triumphant over John the Grammarian
  • Homilies of St Gregory Nazianzen: The Vision of Ezechiel in the Valley of Dry Bones
  • Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes: The Sacrifice of Isaac
  • Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes: The Resurrection of the Dead
  • Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes: (above) Anna and Simeon; (below) the Virgin, Christ, St John the Baptist, Zacharias and Elizabeth
  • Virgin and Child
  • The Archangel Gabriel
  • Panel with St Ignatius the Younger
  • Panel with St John Chrysostom
  • Leo VI making proskynesis before Christ
  • The Emperor Alexander
  • Two Heavenly Powers, Dominion and Might
  • The Virgin and Child
  • The Ascension
  • Christ Flanked by Disciples
  • Leo VI Crowned by the Virgin and Accompanied by the Archangel Gabriel
  • Christ Pantocrator
  • Christ on the Cross between the Virgin and St John
  • Votive crown with Leo VI and Saints, detail
  • Book cover with Christ on the Cross amid Saints and Archangels
  • Arm-band
  • Arm-band
  • Johsua Roll: Joshua leading the Israelites towards the Jordan
  • Gospel Book: St Luke
  • Psalter: Isaiah between Night and Dawn
  • Bible of Leo the Patrician: Moses receiving the Tables of the Law
  • Plaque Fragment with Christ Crowning Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos as Emperor
  • Triptych with the Deesis and Saints
  • Panel with St John the Evangelist and St Paul
  • Relief with the Coronation of Romanus II and Eudocia
  • Reliquary of the True Cross with the Deesis and Saints
  • Chalice
  • Container for a relic of the True Cross
  • The Archangel Michael
  • Book-cover with Christ Pantocrator
  • Crown of Constantine IX Monomachos
  • Holy Crown of Hungary: Michael VII Dukas, his son Constantine, and Géza I, King of Hungary
  • Lions
  • Detail of lion
  • Elephants
  • Textile, detail of elephant
  • Eagles
  • Detail of eagle
  • An Imperial Triumph
  • King Agbar holding the Mandylion; St Thaddeus, St Paul the Theban, St Anthony, St Basil, and St Ephraim
  • Etchmiadzin Gospels: The Sacrifice of Isaac
  • Tympanum with the Virgin and Child enthroned between the Emperors Constantine I and Justinian I
  • Virgin and Child
  • Menologion: Jonah
  • Panel with the Entry into Jerusalem
  • Panel on a book-cover with the Dormition (MS. Clm. 4453)
  • The Veroli Casket
  • Cup with mythological figures
  • The Dormition
  • The Crucifixion
  • The Harrowing of Hell
  • The Washing of the Feet of the Apostles
  • Empress Zoe and Emperor Constantine IX Monomachus with Christ, Hagia Sophia
  • The Crucifixion
  • The Harrowing of Hell
  • The Ascension
  • Homilies of St John Chrysostom: The Emperor Nicephorus III Botaneiates between St John Chrysostom and the Archangel Michael
  • Psalter and New Testament: The Annunciation
  • Homilies of the Virgin: The Ascension
  • The Virgin Orans
  • The Virgin and Child
  • Panel with the Virgin Orans
  • St John the Baptist with busts of St Philip, St Stephen, St Andrew, and St Thomas
  • The Virgin and Child (Theotokos Hodegetria)
  • Solomon
  • The Entry into Jerusalem
  • Christ Pantocrator
  • The Annunciation
  • The Nativity
  • The Transfiguration
  • Crucifixion, detail
  • Panel with the Harrowing of Hell
  • The emperor John II Konmenos and the empress Irene with the Virgin and Child, Hagia Sophia
  • Panel with the co-Emperor Alexius
  • Christ Crowning King Roger II of Sicily
  • Christ Pantocrator
  • Christ Pantocrator and Angels
  • Panel with the Flight in to Egypt
  • George of Antioch Prostrate before the Virgin
  • Christ Pantocrator and Angels
  • The Prophets Jeremiah and Elijah
  • The Nativity
  • The Dormition
  • Christ Pantocrator; below, the Virgin Panachrantos Enthroned
  • The Creation of the World
  • Christ Healing the Ten Lepers and the Two Blind Men
  • Panel with King William II offering Monreale to the Virgin
  • The Deposition
  • The Lamentation
  • The Angel of the Annunciation
  • Icon of the Annunciation
  • The Nativity
  • Virgin of Vladimir
  • The Virgin and Child
  • The Virgin and Child
  • St. Peter
  • The Deesis
  • The Ascent of Alexander
  • Herakles
  • St Demetrius
  • The Theotokos Aniketos
  • The Madonna dello Schioppo
  • The Crucifixion
  • The Virgin Annunciate
  • The Angel at the Sepulchre
  • King Vladislav presented by the Virgin to Christ enthroned
  • The Dormition
  • Gospels: The Baptism of Christ
  • Gospels: Prince Leo and Princess Keran
  • Gospels: Christ in the House of Levi
  • Gospels: The Marriage at Cana
  • Gospel Lectionary: Christ Emmanuel
  • The Panagia Chalkoprateia
  • The Virgin and Child enthroned between Angels
  • Madonna and Child on a Curved Throne
  • Gospels: St John the Evangelist
  • Gospel Book: St Luke
  • Acts and Epistles: St Luke and St James
  • Psalter: David listening to Nathan and doing penance
  • Christ Pantocrator
  • Christ
  • The Dormition
  • The Betrayal of Christ
  • The Nativity
  • The Harrowing of Hell
  • Icon with the Transfiguration
  • The Twelve Feasts
  • The Twelve Feasts
  • Portable Mosaic Icon with Saint John Chrysostom
  • Deesis mosaic, east wall of inner narthex, Kariye Djami
  • Theodore Metochites, Logothete of the Imperial Treasury
  • Panel with the Nativity
  • The First Seven Steps of the Virgin
  • The Harrowing of Hell
  • The Last Judgment
  • The Communion of the Apostles
  • King Milutin
  • The Nativity of the Virgin
  • St Philip and Queen Kandakia's eunuch
  • The Miracle at Cana
  • Diptych reliquary with Christ and the Virgin and Child surrounded by busts of saints
  • Christ Pantocrator
  • Icon-diptych with the Mourning Virgin
  • Icon-diptych with the Dead Christ
  • Double-sided icon with the Vision of Ezechiel and Habakkuk
  • The Mourning Virgin and St John the Evangelist
  • The Bessarion reliquary with scenes from the Passion of Christ
  • Chrysobul: The Emperor Andronicus II presenting a chrysobul to Christ
  • Theological works of Emperor John VI Cantacuzene: The Emperor John VI Cantacuzene
  • Theological works of Emperor John VI Cantacuzene: The Transfiguration
  • Typicon of the Convent of Our Lady of Good Hope at Constantinople with the nuns of the convent
  • Front of the so-called Dalmatic of Charlemagne (in fact a patriarchal "sakkos") with the Calling of the Chosen
  • Back of the so-called Dalmatic of Charlemagne (in fact a patriarchal "sakkos") with the Transfiguration
  • Front of the "little sakkos" of the Metropolitan Photius of Moscow (1408–1432) with the Crucifixion and the Harrowing of Hell
  • Epitaphios of King Milutin with the Dead Christ
  • Thessaloniki "epitaphios" with the Dead Christ, detail
  • The Procession of Martyrs
  • The Nativity
  • The Raising of Lazarus
  • The Virgin and Child and a Woman
Free
Description: Early Christian and Byzantine Art
Contents
PublisherYale University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00042.019
Free
Description: Early Christian and Byzantine Art
An attempt has been made to present Early Christian and Byzantine Art as a panoramic story which is meant to be read rather than consulted. It is emphasized that the book is neither dictionary nor encyclopedia, neither catalogue nor hand-list. It would have been impossible to include everything even if that were desirable in a work directed at a general educated public as well as students and specialists. Byzantine studies are still in their infancy and there is much that needs careful …
PublisherYale University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00042.001
Description: Early Christian and Byzantine Art
The Eucharist, the central act of the Christian religion, was first done in an upper room of a private house before a restricted company of chosen disciples. The early Christians had no public place of worship. After the Ascension the Apostles ‘were continually in the temple, praising and blessing God’, and after Pentecost ‘Peter and John went up together in the temple at the hour of prayer, being the ninth hour’ (Acts iii). The Temple at Jerusalem was destroyed in A.D. 70. The synagogue was in …
PublisherYale University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.13-18
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00042.002

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Description: Early Christian and Byzantine Art
The earliest Christian vault and wall mosaics so far discovered are in a small mausoleum not far from the tomb of St Peter on the Vatican hill. The mausoleum was built towards the end of the second century for the Julii family, but the mosaics probably date from the middle of the third century and the subjects represented are a curious mixture of pagan and Christian symbolism. On the walls and ceiling of the tomb the luxuriant vine of Dionysos has become the True Vine of Christ. On the north …
PublisherYale University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.19-55
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00042.003

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Description: Early Christian and Byzantine Art
The early Christians had no holy city nor did the cult for the Holy Places develop for some considerable time. After the revolt of the Zealots the Emperor Titus ordered the complete destruction of Jerusalem, the holy city of the Jews, in the year 70. Whatever survived remained as an appendix to the new garrison town which was laid out like a Roman camp and renamed Aelia Capitolina. The Christian community, which had moved to Pella at the beginning of the siege, returned to the new town to …
PublisherYale University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.56-77
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00042.004

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Description: Early Christian and Byzantine Art
The integration of Christian imagery and official iconography was a slow and intermittent process. The Emperor and the imperial administration had only to state that he was Vicar of God for the elaborate ritual enacted before the imperial image to be, so to speak, baptized. The imperial portrait, the lauraton, represented the Emperor by proxy and received the same honours, lights, incense, and proskynesis as if the Emperor were there in person. An insult to the lauraton was an …
PublisherYale University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.78-101
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00042.005

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Description: Early Christian and Byzantine Art
In January 532 at Constantinople a fight between circus factions suddenly flared up into a full-scale riot against the imperial administration. Police and guards were lynched, Procopius reports that ‘the city was put to the flames just as if it had fallen into the hands of the enemy’, and the Sacred Palace was threatened. ‘Wishing to win over the people’ Justinian dismissed Eudaemon, the prefect of the city whose firm but severe action in the initial stages had been wholly admirable, John of …
PublisherYale University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.102-145
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00042.006

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Description: Early Christian and Byzantine Art
The late sixth and seventh centuries were times of great trouble and unrest. In 586 the Lombards invaded Italy – the first barbaric horde to arrive with no kind of imperial sanction. In vain the Pope appealed for help to the Emperor. Pope Pelagius II (579–90) sent the deacon Gregory, later Pope Gregory the Great (590–603), to Constantinople with instructions to haunt the palace night and day, but the imperial administration acting for Justin II, who was mad, and later the Emperor Maurice …
PublisherYale University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.146-159
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00042.007

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Description: Early Christian and Byzantine Art
The seventh and eighth centuries were times of trouble and unrest for East Rome. Almost at the same time that the Lombards were occupying Italy, the Slavs and the Avars invaded the territories west and north of Constantinople, surged over the Balkans destroying towns and communications, and in 626 besieged the metropolis. The defeat of the barbarians by the Emperor Heraclius outside Constantinople broke Avar power, but for centuries the Balkans were in the hands of different groups of Slavs …
PublisherYale University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.160-177
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00042.008

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Description: Early Christian and Byzantine Art
The triumph of Orthodoxy was celebrated on the first Sunday in Lent, 11 March 843, and has remained one of the great feasts of the Eastern Church. The Empress Theodora had insisted on certain conditions, of which the main theme was the necessity for moderation, and these had been accepted by the Patriarch and the Church. But throughout the ninth century the peace of the Church was troubled by the conflict between the extreme party of Iconodules, based for the most part on the monastery of …
PublisherYale University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.178-200
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00042.009

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Description: Early Christian and Byzantine Art
The premature but timely death of the Emperor Alexander left his nephew Constantine Porphyrogenitus, a child of seven years, in supreme power. At once there was a running struggle for control by the Empress-Mother Zoe, who was not well liked, the Patriarch Nicholas, a pushing and shifty politician, aristocratic generals like Constantine Dukas and Leo Phocas, and eventually an admiral risen from the ranks, Romanus Lacapenus. The child was sickly, and this poor state of health undoubtedly saved …
PublisherYale University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.201-239
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00042.010

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Description: Early Christian and Byzantine Art
In the eyes of modern historians the course of the Byzantine Empire in the eleventh century was set on swift decline. But no Byzantine bureaucrat, however wise and responsible, could have foreseen the calamities to come, and no Byzantine general would have pointed to the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, when the once glorious Byzantine army was routed without a full-scale engagement, as the beginning of the end. If a Nicephorus Phocas or a Basil II had been ruling at the time, the rout would have …
PublisherYale University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.240-282
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00042.011

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Description: Early Christian and Byzantine Art
If the Third Crusade (1189–92) had done little to further Latin ambition apart from the capture of Cyprus, it had served to convince several leaders that the occupation of Constantinople was an essential preliminary to war against the infidel. So wrote Frederick Barbarossa to the Pope when asking for his blessing on such an enterprise. The marriage of Barbarossa’s son Henry to Constance, the heiress of Sicily, united two kingdoms hostile to the Greeks, and on becoming Holy Roman Emperor in 1190 …
PublisherYale University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.283-343
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00042.012

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Description: Early Christian and Byzantine Art
In the early part of this century it was still possible for a great Byzantine art-historian and archaeologist to write of his subject that in its fidelity to sacrosanct tradition Byzantine art is not without analogy to that of ancient Egypt. It had infinite decorative charm, but it grew languid for want of living ideas; it too readily abandoned initiative to live content in ‘the narrow proficiency of perpetual iteration’. The general trend of this century’s studies has been to demonstrate that …
PublisherYale University Press
Related print edition pages: pp.344-346
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00042.013

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Free
Description: Early Christian and Byzantine Art
List of the Principal Abbreviations
PublisherYale University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00042.014
Description: Early Christian and Byzantine Art
Glossary
PublisherYale University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00042.015

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Description: Early Christian and Byzantine Art
Selected Bibliography
PublisherYale University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00042.016

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Free
Description: Early Christian and Byzantine Art
List of Illustrations
PublisherYale University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00042.017
Free
Description: Early Christian and Byzantine Art
Index
PublisherYale University Press
https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00042.018
Early Christian and Byzantine Art
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